一、定語(yǔ)從句的構(gòu)成部分
先行詞 [ 名詞（短語(yǔ)） ] + 引導(dǎo)詞 + 分句
Her favorite celebrity is Ma Long? who? is good at playing table tennis.
【翻譯】她最喜歡的明星是馬龍，他擅長(zhǎng)打乒乓球。
在上述例句中語(yǔ)法分析如下：
先行詞：Ma Long 即定語(yǔ)從句所要修飾的名詞（即的后面的名詞）
引導(dǎo)詞：who
分句： is good at playing table tennis
二、定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞
1、引導(dǎo)詞分類方法一：按照所修飾的先行詞，分為 5 類（共8個(gè)引導(dǎo)詞）：
1 ）先行詞是人，引導(dǎo)詞：?that?，who ，whom ，whose；
2 ）先行詞是物，引導(dǎo)詞： that ，which ，whose；
3 ）先行詞是時(shí)間，引導(dǎo)詞： that ，which ，when；
4 ）先行詞是地點(diǎn)，引導(dǎo)詞： that ，which ，where；
5 ）先行詞是原因，引導(dǎo)詞： that ，which ，why。
★ 到底是誰(shuí)決定了定語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞的用法？
答：①先行詞，②引導(dǎo)詞在從句中能夠充當(dāng)?shù)某煞郑餐瑳Q定了定語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞的用法。
舉例：
① Tiechui is the millionaire___________ falls in love with Dayan.
【解析】第一步：先行詞是人，引導(dǎo)詞有：who ，whom ，whose；第二步：從句缺主語(yǔ)，所以填who。whom只能作賓語(yǔ)，who即可以作主語(yǔ)，又可以作賓語(yǔ)，whose是形容詞，不能作主語(yǔ)。
② Tiechui is the millionaire___________ Dayan falls in love with.
【解析】第一步：先行詞是人，引導(dǎo)詞有：who ，whom ，whose；第二步：從句缺賓語(yǔ)，填who/whom，
③ Tiechui is the millionaire ___________ father is impoverished.
【解析】第一步：先行詞是人，引導(dǎo)詞有：who ，whom ，whose；第二步：whose修飾father，所以填whose。
④ My husband might never forget the days _____ he fell in love with his old flame.
【解析】第一步：先行詞是時(shí)間the days，引導(dǎo)詞有：that ，which ，when；（一般情況下，that=which）；第二步：從句很完整，主謂賓都不缺，代詞that需要充當(dāng)成分，所以填when（副詞不能充當(dāng)任何主謂賓）；
⑤ My husband might never forget the days______ they spent.
【解析】第一步：先行詞是時(shí)間the days，引導(dǎo)詞有：that ，which ，when；第二步：從句缺賓語(yǔ)，代詞that需要充當(dāng)成分，所以填代詞that。
⑥ I enjoy staying in the village ____ i was born.
【解析】第一步：先行詞是地點(diǎn)the village ，引導(dǎo)詞有：that ，which ，where；第二步：從句很完整，主謂賓都不缺，所以填where。
⑦ I enjoy staying in the village ______ looks poor.
【解析】第一步：先行詞是地點(diǎn)the village?，引導(dǎo)詞有：that ，which ，where；第二步：從句缺主語(yǔ)，代詞that需要充當(dāng)成分，所以填代詞that。
以上分類方法是確認(rèn)第一步，優(yōu)點(diǎn)是縮小了選擇的范圍，缺點(diǎn)是三選一依然得不出正確答案。確認(rèn)第二步的分類法如下↓
2、引導(dǎo)詞分類方法二：按引導(dǎo)詞本身的詞性分類，分為三類：
1 ）代詞： who，whom，that，which；（在從句中一定要充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)的成分，即從句缺主干時(shí)填代詞）
2 ）副詞： where，when，why；（在從句中不能充當(dāng)任何主干成分）
3 ）形容詞 ：whose。（在從句中修飾離它最近的那個(gè)名詞）
延伸：在名詞性從句中，that 只是一個(gè)引導(dǎo)詞（不充當(dāng)成分）；在定語(yǔ)從句中，that 即是一個(gè)引導(dǎo)詞，也是一個(gè)代詞（一定要充當(dāng)成分）。
練習(xí)：
① 小心！不要靠近這所房子，房頂正在修理。
Watch out！Don’t get too close to the house________roof is under repair.
