What to know about Canada's residential schools and the hundreds of unmarked graves found nearby
關(guān)于加拿大寄宿學(xué)校及周邊發(fā)現(xiàn)的數(shù)百座無名墳?zāi)梗阈枰朗裁矗?/p>
For the second time in less than a month, a First Nation in Canada reported grim news: Ground-penetrating radar had uncovered evidence of hundreds of unmarked graves near a former residential school for Indigenous children.***
在不到一個(gè)月的時(shí)間里,加拿大的一個(gè)第一民族族群又一次報(bào)道了讓人心碎的消息:探地雷達(dá)在一所前原住民兒童寄宿學(xué)校附近發(fā)現(xiàn)了數(shù)百個(gè)無名墳?zāi)沟暮圹E。
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The two discoveries in British Columbia and Saskatchewan have left the country reeling.
在不列顛哥倫比亞省和薩斯喀徹溫省的這兩個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)令加拿大舉國震驚。
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- What was the residential school system?
- 寄宿學(xué)校制度是什么?
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Residential schools were government-funded, often church-run boarding schools set up in the 19th century with the primary aim of assimilating Indigenous children.
寄宿學(xué)校建立于 19 世紀(jì),由政府資助,通常是由教會(huì)運(yùn)營,主要目的是為了同化原住民兒童。
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About 150,000 Indigenous children were sent to the schools, often forcibly, where they were barred from speaking their languages and practicing their traditions. Many faced physical and sexual abuse.
大約有 15 萬名原住民兒童被送到這些學(xué)校(通常是強(qiáng)制性地)。那里禁止他們說母語,也不允許他們踐行自己的傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗。很多人都遭受了肉體摧殘和性虐待。
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Canada's Truth and Reconciliation Commission said in its 2015 report that what happened at the schools was akin to "cultural genocide."
加拿大真相與和解委員會(huì)在 2015 年的報(bào)告中稱,在這些學(xué)校發(fā)生的事和“文化滅絕”沒什么兩樣。
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- How did children at residential schools die?
- 寄宿學(xué)校的孩子們是怎么死亡的?
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Children died of diseases, including tuberculosis, which spread rapidly in the unsanitary buildings and among malnourished students. Others died in accidents, in fires or by suicide. Some disappeared while running away.
孩子們死于各種疾病,包括肺結(jié)核。這些疾病在不衛(wèi)生的校舍和營養(yǎng)不良的學(xué)生中迅速蔓延開。其他人死于意外事故、火災(zāi)或者自殺。有些人在逃跑時(shí)失蹤了。
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To save money, children were often buried in unmarked graves on or near school grounds.
為了省錢,孩子們通常被埋在學(xué)校場地上或附近的無名墳?zāi)估铩?/p>
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- What has been the response from governments and the church?
- 政府和教會(huì)作何反應(yīng)?
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The federal government said it would urgently distribute about $22 million to help Indigenous groups find unmarked graves, identify the missing and commemorate them.
加拿大聯(lián)邦政府表示,將緊急分發(fā)大約 2200 萬美元來幫助原住民群體尋找無名墳?zāi)梗嬲J(rèn)失蹤的人,并紀(jì)念他們。
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The Pope has come under mounting pressure to apologize for the Catholic Church's role in the residential school system. Some Catholic orders that ran the schools and leaders of the Anglican and United churches in Canada, which also operated schools, have apologized.*** Pope Francis has not.
教皇面臨的壓力與日俱增,需要為天主教會(huì)在寄宿學(xué)校系統(tǒng)中扮演的角色道歉。一些管理過這些學(xué)校的天主教會(huì),以及同樣運(yùn)營寄宿學(xué)校的加拿大圣公會(huì)和聯(lián)合教會(huì)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人,已經(jīng)為此道歉了。但是教皇方濟(jì)各仍未道歉。
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主編:Raven、蝦仁
品控:Raven
審核:Amy
Photo Credit: "215 forgotten children in an unmarked gr" (CC BY-ND 2.0) by Thomas_H_foto
重點(diǎn)詞匯
grim
/ɡr?m/
adj. 令人擔(dān)憂的,令人沮喪的;嚴(yán)肅的,陰冷的
搭配短語:grim prospect(前景黯淡)
例句:He looks grim.(他看起來很陰冷、嚴(yán)肅。)
uncover
/?n?k?v.?/
v. 發(fā)現(xiàn)(秘密或隱藏物),揭露
相關(guān)詞匯:cover(v. 遮蓋)
詞根詞綴:un-(表示“否定、相反”)
搭配短語:to uncover the truth
搭配短語:to uncover a plot
indigenous
/?n?d?d?.?.n?s/
adj. 土著的,原住民的;本土的
搭配短語:indigenous plants(本土品種的植物)
搭配短語:indigenous people((某地的)本地人)
文化補(bǔ)充:首字母大寫的 Indigenous (people) 特指歷史上受到殖民者奴役、甚至屠殺的北美原住民。
reel
/r??l/
v.(因?yàn)橥蝗皇艿酱驌舳┱痼@,不知所措;踉蹌,趔趄
搭配短語:to reel backwards(踉蹌后退)
搭配短語:to reel with
例句:I was reeling with shock.
