㈢按中文來動賓搭配
例一：中國海洋石油有限公司在南海東部獲重大天然氣發(fā)現(xiàn)。
CNOOC Limited?achieved?an important discovery of natural gas in the eastern South China Sea.
中文本來可以用“發(fā)現(xiàn)”的動詞形式，寫成：中國海洋石油有限公司在南海東部發(fā)現(xiàn)重大天然氣。可現(xiàn)在句子里的“發(fā)現(xiàn)”是名詞，這大概就是余光中先生說的“當(dāng)代的中文也已呈現(xiàn)這種病態(tài)，喜歡把簡單明了的動詞分解成「萬能動詞＋抽象名詞」的片詞。”問題是英式中文再翻譯成英文時(shí)，中文是“獲”，英文就achieve，完全不考慮動賓搭配的問題。請看《柯林斯英漢雙解大詞典》給出的定義和例句：
lN-VAR?If someone makes a?discovery, they become aware of something that they did not know about before.發(fā)現(xiàn)
例：I felt I'd made an incredible discovery.（我感到自己有了一個(gè)驚人的發(fā)現(xiàn)。）
lN-VAR?If someone makes a?discovery, they are the first person to find or become aware of a place, substance, or scientific fact that no one knew about before.新發(fā)現(xiàn)
例：In that year, two momentous discoveries were made.（那年有2項(xiàng)重大的新發(fā)現(xiàn)。）
例二：Additionally, we have engaged 330 volunteer supervisors across the corporation,formulated?five corporate energy saving standards, including Energy Saving Monitoring Standards for Offshore Oil fields, and invested approximately RMB 349 million in the implementation of 152 energy saving and emission reduction projects.
編寫標(biāo)準(zhǔn)還是制定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)？都沒錯。不過，編寫標(biāo)準(zhǔn)只是制定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的一個(gè)步驟，還要討論通過，還要批準(zhǔn)，還要頒發(fā)。即使是編寫標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，用formulate也是動賓搭配不當(dāng)。不信的話，請到搜索引擎去搜索formulate standard，看有沒有結(jié)果。制定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的英語用哪個(gè)動詞呢?請看國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織的例句：
How does ISO develop standards?[27]
例三：國務(wù)院國資委在京組織召開中央企業(yè)學(xué)習(xí)貫徹中央扶貧開發(fā)工作會議精神座談會，中國海油在會上作交流發(fā)言，介紹了參與扶貧開發(fā)工作的主要做法。
The State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council organized a forum of central State-owned enterprises on implementing the spirit of poverty alleviation and development working conference. CNOOC?introduced?the company’s practices ? on the conference.
一看到“介紹”，就自然聯(lián)想到introduce。其實(shí)，同樣一個(gè)漢字，會對應(yīng)好幾個(gè)英文單詞。飯“熟”了，對應(yīng)cocked，水果“熟”了，ripe，要是人“成熟”了，就是mature。第一次見面，自我介紹也好，別人介紹也罷，用introduce沒錯。《柯林斯英漢雙解大詞典》給出introduce作為動詞的定義和例句如下：
lV-T?To?introduce?something means to cause it to enter a place or exist in a system for the first time.引進(jìn)
例：MGM introduced a new system for hiring writers.
米高梅公司引進(jìn)了一項(xiàng)新的制度來雇人寫作。
lV-T?If you?introduce?one person?to?another, or you?introduce?two people, you tell them each other's names, so that they can get to know each other. If you introduce?yourself?to someone, you tell them your name.介紹
例：Tim, may I introduce you to my uncle's secretary, Mary Waller?
蒂姆，我可以把你介紹給我叔叔的秘書瑪麗·沃勒嗎？
We haven't been introduced. My name is Nero Wolfe.
我們還沒有被介紹到。我叫尼羅·沃爾夫。
lV-T?If you?introduce?someone?to?something, you cause them to learn about it or experience it for the first time.使初次接觸
例：He introduced us to the delights of natural food.
他使我們第一次享受到了品嘗天然食品的樂趣。
lV-T?The person who?introduces?a television or radio programme speaks at the beginning of it, and often between the different items in it, in order to explain what the programme or the items are about.為(電視或廣播節(jié)目)作開場白;主持
例：...chat shows introduced by women.