【解析】 先行詞是物 house，引導(dǎo)詞可選的有 which/that 或者 whose ; 答案是 whose
② 我們生活在一個(gè)事物飛速變化的時(shí)代。
We are living in an age________everything is changing rapidly.
【解析】 先行詞是時(shí)間 age，引導(dǎo)詞可選的有 which/that 或者 when。關(guān)鍵看從句是否缺主干成分，change 為不及物動(dòng)詞，并且從句句意完整，不缺主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)，所以答案是 when。
③ 我認(rèn)為大雁能幫助你學(xué)好英語(yǔ)。
I think Dayan is the student________can help you to improve your English.
【解析】 先行詞是人 student，且從句缺少主語(yǔ)，所以答案填 that/who。
④ 我寫信給你的原因是想跟你道歉。
The reason________I’m writing to you is to express my apologies.
【解析】 先行詞為表示原因的 reason，從句中主謂賓俱全，不缺主干成分，缺少的是狀語(yǔ)，所以只能填關(guān)系副詞 why。
⑤ 想?yún)⒓颖荣惖耐瑢W(xué)請(qǐng)?jiān)谶@里寫上你的名字。
Those________want to participate in the competition please write down your names here.
【解析】先行詞是 Those 指人，并在從句中做主語(yǔ)，關(guān)系代詞通常使用 who。
⑥ 在北京生活了 60 年以后她回到了她兒時(shí)的故鄉(xiāng)。
After living in Beijing for sixty years she returned to the small town________she grew up as a child.
【解析】 先行詞是地點(diǎn) town，且從句不缺少主干成分，缺地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，所以引導(dǎo)詞填 where。
⑦?我用手表?yè)Q來的手機(jī)丟了。
The phone?________ I exchanged with my watch, was lost.
【解析】先行詞是物 phone，且從句缺少賓語(yǔ)，所以引導(dǎo)詞填?that。
⑧ 這個(gè)老人在他兒子到的那天去世了。
The old lady passed away on the day?________ her son arrived.
【解析】?先行詞是時(shí)間 the day?，引導(dǎo)詞可選的有 which/that 或者 when，關(guān)鍵看從句是否缺主干成分，arrived 為不及物動(dòng)詞，并且從句主干為主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，句意完整，所以答案是 when。
⑨ 我喜歡家里有錢的男生。
I love boys________ families are wealthy.
【解析】先行詞是人?boys，從句不缺主謂賓，填whose。
三、 定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞
1、先行詞的難點(diǎn)——如何尋找先行詞
先看一個(gè)考研完形填空題目：
The words used by the speaker may stir up unfavorable reactions in the listener_______interfere with his comprehension; hence, the transmission-reception?system breaks down.
A. who B. as C. which D. what
【解析】先行詞是 unfavorable reactions，是物，所以填which 。
2、 識(shí)別先行詞
練習(xí)找先行詞
1. He was accepted by Harvard University, which made his parents excited.
【翻譯】他被哈佛大學(xué)錄取了，這讓他父母很興奮。
【解析】此句的先行詞是which前面的整個(gè)句子。
2. I came across a lady in a shopping mall whose daughter looked strikingly cute with yellow curly hair.
【翻譯】我在購(gòu)物中心遇到一位女士，她的女兒長(zhǎng)著一頭金黃色的卷發(fā)，看起來非常可愛。
【解析】此句的先行詞是 a lady。
3. California’s plan, which is expected to be finalized by the governor early next year, should serve as a model.
【翻譯】加利福尼亞州的計(jì)劃預(yù)計(jì)明年由州長(zhǎng)敲定，該計(jì)劃應(yīng)該可以成為一個(gè)范例。
【解析】先行詞是?California’s plan。
4. While that may well be true,researchers have also recently found that interacting with strangers actually brings a boost in mood and feelings of belonging that we didn't expect.
