Human behavior flows from three main sources: desire, emotion, and knowledge.
人的行為源于三種動力：欲望、情感和認知。
#源于--flow from
希望大家都盡可能地在knowledge而不是desire或者emotion的指導下生活，為此本期「哲學專欄」要賞析的就是《The Republic of Plato》，即柏拉圖的《理想國》。本期推送先簡要介紹下這本書。
Since the mid-nineteenth century, the Republic has been Plato’s most famous and widely read dialogue. ?As in most other Platonic dialogues the main character is Socrates. ?It is generally accepted that the Republic belongs to the dialogues of Plato’s middle period. ?In Plato’s early dialogues, Socrates refutes the accounts of his interlocutors and the discussion ends with no satisfactory answer to the matter investigated. ?In the Republic however, we encounter Socrates developing a position on justice and its relation to eudaimonia (happiness). ?He provides a long and complicated, but unified argument, in defense of the just life and its necessary connection to the happy life.
譯文：
自 19 世紀中葉以來，《理想國》是柏拉圖最著名、最廣為人知的對話體巨作。和其他柏拉圖對話體書籍類似，對話的主角都是蘇格拉底。《共和國》被普遍認為是柏拉圖中期的成果。在柏拉圖的早期著作中，書中的蘇格拉底往往駁斥了對話者們的很多觀點，但是這種對話卻以無滿意答案而告終。而在《理想國》中，我們遇到蘇格拉底會就正義及其幸福的關系提出明確的立場。他提供了一個長而復雜，但十分完整的論點，為正義的生活及其與幸福生活的必要聯系而辯護。
#廣為人知--It is generally accepted that
#結束--end with
#提出觀點--develop a position on，provide
The dialogue explores two central questions. ?The first question is “what is justice?” ?Socrates addresses this question both in terms of political communities and in terms of the individual person or soul. ?He does this to address the second and driving question of the dialogue: “is the just person happier than the unjust person?” or “what is the relation of justice to happiness?” Given the two central questions of the discussion, Plato’s philosophical concerns in the dialogue are ethical and political. ?In order to address these two questions, Socrates and his interlocutors construct a just city in speech, the Kallipolis. ?
譯文：
蘇格拉底的對話探討了兩個核心問題。第一個問題是“什么是正義？”蘇格拉底從政治共同體和個人或靈魂的角度解決了這個問題。第二個重要問題是：“正義的人比不正義的人更快樂嗎？”或者“正義與幸福的關系是什么？”。圍繞這兩個核心問題，柏拉圖在對話中主要的哲學的關注是倫理和政治。為了解決這兩個問題，蘇格拉底和他的對話者們在對話過程中構建了一個公正城市，即卡利波利斯。
#關鍵問題：driving question
They do this in order to explain what justice is and then they proceed to illustrate justice by analogy in the human soul. ?On the way to defending the just life, Socrates considers a tremendous variety of subjects such as several rival theories of justice, competing views of human happiness, education, the nature and importance of philosophy and philosophers, knowledge, the structure of reality, the Forms, the virtues and vices, good and bad souls, good and bad political regimes, the family, the role of women in society, the role of art in society, and even the afterlife. ?This wide scope of the dialogue presents various interpretative difficulties and has resulted in thousands of scholarly works. ?In order to attempt to understand the dialogue’s argument as a whole one is required to grapple with these subjects.
譯文：
他們這樣做是為了解釋什么是正義，然后才方便繼續通過人類靈魂中的類比來說明正義。在捍衛正義生活的道路上，蘇格拉底考慮了各種各樣的主題，例如幾種相互競爭的正義理論、人類幸福的相互競爭觀點、教育、哲學和哲學家的本質和重要性、知識、現實的結構、形式，美德與惡習，好與壞的靈魂，好與壞的政治制度，家庭，女性在社會中的作用，藝術在社會中的作用，甚至來世。這種廣泛的對話帶來了各種解釋上的困難，也催生了數以千計的學術著作。為了從整體上理解對話的論點，需要努力理解這些話題。
#各種各樣的：a tremendous variety of
#相反的觀點：rival theories of，competing views of
#短詞的優美性：the virtues and vices，good and bad souls等等
#explore，present
#與抗爭：grapple with
最后賞析一句文中的經典句子：
Every heart sings a song, incomplete, until another heart whispers back.
每一顆心都謳歌著一首殘缺的曲子，直到收到另一顆心的和鳴。
Those who wish to sing always find a song.
心懷謳歌的人遲早能尋到屬于自己的曲子。
At the touch of a lover, everyone becomes a poet.
當所愛之人的身姿映在瞳中時，世人皆成詩人。
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公眾號：一只學生啊
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