…由女性主持的訪談節(jié)目。
可見，中文的介紹經(jīng)驗(yàn)或做法用introduce并不合適，正確的說法應(yīng)該是pass on。例如：
"It's?up to?the?players?like?Gaz (Gary?Neville),?Edwin?(van der Sar)?and?myselftopass onourexperiencetothelads whocome in,"acknowledges Ryan.[28]（“像加里內(nèi)維爾、范德薩和我這樣的球員的職責(zé)之一就是向年輕球員傳授經(jīng)驗(yàn)，”吉格斯坦言。）
So?with?a?bit?of?clever?planning?and?motivation,?Freshers'?Week?can?give?you?a?great?start?to your university life and?soonyou'll?be?passing on?your?wisdom?to nextyear's?new?recruits.[29]（因此，一些聰明的計(jì)劃和動機(jī)可以使你在新生周有個(gè)良好的開端，不久，你將會為下屆新生傳授經(jīng)驗(yàn)。）
㈣憑想象寫出來的短語
例一：Intensive pioneering efforts
這是某網(wǎng)站介紹公司歷史的一個(gè)標(biāo)題，按英語的意思想不出對應(yīng)的中文。按理說，即使是people mountain people sea，也能猜出是“人山人海”啊。將Intensive pioneering efforts輸入搜索引擎，必應(yīng)出來一個(gè)例句：
Eight years' intensive and pioneering effort brings GYU an abundant harvest.（八年艱苦創(chuàng)業(yè)不輟耕耘，幾年的奮斗拼搏碩果累累。）
請注意，搜索結(jié)果是intensive and pioneering effort，多了個(gè)and，并且effort后面沒有s。
百度出來好多個(gè)含有intensive?and?pioneering?effort的網(wǎng)頁，全是中國網(wǎng)站，看來這是還沒被主流英語接受的中式英語。借助中英文對照，原來intensive and pioneering efforts的中文是艱苦創(chuàng)業(yè)的意思。對了，將Intensive pioneering efforts輸入百度機(jī)器翻譯的結(jié)果是“密集的努力開拓”，谷歌的機(jī)器翻譯結(jié)果是“強(qiáng)化開拓力度”，必應(yīng)機(jī)器翻譯的結(jié)果是“強(qiáng)化開拓性的努力”，機(jī)器翻譯那家強(qiáng)？
其實(shí)，一說早年的艱苦歲月，學(xué)過《新概念英語》的，應(yīng)該還記得第二冊有一課叫success story，課文中有一句：
Frank smiled when he remembered his hard early years and the long road to success.（當(dāng)弗蘭克回想起他早年的艱難經(jīng)歷和走過的漫長的成功之路，他笑了。）[30]這不就是簡單而又地道的英文嗎？
例二：該項(xiàng)目由各參與方合資經(jīng)營，是澳大利亞最大的天然資源項(xiàng)目。
This project, the largest natural resources project in Australia,would be?under a joint run?by all participants.
這純屬沒事找事，好端端的動詞形式不用，生生造了一個(gè)介詞短語under a joint run。run成了名詞，沒有了經(jīng)營的含義，后面的by，本來是引出被動語態(tài)動作的施加者，也就不對了。Would be run jointly by all participants不是挺好嗎？
例三：在中國海域，公司通過自營作業(yè)及以產(chǎn)品分成合同的形式與外國合作伙伴合作，在渤海、南海西部、南海東部和東海等區(qū)域進(jìn)行油氣勘探、開發(fā)和生產(chǎn)活動。
In?offshore?China,the company engages in oil and natural gas exploration, development and production in Bohai, Western South China Sea, Eastern South China Sea and East China Sea, either independently or in cooperation with foreign partners through production sharing contracts ("PSCs").
先看看《柯林斯英漢雙解大詞典》給出offshore的定義和例句:
● ADJ Offshore means situated or happening in the sea, near to the coast.海上的;近海的
例：...the offshore oil industry.（…近海石油業(yè)。）
● ADV Offshore isalsoan adverb.海上地;近海地
例：One day a larger ship anchored offshore.（一天，一艘更大的船在近海拋錨。）
● ADJ Offshore investments or companies are located in a place, usually an island, which has fewer tax regulations than most other countries. (公司)設(shè)在海外的(尤指設(shè)在島上，有較少稅制的)
例：The island offers a wide range of offshore banking facilities.（這座島提供廣泛的海外銀行業(yè)務(wù)。）
offshore放在名詞前面只能是形容詞，因此in offshore China，照字面翻譯成了海上的中國，所以說沒有這種說法。非要說中國海域，in the China seas或者in the sea areas under the jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China中華人民共和國管轄海域，其實(shí)，后面已經(jīng)提到了具體海域，前面這句在中國海域可以不翻。
例四：公司秉承“調(diào)整結(jié)構(gòu)、進(jìn)軍深水、走向高端”的戰(zhàn)略思路，以市場需求為導(dǎo)向，投資建設(shè)大型裝備和關(guān)鍵設(shè)備，重點(diǎn)加大深水裝備及技術(shù)能力建設(shè)，為“二次跨越”提供堅(jiān)實(shí)保障。
The company adhered to the strategy of restructuring, exploring deep water, providing high end products and services, and?under the direction of market demand, invested in the construction of large-scale equipment and key equipment, focusing on enhancing technical capacity and capability of manufacturing deep water equipment, in order to support our Second Leap Forward.
