04定語和定語從句

1.什么是定語

只要聽到...的+名詞，...的就是修飾這個名詞的定語的成分

2.定語的成分

• 形容詞作定語
  • The innocent nightingale died.
  • The nightingale innocent and brave died.
• 名詞（短語）作定語
  • The n's singing can make the rose bloom.
  • The singing of the nightingale can make the rose bloom.
• 介詞短語作定語
  • The n (out of the window) heard the sighs (of the youngster).
• 非謂語動詞作定語
  • The singing n lost his life.
• 從句作定語
  • l

3.定語的位置

前小后大：當一個單詞修飾名詞的時候通常放在名詞前，當多個單詞修飾名詞的時候通常放在名詞后。

練習：

• 這是一個關于夜鶯和玫瑰的故事。
  • This is a fiction about a nightingale and a rose.
• 那個懂愛的年輕人離開了王子的舞會。
  • The youngster grasping romance left the party of the prince.
• 被拒絕的男生看起來很可伶。
  • The rejected boy looks pitiful.
  • The boy rejected looks pitiful.(當過去分詞修飾名詞的時候，即使只有一個單詞也放在名詞后)
• I have something important to tell you.(當形容詞修飾不定代詞的時候，即使只有一個名詞也放在名詞后)
• I have important something to tell you.

4.定語從句

• 定語從句的構成：n + 引導詞（關系代詞） +句子

• 定語從句的引導詞：按照先行詞的種類進行分類，一共把引導詞分成5類

• 當先行詞是人的時候，引導詞有：who whom whose

• 當先行詞是物的時候，引導詞有：that which whose

• 當先行詞是時間的時候，引導詞有：that which when

• 當先行詞是地點的時候，引導詞有：that which where

• 當先行詞是原因的時候，引導詞有：that which why

• 誰決定引導詞的用法:

  ①看先行詞②引導詞在從句中充當的成分 共同決定了定語從句引導詞的用法。

  • I will never forget the day __ I met you.
    • when
  • I will never forget the day __ we spent.
    • that
  • You had better have some reason __you are late.
    • why
  • You had better have some reason__sounds perfect.
    • that

• 定語從句引導詞的分類新標準

  • 引導詞可以按照引導詞本身的詞性分類
    • 代詞(在從句中一定要充當主語或賓語的成分)：who whom that which
    • 副詞(在從句中不能充當任何主干成分)：where when why
    • 形容詞(在從句中修飾離他最近的名詞)：whose
  • 引導詞先時間，從句不缺成分：when
  • 引導詞原因，從句不缺成分：why
  • 引導詞先地點，從句不缺成分：where
  • 引導詞先人或物，從句不缺成分：whose

練習：

• 夜鶯用生命換來的玫瑰花被扔掉了
  • The rose that the nightingale exchanged with his life was discarded.
• 這些圓頂的建筑物看起來很漂亮。
  • Buildings whose roofs are round look beautiful.
• 成功屬于有夢想的人已經被無數事實所證明。
  • It has been validated by numerous facts that glories belong to those who with dreams.
• 穿自己的鞋不僅方便，不用去管別人的感受。
  • Wearing my our shoes not only proves convenient, but also ensures a point that the feelings of others can be ignored.
• 問題的關鍵是誰應該為道德的淪喪負責。
  • The point of the issue seems who should be responsible for the decline of ethics.
• 外表看起來很邋遢的他，其實內心很高尚。
  • He whose appearance looks indecent proves noble in his mind.
• 那些全力以赴去實現夢想的人，即使沒有成功也不會感到遺憾這是很重要的。
  • It seems indispensable that those who spare no efforts never feel pitiful,although they fail to achieve glories.
• 上課不集中精力而又希望通過考試的同學往往會發現結果往往差強人意。
  • Students who fail to concentrate in class but wish to pass examinations smoothly tend to find that consequence proves less impressive.

