高中定語從句精講
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老師叮嚀：李輝老師說，學(xué)任何東西先要把一些概念說清楚——正名的過程“名不正則言不順”做任何一門學(xué)問，要知道這里頭的概念說的是什么意思——這就是所謂的“正名”。無論學(xué)習(xí)什么，必須先搞定定義，明白我們要學(xué)習(xí)的是什么。下面有關(guān)定語從句的內(nèi)容非常重要，希望你可以學(xué)會。經(jīng)過了全網(wǎng)首席高考英語名師李輝老師團隊高度認(rèn)真地整理校對、無錯、可信！可供全國各省高中生打印、背誦！
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[if !supportLists]1．?[endif]什么是定語從句（attributive clause）?
定語從句從字面上看就是指在句中充當(dāng)定語的句子。著名語法學(xué)家薄冰解釋為，定語從句在句中作定語用，修飾句中的某一名詞或代詞。定語從句所修飾的詞叫先行詞。一般說來，定語從句緊跟在所修飾的先行詞之后。
?Eg：
I don’t like the book（先行詞）that I bought yesterday（定語從句）.
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[if !supportLists]2．?[endif]限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句：
根據(jù)定語從句和先行詞的語義關(guān)系把定語從句分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。限制性定語從句與主句關(guān)系非常密切，通常沒有逗號隔開。限制性定語從句在句中不可缺少，否則主句的意義將不完整。非限制性定語從句與主句關(guān)系較為松散，它只是對先行詞的附加說明，即使省去也不影響主句的意義。例如：
Eg：
[if !supportLists]1）?[endif]This is the best film that I have ever seen. （限制性定語從句）
[if !supportLists]2）?[endif]Last night I saw a very good film, which was about robots. (非限制性定語從句）
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3．定語從句的關(guān)系詞：
定語從句的關(guān)系詞按功能分為兩類，一類為關(guān)系代詞，在從句中充當(dāng)主語和賓語；一類是關(guān)系副詞，在從句中充當(dāng)狀語。詳見以下思維導(dǎo)圖：
????????????????????????????↗which : 指物，在從句中可充當(dāng)主語和賓語
?? ↗that : ? 既可指人也可指物，?成分同上
↗關(guān)系代詞 →who : ? 主格，指人，在從句中可充當(dāng)主語
????????????↘whom : 賓格，指人，在從句中可充當(dāng)賓語
定語從句關(guān)系詞↘whose : 所有格，既可指人也可指物，充當(dāng)從句中定語，指人有時也用of whom,指物時也可用of which
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????????????????????????↗when : 在從句中充當(dāng)時間狀語
↘關(guān)系副詞
????????????????????????↘where : 在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)攸c狀語
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[if !supportLists]4.?[endif]選擇關(guān)系詞的訣竅：
通常來說，選擇關(guān)系詞的訣竅是：
[if !supportLists]1）?[endif]判斷是否為定語從句
A．定語從句一定要有先行詞，否則不是定語從句，例如，
Put the book where it is.在此where引導(dǎo)的是地點狀語從句，因為它沒有指定地點的先行詞，所以不是定語從句。但很多同學(xué)會用in which來代替where, 是錯把此句當(dāng)定語從句看。
試比較：Put the book to theplacewhere it belongs.（此句where引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾先行詞the place）
[if !supportLists]B．[endif]定語從句為主從復(fù)合句，切莫把并列句當(dāng)定語從句而使用關(guān)系詞。
例如：
??????Many students got high marks this time, but only few of______are boys.
???????a. who ??b. whom ?c. them ?d. which
許多學(xué)生錯選擇答案b. whom。為什么呢？錯誤在于此句有并列連詞but，因此應(yīng)選擇答案c. them。
試比較：Many students got high marks this time, only few of whom are boys.
[if !supportLists]2）?[endif]找出從句中缺少什么成分，再判斷是指人還是指物，或指時間還是地點，據(jù)此以選擇關(guān)系詞，如：
[if !supportLists]A．?[endif]This is the place where I once worked for five years.
[if !supportLists]B．?[endif]This is the place that I visited a few days ago.
A句用where是因為結(jié)合先行詞來看從句缺少地點狀語，而B句用that是因為結(jié)合先行詞來看從句缺少指物的賓語。
[if !supportLists]3）?[endif]有時也可采取這樣的辦法，即把從句和先行詞連接起來，如果可連接且不缺任何成分，則選關(guān)系代詞；如果不可直接連接而需補充其它詞，則用關(guān)系副詞，如：
A．I will never forget the days when we played and studied together.
B．I will never forget the days that we spent together.
A句用when，是因為當(dāng)我們把從句和先行詞the days連接時，必須加上介詞on方能連接。例如：We played and studied together on the days.這里的the day前面就要用介詞on。
B句用that，是因為從句和先行詞the days可以直接連接，而不需補充任何詞。
例如：We spent the days together.
