一、定語從句和同位語從句區別

① I heard the news that he told me.（定語從句）

② I heard the news that she won the competition.（同位語從句）

★ 兩者的共同點：構成相同，都是“先行詞 + 引導詞 + 分句”。

★ 兩者的不同點：

定義不同：定語從句是對前面名詞的修飾，而同位語從句是對前面名詞的解釋。

第一，首先看引導詞 that，定語從句的引導詞 that 在從句中充當主語或賓語，句①that充當賓補；而同位語從句的 that 在從句中不作任何成分，也沒有任何意思，而且后面的句子是完整的句子，不缺任何成分。

第二，看從句本身的意思。句①的意思為“我聽到一個他告訴我的消息”。你知道我聽到的什么消息嗎？你并不知道我具體聽到了什么消息。句②的意思為“我聽到了她贏得了比賽的消息”。這下你知道我聽到的消息是什么了嗎？顯然知道了，消息就是“她贏得了比賽”。所以，第二個區別是定語從句是對前面名詞的修飾，而同位語從句是對前面名詞的解釋說明。

第三，看先行詞，定語從句的先行詞可以是任何名詞，而同位語從句的先行詞只能是可以解釋的名詞——抽象名詞。（具體名詞是不可以用一句話解釋的名詞，例如the women、the phone就是具體名詞）

第四，最后一個區別，雖然不夠嚴謹，但是也可以作為參考。那就是定語從句的引導詞有很多，而同位語從句的引導詞通常是 that（因為同位語從句大部分都是陳述句）。

同位語從句是寫作滿分句型，定語從句不是；翻譯時沒區別。

二、寫作中的定語化妝

只要在作文中見到名詞，都可以給它加一個定語的成分把句子加長。

1、 為什么要多讀書， 我們通常會寫成：

【素顏版】Reading books can broaden horizon.? ?讀書能開闊眼界

【化妝版】Reading books which are beneficial to our mental and physical health can broaden horizon.? 讀對我們身心健康有益的書能開闊眼界

【改妝版】Reading books which are beneficial to our mental and physical health can broaden horizon of teenagers and youngsters.? 讀對我們身心健康有益的書能開闊年輕人的眼界

【濃妝版】reading books which are beneficial to our mental and physical health can?broaden horizon of teenagers and youngsters who have a lot of spare time.? 讀對我們身心健康有益的書能開闊有著空閑時間的年輕人的眼界

2、 上網的危害

【素顏版】Surfing the Internet wastes time.? ?上網浪費時間

【濃妝版】Surfing the Internet which has become popular with students at different ages wastes time of students（the common citizens) who should spend more time on their study（and work).? ?上在各個學生年齡階段都非常流行的網浪費了應該把時間放在他們的(工作和)學習上的學生(普通人)的時間

3、?養寵物

Raising pets can reduce lonlines.? ?養寵物可以減少孤單

Raising pets cute as well as healthy can reduce lonlines of serior citizens who have no any descendants to accomany them.? ?養那些可愛和健康寵物可以減少沒有子女陪伴的老人的孤單

能自己寫就自己寫，實在不會參考下面 ↓

萬能定語一：as well as 并列兩個形容詞；?

萬能定語二：such as 例如，只能寫在復數名詞和集體名詞后；

舉例：Reading books such as little Prince,Gone With the Wind can broaden horizon

要有意識的把中文短句寫成英文的長句；而翻譯的時候要把英文的長句翻譯成中文的短句。

三、長難句分析

（一）如何識別定語成分，名詞后可能是什么成分？？？

1、名詞后可能是什么成分？

① 名詞后的成分就是定語：

Zhang Guorong who I admire a lot has starred in many classic movies such as Farewell to My Concubine.

②?名詞后可能是謂語動詞：

Zhang Guorong has starred in many classic movies such as Farewell to My Concubine.

③?名詞后可能是插入語：前后有逗號就是摻入語

Zhang Guorong, as is known to us all, has starred in many classic movies such as Farewell to My Concubine.

④?名詞后可能是狀語：

I have admired Zhang Guorong since i saw one of his classic movies named Farewell to My Concubine.

