一、定語和狀語的區別
I was reading a book when she came in.? ? ? ? ?when 及其后面的內容是狀語。
The car which is parked outside is mine.? ? ? ?which 及其后面的內容是定語。
I knocked down a boy when I went downstairs. when 及其后面的內容是狀語。
1、區分介詞短語既像定語又像狀語的情況——定語優先原則
有一坨東西放在名詞后，既像定語又像狀語的時候，定語優先原則，只有翻譯成定語巨不爽無比的時候，才是狀語。
比如： I like a boy in the kindergarten.
如果是定語就譯為：我喜歡一個幼兒園的小男生。
如果是狀語就譯為：在幼兒園，我喜歡一個小男生。
2、區分 when 引導的是定語從句還是狀語從句
① I want to be a teacher when I grow up.? ??當我長大的時候，我要做一名老師。
② I still remember the days when I lived with my grandparents in the countryside.? ??我仍然記得和爺爺奶奶住在鄉下的日子。
二、補充 as 專題
1、as + 名詞（短語）
此時的 as 是介詞， as 后面跟名詞（短語）時，一般譯為“作為”。
① Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal.
【全句翻譯】曾經口香糖的主要購買者是青春期的男孩，而現在商業廣告卻將它宣傳為飯后清新口氣和清潔牙齒的產品。
② The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put?forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.
【全句翻譯】巨大的宇宙云的存在，實際上是使二十年代首創的大爆炸論得以保持其作為宇宙起源論的主導地位所必不可少的。
③ He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance against the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to replace old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to feed the soil.
【全句翻譯】他必須以下列三種方式使用這些余糧：留作種子，留作保障以對付惡劣天氣可能造成的無法預測的影響，并留作必須出售的商品以替換就農具和購買化肥給土壤提供養料。
④ As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States.
【全句翻譯】 結果，在美國（狀語前置），雄心壯志作為一種健康的沖動，一種應該被年輕人尊重且扎根于他們思想的品質，得到的支持或許比以往任何時期都低。
2、動詞（詞組）+ 名詞（短語）+as
regard... as... ，view... as... ，define... as... ，classify... as...
① William sahlman of the Harvard Business school believes that people will look back on this period as " a golden age of business management in the United states" .
【全句翻譯】佛商學院的威廉 .薩爾曼認為 , 人們會將這段時期視為 " 美國商業管理的黃金時代" 。
② Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with?in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived.
【全句翻譯】兒童將與裝有個性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有個性內置的計算機將被視為工作伙伴而不是工具，人們將在氣味電視機前休閑，屆時數字化時代就來到了。
③ They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.
【全句翻譯】它們惟一的共同點就是常常會激怒或威脅那些自以為比別人更高明的人。
④ Millions of Americans and foreigners see G.I.Joe as a mindless war toy ,the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be .
【全句翻譯】在數百萬美國人和其他國家人看來，G.I.Joe 是沒有思想的軍事玩偶，是美國軍事冒險主義的象征，但過去的情況并非如此。
⑤ Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don’t know where they should go next.
【全句翻譯】10 年前，日本人工作勤奮，將工作視為他們存在的主要理由，但現在日本大體上已經滿足了其經濟需求，年輕人卻不知道他們下一步的目標在哪里。
3、as 引導定語從句
1）as 引導的限制性定語從句：
從句所修飾的名詞前有 such ，the same，as 出現，后面從句的引導詞是 as，構成such...that..., the same...as, as...as...結構。譯成“和...一樣”
① I have never heard such stories as he told.
我從未聽說過他講的那些故事。
② He just made the same mistake as other students would have made in examinations
他只是犯了其他學生在考試中會犯的同樣的錯誤。
2）as 引導的非限制性定語從句：
① As is shown in the cartoon, even a hen has learned how to promise.
正如漫畫所示，即使是母雞也學會了如何承諾。
② As was discussed before, it was not until the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic medium.
正如之前所討論的，直到 19 世紀，報紙才成為電子化之前的主導媒體。
4、as 引導狀語從句
as 在引導狀語從句的時候 , 可以譯為：當 .. 的時候 , 因為 , 雖然 , 就像。as的意思取決于前后句子的邏輯關系。
① Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them.
【全句翻譯】例如，（當）隨著新物質注入非洲和南美洲之間的海底，非洲和南美洲正在相互遠離。（ as 翻譯成當或隨著。）
② As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn’t have changed anything.
【全句翻譯】盡管個人傷害的索賠一如既往地繼續著，但有些法庭開始支持被告一方，特別是在處理那些有警示語也無濟于事的案件時。
③ The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth , at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere , could push the price higher still in the short term.
【全句翻譯】本周伊拉克暫停石油出口, 這使得油價再一次上漲。經濟的強勁增長, 加上北半球正值冬季, 可能會使石油價格在短期內繼續上漲。
④ New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.
【全句翻譯】 就像過去那樣，將來新的思維方式和新的思維主題一定會出現，從而出現 關于優雅的新標準。（ as 翻譯成“像......一樣”。）
⑤ Odd as it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.