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[if !supportLists]5.?[endif]特殊關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
[if !supportLists]1）?[endif]關(guān)系代詞as
關(guān)系代詞as通常用在如下一些句型中：
[if !supportLists]A．?[endif]As is known to all/As you know , paper was first made in China. (as在從句中作賓語，指代整個主句的含義，有“正如---”之意）
??? 比較：It is known to all/You know that paper was first made in China.
??? 注意：which也有類似用法，然而which引導(dǎo)的定語從句不能放在句首，而as引導(dǎo)的 定語從句可以放在句首，也可在句末。例如：
Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, ________, of course , ?made the others unhappy. a．who ?b．which ??c．this ?d．what （本題為2000年高考題，選b）
[if !supportLists]B．?[endif]I have the same trouble as you have.
????????? 不過，當(dāng)先行詞被same修飾，且指“同一物品”時要用that。例如： She is wearing the same dress that she wore yesterday.
C． ??He is such a kind person as is always ready to help others.
[if !supportLists]2）?[endif]關(guān)系副詞why
關(guān)系副詞why（可由for which替代 ）通常跟在先行詞the reason后引導(dǎo)定語從句，表示“---的原 因”。例如：
? The reason why he was late is that he helped an old man on his way to school.
注意比較：The reason that he gave to the teacher is unreasonable.二者的區(qū)別。
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[if !supportLists]6．?[endif]指物時特定條件下which和that的選擇：
有些場合我們宜用關(guān)系代詞that，這些場合有：
[if !supportLists]1）?[endif]先行詞由序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級修飾時，例如：
This is the first novel that I have ever read.
This is the most exciting film that I have ever seen.
[if !supportLists]2）?[endif]先行詞為all, everything, nothing, anything, little等不定代詞時，例如：
All that I need is a good rest.（that在此為從句賓語，可省略）
注意比較：What I need is a good rest.
不過：something后關(guān)系代詞用that和which均可。
[if !supportLists]3）?[endif]當(dāng)先行詞有the only, the last, the very修飾時關(guān)系代詞用that，例如：
This is the only thing that I want to do now.
This is the very book that interests me.
This is the last thing that I will do.
[if !supportLists]4）?[endif]當(dāng)先行詞既有人又有物時關(guān)系代詞用that，例如：
I like the books and the authors that our teacher introduced to us this morning.
[if !supportLists]5）?[endif]當(dāng)先行詞為疑問代詞who，或在who疑問句中時，關(guān)系代詞用that，例如：
Who that has common sense will do such a thing?
Who is the girl that got the first prize in the competition?
[if !supportLists]6）?[endif]當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作表語時用that。例如：
This is no longer the place that it used to be。
He is not the man that he was.
7)定語從句內(nèi)容為解釋名詞的性質(zhì)、概念時，需用that。如：
A plane is a machine that can fly.?
有些場合宜用關(guān)系代詞which，例如：
[if !supportLists]1）?[endif]限制性定語從句中指物時關(guān)系代詞用which，例如：
They have gone to Beijing, which is the capital city of China.
2）作介詞的賓語并緊跟在其后使用which，
The ladder on which I was standing began to slip.
注意比較：The ladder which/that I was standing on began to slip.
還要注意：當(dāng)介詞為與動詞構(gòu)成的固定短語時介詞不可放在關(guān)系代詞前，例如：
This is the book that I have been looking for.
不可以說成，This is the book for which I have been looking.
[if !supportLists]3）?[endif]作先作詞的集體名詞著眼于集體的整體，關(guān)系代詞用which；若是指集體中的各個成員， 則用who，例如：
[if !supportLists]A.?[endif]The class, which is winning, is Class One, Grade Two.
[if !supportLists]B.?[endif]The class, who are all trying their best to do good deeds today, is in the charge of Mr. Zheng.
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[if !supportLists]7．?[endif]避免從句中出現(xiàn)與關(guān)系代詞意義重復(fù)的詞：
要對學(xué)生強調(diào)關(guān)系詞本身在從句中充當(dāng)一定的成分，而避免出現(xiàn)重復(fù)詞。常見錯誤：
1）The book which you want to buy it is sold out.（which指代the book，it為重復(fù)詞）
???2）The house where he lives in is very large.（where指代in the house, in為重復(fù)詞）
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8．如何區(qū)分定語從句與同位語從句：
許多學(xué)生容易混淆that引導(dǎo)的定語從句和that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句。分析要點是：定語從句的連詞that一定要在從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語或表語的成份，而同位語從句的連詞that只起連接作用而不充當(dāng)任何成份。例如：
1）We have to accept the fact that they told us just now.
在這里that引導(dǎo)定語從句并充當(dāng)從句的賓語。
2）They have to come o terms with the fact that they have lost the chance of winning.
