1. defile (v/n):(v) ?to make foul, dirty, or unclean; pollute; taint; debase.
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?(n) any narrow passage, especially between mountains.
? e.g: Smoking, the statement suggests, will direct their actions, defile their bodies and “cost them” a great deal.
? synonyms: sully, degrace
2. perch(n/v): (n): a pole or rod, usually horizontal, serving as a roost for birds.
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?(n): a high or elevated position, resting place, or the like
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?(v): to settle or rest in some elevated position, as if on a perch.
? ?e.g: Not so this year, as the prolonged renegotiation has pushed Mad Men out of its usual summer perch to a March 2012 launch date.
? synonyms: seat, roost, branch
3.crag(n) : a steep, rugged(粗糙的，高低不平的） rock; rough, broken, projecting part of a rock.
? e.g: ?"I see here a great cleft（裂縫） in the face of this crag," said Ulric.
? ?synonyms：cliff，ridge
4. outpost(n): a station established at a distance from the main body of an army to protect it from surprise attack（前哨）
? ?e.g： They wondered if any of the other Americans at the outpost were still alive.
? ?synonyms: frontier， settlement ， station ?
5. genealogy(n): ?a record or account of the ancestry and descent of a person, family, group, etc.
? e.g: Locally, Esters is well-known as a genealogy expert, and I'd heard about her from a Kosciusko librarian.
?synonyms: descent, ancestry