【全文翻譯】宇宙膨脹說雖然聽似奇特，但它是基本粒子物理學中一些公認的理論在科學上看來可信的推論。許多天體物理學家七八年來一直認為這一論說是正確的。
三、狀語從句和非謂語動詞（短語）作狀語的轉化
If love has gone, you had better start a new life.
如果愛情已經不在，你最好開始新生活。
Love has gone, you had better start a new life.（去引導詞）
Love having gone, you had better start a new life. （變非謂語）
看邏輯主語是否一致
練習：
給我更多的時間，我就能完成這項工作。
狀語從句：If I was given more time, I would be able to complete the work.
分詞作狀語 : Given more time , I would be able to complete the work.
① 他太窮了，買不起那輛車。
He was poor, he could not afford to buy that car. ×
Being poor, he could not afford to buy that car.√
② 這本書被翻譯成多種語言 , 聞名于世。
This book has been translated into several languages , it became famous all over the world.
③ 讀書可以擴大眼界 , 更重要的是 , 它可以使我們內心充盈。
Broadening our horizon , more importantly , reading can fill our hearts.
四、狀語考點分析
1、寫作
作文中任何一句話的旁邊（狀語的位置很靈活），都可以給它加一個狀語的成分把句子拉長。
① 我愛我的女朋友。
素顏版：I love my girlfriend.
裸妝版：I love my girlfriend deeply.我深深的愛我的女朋友。（副詞作狀語）
化妝版：I love my girlfriend in the depts of my heart.我心里深愛著我的女朋友。（地點狀語）
② 我正在看魯迅寫的小說。
素顏版：I am reading the novel written by Luxun.? ?
裸妝版：I am reading the book written by Luxun carefully, earnestly, and lovingly.? ?我正在仔細認真熱忱地讀魯迅的小說。（副詞作狀語）
化妝集合版：
I am reading the novel written by Luxun at the moment.? ?我那個時候在讀魯迅寫得小說。（時間狀語）
I am reading the novel written by Luxun because it is so interesting and attractive.? ?我在讀魯迅寫得那本小說，因為它特別有趣很吸引人。（原因狀語）
Although I am busy preparing for the exam, I am reading the novel written by Luxun.? ?盡管我忙著準備考試，我還是讀了魯迅寫得小說。（讓步狀語）
I am reading the novel written by Luxun so crazily that I forget to sleep at night.? ?我瘋狂地讀魯迅寫得小說，以至于忘了睡覺。（結果狀語）
I am reading the novel written by Luxun in order that I can relieve my pressure.? ?我讀魯迅的小說是為了減輕壓力。（目的狀語）
I am reading the novel written by Luxun as diligently as a bee.? ?我讀魯迅的小說一刻不停，像一只勤勞的蜜蜂。（比較狀語）
③ 素顏版：A man is saying “All is over”. On the contrary, the other man is saying “Luckily, there still exists a little”.
化妝版：
A man who looks rather depressed ( 定語 ) is saying “All is over”. on the contrary, the other man active as well as optimistic ( 定語 ) is saying“Luckily, there still exists a little”.
In this simple but meaningful caricature（地點狀語）, a man is saying “All is over” when covering his face with a hand ( 時間狀語從句 ). On the contrary, the other man is saying “Luckily, there still exists a little”, as a bottle of water falls on the?ground (狀語從句).
In this simple but meaningful caricature, a man who looks rather depressed is saying “All is over”when covering his face with a hand. On the contrary, the other man active as well as optimistic is saying “Luckily, there still exists a little”, as a bottle of water falls on the ground.
這幅簡單而意味深長的漫畫中，一瓶水掉在了地上，一個看起來相當沮喪的男人用手捂住臉說“全完了”。 相比之下，另一位積極樂觀的男子則說“幸好還剩點兒”。
④ 春節我們為什么要貼春聯呢？大家的回答通常是“貼對聯可以增加節日的氛圍”。
素顏版：Pasting couplets can create a festive atmosphere.
定語化妝版：Pasting couplets, which is an ancient Chinese tradition for thousands of years （定語） , can create a festive atmosphere of joy and excitement.（后置定語）
狀語化妝版：Although quite a few individuals argue that it may be troublesome（讓步狀語 ） , pasting couplets can create a festive atmosphere when almost all the Chinese are gathering with their families or their friends at home. （時間狀語）
艷妝融合版：
Although quite a few individuals argue that it may be troublesome, pasting couplets, which is an ancient Chinese tradition for thousands of years, can create a festive atmosphere of joy and excitement when almost all the Chinese are gathering with their families or their friends at home.
雖然不少人認為貼春聯很麻煩，但這是中國幾千年的古老傳統，當中國人與家人或朋友聚會時，貼春聯可以營造出歡樂和興奮的節日氣氛。
五、狀語長難句分析
長難句分析：能夠找到一句話當中的狀語成分，并且能夠把它們通順的翻譯出來。
長難句分析：①找動詞（并找出及確認句子主干）；②找連詞；③找定語；④找狀語。從句當中的主干部分也要找出來。
1、如何識別狀語？？？
答：見到副詞一定是狀語，見到伴隨一定是狀語，見到九大狀語從句也是狀語。狀語通常翻譯在離它最近的那句話的前面。
① In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need to do to support employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G.I.Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to post-high school education.