5.定語從句的特殊用法

1. that在引導定語從句的時候，如果that在從句中充當賓語，that可以省略

   • I enjoy the book my mother bought for me.
   • 在分析長難句的時候，如果見到有兩個名詞或代詞直接放在一起，中間沒有被連詞或標點符號隔開，通常都是省略了that的定語從句

2. 區別限制和非限制定語從句

   • I love liu, who is beautiful.（非限制定語從句）
   • I love liu who is beautiful.
   • 在分析長難句的時候，非限制性定語相當于插入語可以完全不看。

3. 如果先行詞和引導詞之間介詞，人不用who只用whom，物不用that只用which

   • He is the man __we should learn from.

     • who

   • He is the man from__we should learn.

     • whom

   • I wil never forget the day __ I met you.

     • when

   • I wil never forget the day on __ I met you.

     • which

4. 區別the same...as; the same... that 引導的定語從句

   • 看例句：
     • He is the same man as I love.
     • He is the same man that I love.
     • as翻譯成像，that翻譯成是

5. as 和which引導的非限制性定語從句

   • which引導的非限制性定語從句可以修飾前面整個句子，as也可以。但是which只能只能放到主句的后面，而as可前可后。

   • He enjoy talking with young ladies, which drives me mad.

6. 定語從句中引導詞which和that的區別

6.區別定語從句和同位語從句

• I have a dream that sounds funny.(定語從句）
• I have a dream that I will become a rich lady.（同位語從句）
• 相同點：
  • 都是先行詞+引導詞+句子
• 不同點：
  • 看從句本身的意思，定語從句是對前面名詞的修飾，同位語從句是對前面名詞意思的解釋
  • 看引導詞that在從句中是否充當了成分，如果充當了成分就是定語從句，如果沒有充當成分就是同位語從句
  • 定語從句的先行詞可以是所有名詞，而同位語從句的先行詞只能是抽象名詞
  • 定語從句的引導詞總共有8個，而同位語從句的引導詞一般是whether

7.定語從句的至難點

• 尋找先行詞：必須要讀懂這句話，不然誰也找不到
• 如何尋找先行詞？
  • 定語從句的先行詞就是離它最近的名詞
  • 定語從句的先行詞是它前面的幾個名詞
  • 定語從句的先行詞是它前面的一個從句
  • 定語從句的先行詞是它前面的一個句子
  • 定語從句的先行詞和引導詞被隔開了

8.定語從句的考點分析

1.寫作

• 只要在作文中見到名詞都可以有意識的給它加一個定語的成分，把句子拉長。
  • Pets which look cute as well as healthy can reduce loneliness of senior citizens without any children who can take care of them.
  • Reading books which keep beneficial to physical and mental health can add knowledge of all children and adults.
  • 萬能定語：
    • which look as well as/ who look as well as
    • 名詞復數+such as+例子
• 英漢差異對比
  • 漢語講究意合，英語講究形合
    • 句子結構上：主謂賓結構
    • 邏輯關系詞的使用上
  • 漢語多主動，英語多被動
    • In the past decades, A variety of actions were adopted by the authorities to prevent disasters.
  • 漢語多短句，英語多長句
    • WuZhen is a water town in ZJ provine.
    • It locates near the river from BJ to HZ.
    • 把短句變成長句的第一個方法是非謂語動詞
      • WuZhen is a water town in ZJ provine， locating near the river from BJ to HZ.
    • 加連詞
      • WuZhen is a water town in ZJ provine，and locates near the river from BJ to HZ.
    • 從句
      • WuZhen which locates near the river from BJ to HZ is a water town in ZJ provine.
      • Doors will be decorated by couplets whose topics are involved in health, wealth and good luck.

2.長難句分析

能夠找到一句話中的定語成分，并且把它們通順地翻譯出來。

如何找到定語呢？

找定語的關鍵是找名詞 ，只要名詞后有一坨東西，只要這一坨東西不是動詞，就暫定為修飾這個名詞的定語成分。

• 定語從名詞后開始，到主句的謂語動詞之前結束。

  • Creating a "European identity" (that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent )is no easy task and demands a strategic choice.

• 如果定語在主句的謂語動詞之后的話，定語就從名詞后開始通常到 句末結束。

• In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups (which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another).

• 一個大定語中通常都有無數個小定語 ,每一個小定語都到下一個名詞后結束。

  • Some of these causes are completely reasonable results (of social needs). Others are reasonable consequence (of particular advances)( in science)(being to some extent self-accelerating).