【翻譯】雖然這很可能是真的，但研究人員最近還發(fā)現(xiàn)，與陌生人互動(dòng)實(shí)際上會(huì)帶來我們意想不到的情緒提升和歸屬感。
【解析】先行詞是?that前面的兩個(gè)名詞性短語(yǔ)：a boost in mood，feelings of belonging
5. In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.
【翻譯】在歐洲，就像在其他地方一樣，多媒體集團(tuán)越來越成功：這些集團(tuán)將相互關(guān)聯(lián)的電視、廣播、報(bào)紙、雜志和出版社集合在一起。
【解析】先行詞是 groups ，television, radio, newspapers, magazines ，publishing houses
6. The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.
【翻譯】希臘人認(rèn)為語(yǔ)言的結(jié)構(gòu)和思維的過程有某種聯(lián)系，這種觀點(diǎn)早在人們認(rèn)識(shí) 到語(yǔ)言的多樣性之前就在歐洲扎根了。
【解析】先行詞是 which?前面的that從句，
7. Congress has obstructed efforts to create a more straightforward visa for agricultural workers that would let foreign workers to stay longer in the U.S. and change jobs within the industry.
【翻譯】制定出一個(gè)面向外國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)工人的更易辦理的新簽證，允許他們?cè)诿绹?guó)停留更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間并在農(nóng)業(yè)范圍內(nèi)換工作的努力被國(guó)會(huì)阻止了。
8. Davidson's article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign workers.
【翻譯】戴維森的文章是最近出現(xiàn)的一些文章之一，這些文章表明，我們今天居高不下的失業(yè)率和不斷下降的中產(chǎn)階級(jí)收入的原因也是由于全球化和信息技術(shù)革命的進(jìn)展，它們比以往任何時(shí)候都更快地用機(jī)器或外國(guó)工人取代勞動(dòng)力。
小結(jié)：
定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞：
①最可能是引導(dǎo)詞前面的名詞（占90%）；（如上例3）
②還可能是引導(dǎo)詞前面的幾個(gè)名詞；（如上例5）
③還可能是引導(dǎo)詞前面的從句；（如上例6）
④還可能是引導(dǎo)詞前面的整個(gè)句子；（如上例1）
⑤先行詞和引導(dǎo)詞之間被一些單詞隔開了。（如上例2）
四、定語(yǔ)從句的特殊用法
（一）限制性和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句
舉例：
① I have a brother who is a doctor.
【翻譯】我有一個(gè)當(dāng)醫(yī)生的弟弟。
② I have a brother, who is a doctor.
【翻譯】我有一個(gè)弟弟，他是當(dāng)醫(yī)生的。
③ People who eat healthy live longer.
【翻譯】健康飲食的人活得更長(zhǎng)。
④ Tiechui' s daughter, who is in Beijing now, will come back home next week.
【翻譯】鐵錘的女兒，現(xiàn)在在北京，下周回家。
小結(jié)
1、 限制性和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別:
2、非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞
舉例：
① Forrest Gump, whom I have learned a lot from, is a brave man.
【翻譯】 阿甘是一個(gè)勇敢的男人，我從他身上學(xué)到了很多。
② He said he had finished all his homework, which I doubted very much.
【翻譯】他說他完成了所有作業(yè)，我對(duì)此表示十分懷疑。
③ My teacher, who is very optimistic, says that we will all pass the exam.
【翻譯】我的老師非常樂觀，他說我們都會(huì)通過考試的。
3、非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的翻譯方法
兩種處理方式：
（1）第一：先行詞為名詞，非限制定從可以選擇順譯，譯成單獨(dú)的一句話；
第一種方法舉例：
① John' s laughter,which was very infectious, broke the silence.