這短語under the direction of market demand，翻譯過來應(yīng)該是在市場需求的指導(dǎo)下。其實(shí)，以市場為導(dǎo)向就是market orientation。本來就是國外學(xué)者上世紀(jì)90年代提出的理論，翻成中文后再翻成英文，變得面目全非了。
㈤縮略詞
所謂縮略詞acronym，《柯林斯英漢雙解大詞典》給出的定義：An?acronym?is a word composed of the first letters of the words in a phrase, especially when this is used as a name. An example of an acronym is NATO which is made up of the first letters of the "North Atlantic Treaty Organization."
還有個(gè)縮略詞的單詞叫initialism，但是權(quán)威詞典暫時(shí)未收錄，必應(yīng)詞典給出的定義是：an abbreviation made up of initial letters that are all pronounced separately, e.g. UN for United Nations.
也就是說，首字母連起來能作為單詞發(fā)音的叫acronym，如NATO、OPEC等，只能挨個(gè)讀字母的叫initialism，如FBI、CIA等。
我們對許多英語縮略詞都不陌生，如：DVD、VIP、USB等，但是很多縮略詞如果不將完整的單詞寫出來，我們會看得一頭霧水。如：
例一：As at the end of 2013, the company had net proved reserves of 4.43 billion?BOE?(including approximately 0.29 billion?BOE?in its equity method investees ). In 2013, the company had a total net oil and gas production of 1,127,967?BOE?per day (including net oil and gas production of approximately 45,173 BOE per day in its equity method investees)
例二：CNOOC’s 12 million?tpa?refinery kicked off construction in Daya Bay of Guangdong province.
例三：QHD 32-6 oil field was brought on stream ahead of the schedule. Phase I was consisted of wellhead platform A and B, single point mooring system and?FPSO, with an annual oil production capacity of 1.2 million cubic meters.
例四：CNOOC signed a?MOU?with?PTT, the national oil company of Thailand and?PTTEP?to seek cooperation opportunities for oil and gas exploration and development, as well as the development of mature oilfields with expiring contract term.
如何使用縮略詞，也是有一些基本要求的。在網(wǎng)上找到不少關(guān)于如何使用縮略詞的文章，下面摘錄的是John A.Duttone-Education Institute網(wǎng)站關(guān)于縮略詞的使用要求：
·Always write out the first in-text reference to an acronym, followed by the acronym itself written in capital letters and enclosed by parentheses. Subsequentreferences to the acronym can bemade just by the capital letters alone. For example:
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a rapidly expanding field. GIS technology . . .
·Unless they appear at the end of a sentence, do not follow acronyms with a period.
·Generally, acronyms can be pluralized with the addition of a lowercase “s” (“three URLs”); acronyms can be made possessive with an a postrophe followed by a lowercase “s” (“the DOD’s mandate”).
·As subjects, acronyms should be treated as singulars, even when they stand for plurals; therefore, they require a singular verb (“NIOSH is committed to . . .”).
·Be sure to learn and correctly use acronyms associated with professional organizations or certifications within your field (e.g., ASME for American Society of Mechanical Engineers; PE for Professional Engineer).
·With few exceptions, present acronyms in full capital letters (FORTRAN; NIOSH). Some acronyms, such as “scuba” and“radar,” are so commonly used that they are not capitalized. Consult the table that follows in the next section to help determine which commonly used acronyms do not appear in all capital letters.
·When an acronym must be preceded by “a” or“an” in a sentence, discern which word to use based on sound rather than the acronym’s meaning. If a soft vowel sound opens the acronym,use “an,” even if the acronym stands for words that open with a hard sound (i.e., “a special boatunit,” but “an SBU”). If the acronym opens with a hard sound, use “a” (“a KC-135tanker”)[31].
[27] ISO (International Organization for Standardization)
http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development.htm(accessed November 12, 2014)
[28]Manchester United Limited
http://www.manutd.com/en/News-And-Features/Football-News/2009/Feb/Giggs-enjoying-pivotal-role.aspx??(accessedNovember 12, 2014)
[29] BBC.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/china/learningenglish/takeawayenglish/tae/2008/10/printable/081015_freshers_week.shtml?(accessedNovember 12, 2014)
[30]《新概念英語》【英漢對照本】第二冊，安徽科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社編輯出版，1991年，第174頁。
[31]?https://www.e-education.psu.edu/styleforstudents/c2_p9.html