assimilate
/??s?m.?.le?t/
v.(使)同化,(使)相似
相關(guān)詞匯:similar(adj. 相似的)
英文釋義:to become part of a group, country or society
搭配短語:to assimilate into
例句:I have not yet assimilated fully into the office culture.
forcibly
/?f??r.s?.bli/
adv. 強(qiáng)制地,用武力地
相關(guān)詞匯:force(v. 強(qiáng)迫,迫使)
相關(guān)詞匯:forcible(adj. 強(qiáng)行的)
bar
/bɑ?r/
v. 禁止;阻擋,阻撓
詞性拓展:bar(n. 欄桿;酒吧)
搭配短語:to bar sb. from doing sth.
例句:Didi was barred from appearing in app stores.
akin
/??k?n/
adj. 相似的,類似的
相關(guān)詞匯:kin(n. 親屬)
詞根詞綴:a-(相當(dāng)于 of,表示從屬)
英文釋義:of kin(和親屬有關(guān)的,引申為“相似的”)
搭配短語:be akin to
例句:His interests are akin to mine.
genocide
/?d?en.?.sa?d/
n.(尤指對(duì)整個(gè)民族、種族或宗教團(tuán)體的)大屠殺,種族滅絕
詞根詞綴:geno(表示 race “種族”)
詞根詞綴:-cide(表示“殺”)
相關(guān)詞匯:suicide(n. / v. 自殺)
文化補(bǔ)充:genocide 指對(duì)一個(gè)民族或種族蓄意的、系統(tǒng)的屠殺行為。歷史上可以被成為 genocide 的事件包括對(duì)美洲大陸印第安人的屠殺、二戰(zhàn)期間對(duì)猶太人的屠殺和 20 世紀(jì) 90 年代的盧旺達(dá)種族大屠殺等。
tuberculosis
/tu??b??.kj??lo?.s?s/
n. 結(jié)核病,(尤指)肺結(jié)核
詞源:來自于拉丁語 tuberculum(表示“小的結(jié)節(jié)、結(jié)塊”)。
文化補(bǔ)充:結(jié)核病(Tuberculosis,又稱 TB)為結(jié)核桿菌感染引起的疾病。結(jié)核病屬于空氣傳播疾病,病原體會(huì)借由開放性結(jié)核患者咳嗽、打噴嚏,或說話過程中所產(chǎn)生的飛沫散布。
18 世紀(jì)、19 世紀(jì),結(jié)核病在歐洲成為流行病。19 世紀(jì),結(jié)核病大約殺死了四分之一的歐洲成年人口;到了 19 世紀(jì)末,歐洲和北美地區(qū)約 70–90% 的城市人口攜帶結(jié)核桿菌,而發(fā)病的人口中 80% 死亡。世界各地都不乏死于肺結(jié)核的歷史名人,比如中國作家魯迅、電影《亂世佳人》的演員費(fèi)雯麗、英國詩人約翰·濟(jì)慈和作家勃朗特姐妹、法國作家莫里哀和伏爾泰等等。
unsanitary
/??n?s?n.?.ter.i/
adj. 不衛(wèi)生的,不干凈的
詞根詞綴:un-(表示“否定”)
相關(guān)詞匯:sanitary(adj. 清潔的,衛(wèi)生的)
例句:Unsanitary conditions may have made Indians more immune to COVID-19.
malnourished
/?m?l?n??.??t/
adj. 營養(yǎng)不良的
相關(guān)詞匯:nourish(v. 滋養(yǎng),養(yǎng)育)
搭配短語:nourish your skin or body
搭配短語:nourish your soul
詞根詞綴:mal-(表示“否定”)
commemorate
/k??mem.?.re?t/
v.(尤指舉行公開儀式或豎立雕塑或?qū)iT建筑)紀(jì)念,緬懷
相關(guān)詞匯:memory(n. 記憶)
詞根詞綴:com-(表示“一起,共同”)
例句:People at home and abroad commemorate Yuan Longping for his irreplaceable contribution to food safety.
相關(guān)詞匯:irreplaceable(adj. 不能替代的)
come under sth.
突然體驗(yàn),突然受到
英文釋義:suddenly experience or suffer something
搭配短語:come under fire(遭受炮火攻擊;遭受批評(píng))
mounting
/?ma?n.t???/
adj. 增加的;加劇的
相關(guān)詞匯:mount(v. 增加,上升)
搭配短語:mount up(逐漸增加,增長)
搭配短語:to deal with mounting regulatory requirements
order
/???r.d?/
n.(按照一定規(guī)范生活的)宗教團(tuán)體;訂單;命令
英文釋義:a group of people who join together for religious or similar reasons and live according to particular rules
例句:The ancient Shaolin order is a well-known Chinese Buddhist order.