【全句翻譯】平庸的時代已經結束，為了保障就業，我們要做的事情還有很多，但在 21 世紀，最重要的事情莫過于通過類似《退伍軍人權利法案》的法案，以確保每個美國公民都有機會接受高中以上的教育。
② The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.
【全句翻譯】希臘人認為語言的結構和思維的過程有某種聯系 , 這種觀點早在人們認識到語言的多樣性之前就在歐洲扎根了。
【解析】which引導的非限制性定語從句，后面有一個地點狀語：in Europe和時間狀語：long before
③ Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors （定語從句）in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner （方式狀語）that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.（定語從句）
【解析】which引導的定語從句，in...manner 方式狀語，
【全句翻譯】社會科學是知識研究的一個分支 , 這個分支 ( 重復先行詞 , 定語后置) 試圖以同樣理性的 、有序的 、系統的和冷靜的狀態 ( 翻譯時狀語提前) 來研究人類和人類的行為 , 自然科學家也是用這種狀態來研究自然現象的 (定語較長 , 仍然后置) 。
4. The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because?the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other?kinds of explanations have been hard to find.（and并列的兩個原因狀語從句）
【全句翻譯】 ( 由于原因狀語較長 , 所以直接翻譯成 . 之所以 ......是因為 ...... " ) 行為科學之所以發展緩慢 , 部分原因是一些假說時常能直接被觀察到 , 還有部分原因是其他種類的假說很難被發現。
5. We are obliged to these linguists because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.（原因狀語從句）
【全句翻譯】我們之所以感謝這些語言學家, 是因為這些語言中有一部分后來已經消失了,其原因是講這些語言的民族或是消亡, 或是被同化之后失去了本族語言。（since 副詞，翻譯為從此以后）
6. But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge.
【全句翻譯】但是如果機器人要進一步節省勞力，它們必須能夠在更少的人工監控下運行，并且至少能獨立地做一些決定—這些目標給我們帶來了真正的挑戰。
7. Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect,” a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects — a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.
【全句翻譯】盡管裁決認為，憲法沒有賦予醫生幫助病人自殺的權利，然而最高法庭實際上卻認可了醫療界的“雙效”原則，這個存在了好幾個世紀的道德原則認為，如果某種行為具有雙重效果（希望達到的好效果和可以預見得到的壞效果），那么，只要行為實施只是想達到好的效果，這個行為就是可以允許的。
8. George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death.
【全句翻譯】波士頓大學健康法律系主任喬治·安納斯堅持認為，只要醫生開藥是出于合理的醫療目的，那么即使病人因服藥該藥而加速死亡，醫生也不算做了什么違法的事情。
8. George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose（條件狀語從句）, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death.（?讓步狀語從句）
【全句翻譯】波士頓大學健康法律系主任喬治·安納斯堅持認為，只要醫生開藥是出于合理的醫療目的，那么即使病人因服藥該藥而加速死亡，醫生也不算做了什么違法的事情。
9. One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and , if its stability depends on its integrity , they are entitled to continuance.
【全句翻譯】 在一個完全以經濟目標為基礎的保護系統中, 根本的弱點在于陸地群落的大多數成員沒有經濟價值。然而, 這些成員屬于生物群落, 如果該保護系統的穩定性取決于其完整性，這些生物就有權繼續生存。
10. It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.
【全句翻譯】 這也是為什么當我們試圖用語言描述音樂時，我們只能表達出自己對音樂的感受，而無法領悟音樂本身。
11. Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless（時間狀語）,it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.（that引導的主語從句，it是形式主語）
【全句翻譯】 然而，當我們看到這樣的照片，看到那些無家可歸者所創造的花園之時，感到了深深的震撼：盡管它們風格多樣，但這些花園道出了其他的根本需求，而非停留在裝飾美化或是創造性表達。
12. Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives（讓步狀語）, it is perfectly ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions.（目的狀語）
【全句翻譯】盡管心理健康是我們生活中的萬能藥，但它其實非常普通，你會發現在你難以做決定時，它一直在指引著你。
13. More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry’s work.
【全句翻譯】 最近，研究人員在調查住房建筑業時發現，盡管建筑業的工作很復雜，得克薩斯州休斯頓市的那些不識字、不會說英語的墨西哥工人卻始終能達到勞動生產率的最佳實踐標準。
14. While warnings are often appropriate and necessary -- the dangers of drug interactions, for example -- and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn’t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.
【全句翻譯】雖然警示標簽常常是恰當和必要的，如對藥物交叉反應的危險，而且很多都是各州或聯邦法規所要求的，但是當消費者受傷時，這些警示語能否保護制造商和銷售商免于責任，這還很難說。
15. This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favors.
【全句翻譯】如果不是因為科學家們可以很容易地安排在未來的出版物中自我引用，或者讓同行引用以回報自己提供類似好處這個事實，這將是合理的。