本句中that從句為fact的同位語從句，that在此不充當(dāng)任何成分。
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9．如何區(qū)分定語從句和強調(diào)句型結(jié)構(gòu)：
很多學(xué)生考試時容易把定語從句和強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)混淆，尤其是強調(diào)句子的狀語時。
要點：可以采取刪除法，即把強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)的It is/was --- that刪除，如果整個句子仍然完整，則為強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)，例如：
It was at Christmas that John gave Mary a present.當(dāng)我們把It was---that拿去，此句仍然完整(At Christmas John gave Mary a present. )，因此，此處that不可由when取代。
試比較：It was Christmas when I received this beautiful vase.（此處when不可用that，因為當(dāng)我們把It was---that拿去時，句子不成立）
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10.如何區(qū)分where引導(dǎo)的定語從句和where引導(dǎo)的狀語從句：
區(qū)分要點：where如果引導(dǎo)的是定語從句則一定要有先行詞，而where引導(dǎo)的狀語從句則無。例如：
1）I like to live in the housewhere there are many plants nearby.（定語從句）
本句where可由in which替代。
2）I like to live where there are many plants nearby.（地點狀語從句）
本句where不可由in which替代。
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11．定語從句的主謂一致問題：
學(xué)生在做定語從句的練習(xí)時還容易在主謂一致問題上出錯，錯誤列舉如下：
[if !supportLists]1）?[endif]Anyone who want to go hiking will sign their names here.（who指代anyone為單數(shù)，因此want需加改為為wants）
[if !supportLists]2）?[endif]Those who has finished their homework may go home.（who指代those為復(fù)數(shù)，因此has需變?yōu)閔ave）
[if !supportLists]3）?[endif]He is one of the students who has passed the exam.（先行詞有one of修飾并且關(guān)系代詞作主語時，謂語動詞要用復(fù)數(shù)，因此has應(yīng)改為have）
[if !supportLists]4）?[endif]He is the only one of the students who have passed the exam.（先行詞有the only one of修飾并且關(guān)系代詞作主語時，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)，因此have應(yīng)改為has）
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12．非限制性定語從句中the+noun.of which與whose+noun. 的換用，如：
1)??Mr. Burak lives in a big house, the window of which(=whose) faces south.
2)???Please pass me the book, the cover of which(=whose) is yellow.
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13．實戰(zhàn)練習(xí)：
1.His parents wouldn’t let him marry anyone ______ family was poor.
A. of whom ? B. whom ? C. of whose ? D. whose
2.She heard a terrible noise,_______brought her heart into her mouth.
A. it B. which ? C. this ? D. that
3.In the dark street , ?there wasn’t a single person______she could turn for help.
A. that ? B. who ? C. from whom D. to whom ?
4. The weather turned out to be very good , ______was more than we could expect.
A. what ? B. which ? C. that ?? D. it ?
5. After living in Pairs for fifty years he returned to the small town______he grew up as a child.
A. which ? B. where ? C. that ? D. when ?
6．Carol said the work would be done by October,______personally I doubt very much. A. it ?? B. that ? C. when ? D. which ?
7．Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, ________,of course , made the others unhappy.
A．who ? B．which ? C．this ? D．what ?
8.Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase ,______was very reasonable.
A. which price ? B. the price of which ?? C. its price ? D. the price of whose
9._____ has already been pointed out , grammar is not a set of dead rules.
A. As ? B. It ? C. ?That ? D. Which
10.He lived in London for three months , during______time he learned some English.
A. this ? B. which ? C. that ? D. same
11.On the wall hung a picture,______color is blue.
A. whose ? B. of which ?? C. which ? D. its
12.Whenever I met him ,______was fairly often, I like his sweet and hopeful smile.
A. what ? B. which ? C. that D.when
13.The visitor asked the guide to take his picture______stands the famous tower.
A. that ? B. where ? C. which ? D. there
14.The boss______department Ms King worked ten years ago look down upon women.
A. in which ? B. in that ? C. in whose ? D. whose
15.I don’t like______you speak to her.
A. the way ? B. the way in that ?? C. the way which D. the way of which
16.I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella. ______I got wet through.
A. It’s the reason B. That’s why ?? C. There’s why D. It’s how
17.He made another wonderful discovery, ______of great importance to science.
A. which I think is B. that I think it is C. which I think it ???D.I think which is
18.He was very rude to the customs officer,______of course made things even worse.
A. who ? B. whom ? C. what ? D. ?which
19. Is this hotel______ you said we were to stay in your letter?
A. where ??? B. which ??? C. in which ???? D. that
20. Is this the hotel______we stayed a few years ago?
A. where ???? B. which ????? C. on which ????? D. that
KEYS: 1-5 DBDBB 6-10 DBCAB 11-15 ABBCA 16-20 BADAA
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參考文獻：
A.J.Thomson & A.V.Martinet, 1986, A Practical English Grammar (fourth edition ), Oxford University Press ,1986
薄冰、趙德鑫等，1989，英語語法手冊（修訂第三版），商務(wù)印書館
劉耀輝，非限制性定語從句重點、難點、考點聚焦，英語通（高一版），2003年第5期
吳小凰，學(xué)語法，找規(guī)律，變復(fù)雜為簡單，龍巖師專學(xué)報，2001年7月
張道真，1985，實用英語語法，商務(wù)印書館
張思中，1992，中級英語集中循環(huán)教學(xué)語法，上海交通大學(xué)出版社
張振邦，1997，新編英語語法教程（第二版），上海外語教育出版社
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