【翻譯】約翰的笑聲，非常有感染力，打破了沉默。
② The sun, which had hidden all day, now came out in all its splendor.
【翻譯】那個(gè)太陽(yáng)，躲了一天了，現(xiàn)在又沖出云層光芒萬(wàn)丈了。
③ Tiechui's father, who is over 60, still works hard day and night.
【翻譯】鐵錘的爸爸，年過六旬，依然沒日沒夜努力工作。
④ France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for women.
【翻譯】法國(guó)，一直以全球時(shí)尚革新者的身份自居，但現(xiàn)在它認(rèn)為，其時(shí)尚行業(yè)已失去定義女士形體美的絕對(duì)權(quán)利。
（2） 第二：如果定語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)前面句子進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明，并且引導(dǎo)詞充當(dāng)從句主語(yǔ)時(shí)，常常翻譯成“這；它；那”；充當(dāng)其他成分時(shí)，則要根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣來翻譯。
第二種方法舉例：
① Luyao was a great writer born in Shaanxi province, which is known to us all.
【翻譯】路遙是一個(gè)偉大的作家，出生在陜西省，這是眾所周知的。
② She was very patient towards the children，which her husband seldom was.
【翻譯】她對(duì)孩子們很耐心，她丈夫卻很少這樣。
③ This book, which you can get at any bookshop,will give you all the information you need．
【翻譯】這本書會(huì)給你提供所有你需要的信息，它在任何一家書店都能買到。
④ He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not previously thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.
【翻譯】他幫助普及了一種觀點(diǎn)，即某些以前被認(rèn)為不是由細(xì)菌導(dǎo)致的疾病實(shí)際上也是傳染病，這一觀點(diǎn)在首次提出時(shí)就引起了很多爭(zhēng)議。
（二）that 省略的情況
1、 that 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，如果在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)氖琴e語(yǔ)，可以省略，充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)不可以省略。
舉例：I enjoy the movie we saw yesterday.
【解析】在名詞 movie 和 we saw 之間就省略了 that，we saw yesterday 缺賓語(yǔ)。
加上為：I enjoy the movie?that we saw yesterday.
2、分析長(zhǎng)難句的時(shí)候，見到兩個(gè)名詞或代詞直接放在一起，中間沒有被任何標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)或連詞隔開，通常都是省略了that 的定語(yǔ)從句。
舉例：
① The climate change（that）we are hastening could one day leave us with forests that emit more carbon than they absorb.
【翻譯】有朝一日，我們正在加劇的氣候變化會(huì)使得森林的碳排放量超過其吸收量。
【解析】change 名詞、we 代詞之間省略了that。
② Only recently have they come to see the vital part forests will have to play in?storing carbon.
【翻譯】只是最近他們才開始意識(shí)到森林在儲(chǔ)存碳方面必須起到重要作用。
③ The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it’s perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities（that）we can envisage.
【翻譯】當(dāng)今技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)及社會(huì)影響非常復(fù)雜，也許最好的是留給科幻作家和未來學(xué)家們?nèi)ヌ剿魑覀兯芟胂蟮降脑S多可能性。
【解析】possibilities 名詞、we 代詞之間省略了that。
④ A young man can decide on a likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents to arrange the marriage negotiations, or the young man’s parents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection, but a girl may veto the spouse（that） her parents have chosen.
【翻譯】年輕男士可以自己決定可能的配偶，然后要求父母安排婚姻的協(xié)商事宜；或者父母也可能為兒子選擇配偶，在選擇中不給孩子說話的余地；但是女方卻可以拒絕父母為他們所選擇的對(duì)象。見到有兩個(gè)名詞或代詞直接放到一起，還有一種情況：
I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking about moral problems.
【解析】spouse?名詞、her 代詞之間省略了that。
（三）as 和 which 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句
1、相同點(diǎn)：
這兩個(gè)單詞都可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，并且 as 也只能引導(dǎo)非限制行定語(yǔ)從句，而 which卻可以引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句。
2、不同點(diǎn)：
1）as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，位置比較靈活，可以放在主句的前面、主謂之間、或主句的后面，此處的 as 翻譯為“正如”； which 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句只能放在所修飾的詞或句子的后面。
舉例：
① As is known to us all known, without efforts nothing can be achieved.