⑤?名詞后可能是同位語：

Zhang Guorong, a superstar in the 1980s, has starred in many classic movies such as Farewell to My Concubine.

2、如何識別定語成分？

答：找定語的關鍵就是找名詞，只要名詞后有一坨東西，只要這一坨東西不是動詞，就暫定為修飾這個名詞的是定語成分（還可能是狀語呀）

（二）定語翻譯方法

前置翻譯法：定語成分比較簡單，也就是比較短，就把定語翻譯在它所修飾名詞的前面；

順譯法：如果定語成分比較復雜，也就是比較長，就采取拆開翻譯的方法，這時只需要重復先行詞或使用相應的代詞他，她，它或他們，她們，它們來替代先行詞。

① Despite attempts by the Church to suppress this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.

【翻譯】盡管教會試圖鎮壓新一代的邏輯學家和理性主義者，人們對宇宙如何運轉的解釋越來越多，并且以一種不容忽視的速度在增加。

② These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed?to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax, even if international tax rules do not grant them that right.

【翻譯】這些單邊征稅在細節上有所不同，但都旨在對跨國企業的收入和收益進行征稅，這些征稅的國家認為它們有權征稅，即使國際稅收規則未賦予它們這樣的權利。

③ Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France.

【翻譯】法國參議院于上周四通過了一項數字服務稅，將對法國境內為消費者或用戶提供數字服務的大型跨國企業征收一項全新的稅種。

④ With the Church ’ s teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the Renaissance, the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged, leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories.

【翻譯】隨著教堂的教義和思維方式受到文藝復興的瓦解，中世紀和現代時期的差距得以彌合，引發了全新的尚未探索的知識領域的出現。

⑤ Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.

【翻譯】皮爾森收集了全世界成百上千位研究者的工作成果，編纂了一個獨一無二的千年技術日歷，這個日歷給出了最遲的日期， 屆時我們就能期待成百上千的重大突破和重大發現了。

⑥Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already?knew were captured by the Latin phrase ‘sapere aude’or ‘dare to know‘ .

【翻譯】這些探索知識并且理解已知信息的行為可以通過拉丁文“Sapere aude”或英文 “dare to know(勇于求知)”來體現。

⑦ No boy who went to a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.

【翻譯】那些上過文法學校的學生不會不知道，戲劇是文學的一種形式，這種形式曾給希臘和羅馬帶來了榮耀，也遲早會給英國帶來榮耀。

⑧ Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death.”

【翻譯】蒙特非奧里醫療中心的主任南希?都博勒認為，這條原則將會保護一些醫生，這些醫生直到現在還一直堅定地認為，如果給病人充分的藥物止痛會加速他們死亡的話，那就不能這樣做。

⑨ The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labor to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier.

【翻譯】20 世紀下半期，一批英才、勇士、企業家和夢想家們聯合起來努力創造了一種極好的機器，這種機器可用作打字機和印刷機、演播室和影劇院、畫筆和畫廊、鋼琴和收音機、郵件和郵差。

⑩ We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared.

【翻譯】我們已經遠離了沒有重點的報紙評論，這些評論是在 20 世紀初至第二次世界大戰前夕的英國報紙上發表的，當時的新聞用紙非常便宜，時尚的藝術評論只是被認為是出版物的一種點綴而已。

? After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia’s Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.

【翻譯】歷經了 6 個月的爭論和最后 16 個小時激烈的議會辯論，澳大利亞的北領地變成了世界上第一個合法的政府，這個政府允許醫生結束絕癥病人的生命，并且這些病人必須自己是自愿的。

? There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.

【翻譯】在醫學期刊雜志上，有很多這樣的廢話。當廣播公司和媒體報道這些無稽之談時，那就會引起健康恐慌和短暫的飲食狂熱。

? But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the world.

【翻譯】 但是在她的新書《加入俱樂部》中，蒂娜?羅森伯格認為，通過她所謂的“社會治療”，同輩壓力也可以變成一種積極的力量。在“社會治療”中，組織和官員利用群體動力的力量幫助個人改善他們的生活，甚至可能改善世界。