② Without efforts nothing can be achieved, which is known to us all.
【翻譯】 眾所周知，不努力就會(huì)一事無成。
2）緊跟在引導(dǎo)詞 as 后的動(dòng)詞是 be 動(dòng)詞；而引導(dǎo)詞 which 后面可以跟任何類型的動(dòng)詞。
舉例：
① As is known to all, China is a peace-loving country.
【翻譯】眾所周知，中國(guó)是一個(gè)愛好和平的國(guó)家。
② Tiechui was late, which made Mrs. Liu very angry.
【翻譯】鐵錘遲到了，這使劉老師很生氣。
小結(jié)：
as只能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，which引導(dǎo)限制非限制都可以。它們可以完全互換的時(shí)候是which后面必須是be動(dòng)詞，否則不可以換。換成as，位置很靈活，隨便放。
（四）固定搭配 the same... as 和 the same... that 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
舉例：
① This is the same book as I lost yesterday.
【翻譯】這本書和我昨天丟的那本很像。（很像，表示不是同一本）
② This is the same book that I lost yesterday.
【翻譯】這正是我昨天丟的那本書。（正是，表示是同一本）
③ She has the same blue eyes as her mother had.
【翻譯】她和她母親有著同樣藍(lán)色眼睛。（這里表示她和她母親長(zhǎng)得像）
④ Is this man in the TV show the same (one) that did the internship with me before ?
【翻譯】電視上的這個(gè)人是不是過去和我一塊實(shí)習(xí)過？（the same... that 是同一個(gè)人）
（五）先行詞是人時(shí)，that 和 who 的區(qū)別僅作了解
（六）定語(yǔ)從句中引導(dǎo)詞 which 和 that 的區(qū)別僅作了解
（七）“介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句僅作了解
（八）真題長(zhǎng)難句分析
① Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically.
【翻譯】鑒于電子貨幣的優(yōu)勢(shì)，你也許會(huì)認(rèn)為，我們將快速步入無現(xiàn)金社會(huì)，所有支付都將電子化。
②The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media,and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.
【翻譯】反快樂藝術(shù)的興起幾乎完全與大眾媒體同步出現(xiàn)，而隨之興起了一種商業(yè)文化，在這種文化中，快樂不僅是一個(gè)理想，而且是一種意識(shí)形態(tài)。
③ High growth rates increased the chances for academic innovation; they also weakened the forms and processes by which teachers and students are admitted into a community of scholars during periods of stability or slow growth.
【翻譯】高增長(zhǎng)率增加了學(xué)術(shù)創(chuàng)新的機(jī)會(huì)，也削弱了在緩慢增長(zhǎng)時(shí)期和平穩(wěn)增長(zhǎng)時(shí)期師生進(jìn)入學(xué)者團(tuán)體的形式和過程。
④ What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn.
【翻譯】我們所需要的是一種行為技術(shù)，但是可能產(chǎn)生這種技術(shù)的科學(xué)一直發(fā)展緩慢。
⑤ They are the possessions of the autonomous(self－governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.
【翻譯】它們是傳統(tǒng)理論定義的自主（自治）人所擁有的，是實(shí)踐中必不可少的，在這些實(shí)踐活動(dòng)中，一個(gè)人必須對(duì)他們的行為負(fù)責(zé)，取得成績(jī)時(shí)他也會(huì)被認(rèn)可。
⑥ Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.
【翻譯】而且，人們有能力改變自己的生存環(huán)境，從而讓所有其他形態(tài)的生命服從人類自己獨(dú)特的想法和想象。
小結(jié)：先行詞和引導(dǎo)詞之間有介詞的話，人不用who，只能用whom，物不能用that，只能用which。寫作別搞這一出，翻譯長(zhǎng)難句注意。
