《如何在美國成為有錢人》經濟學人20170202原文鏈接(版權歸原雜志所有)
背景介紹:在大多數一個國家,接受高等教育是改變命運的有效方式。不過,如果接受教育的機會本身已經不均勻地分配到各個階層,這個社會還可能通過教育來實現階級流動嗎?那么在這種社會怎么樣才能成為有錢人呢?
經濟學人原文翻譯如下
版權聲明:文章版權歸原雜志和作者所有。翻譯僅為英語學習之用。謝絕任何轉載及用于任何商業用途。
標題:如何在美國成為有錢人
副標題:進入中上階層不是不可能。進入頂尖的1%階層(譯者:大概稅前家庭年薪45萬美元)也是有可能的。
作者:W.Z.
時間:2017年2月2日
AMERICANS are admirably optimistic about shaping their own future. One survey found that nearly three-quarters of Americans thought hard work was a “very important” component of success, while just 62% put it down to a good education and less than a fifth to coming from wealth. But the United States ranks poorly compared to other advanced economies when it comes to income inequality and social mobility. So what must an ambitious young American do to get rich?
翻譯:美國人民對于自己的未來規劃特別的樂觀。一份調查顯示:當被問到成功最重要因素時,接近四分之三的美國人回答“努力工作”,與此同時62%的美國人認為是“良好的教育”,少于20%的人認為是“家族財富”。但是,就收入不平等和社會流動性而言,與其他發達國家相比,美國排名十分靠后。所以,一個有抱負的美國年輕人如何才能發家致富?
A new study by Raj Chetty of Stanford University and a collective of other economists helps answer this question. By matching data from the Department of Education with 30m tax returns, Mr Chetty and his colleagues have constructed a data set that reveals to researchers both the income distributions of graduates of particular colleges, and how incomes vary depending on how rich the graduates’ parents were. The data show that attending an elite college is a good way of securing an upper-middle class lifestyle—graduates of Ivy League-calibre universities have roughly the same chance of breaking into the top 20% of the income distribution, regardless of family background. Paths to the upper-middle class exist for those who graduate from lesser-known universities too, since earnings can depend even more on what one studies than where. On average, graduates of lesser-known engineering colleges such as Kettering University and the Stevens Institute of Technology do just as well as those from the Ivy League.
翻譯:斯坦福大學的Raj Chetty教授和其他經濟學教授的一份共同研究成果給出了答案。通過對比教育部的數據和三千萬人的稅收數據,Chetty教授和他的同事構建了一個數據庫。這個數據庫像大家展示了十分有用的信息。它既包括特定學校的畢業生的收入分配,也包括家庭收入程度如何影響畢業生的收入水平。數據顯示:畢業于名校是獲得中上產階層生活方式的一種好途徑,其中,IVY League(常春藤盟校,哈佛耶魯普林斯頓等)的畢業生,不論家庭背景如何,都有相同的機會成為收入分布前20%一員(譯者:大概家庭稅前年收入11萬美元)。對于畢業于普通院校的學生而言,進入中上階級也是有可能的,因為學什么比在哪兒學更重要。總的來說,從普通院校的工程類專業畢業的學生,他們的收入與常春藤盟校畢業生的收入一樣好。
But a good education alone cannot propel the merely upper-middle class into the ranks of the rich. Few engineers, nurses or pharmacists make it to the top 1%, which is dominated by bankers and other financiers. Recruiters in the financial industry place high premiums on pedigree. Here the Ivies play an outsize role; products of elite private universities such as Harvard and Yale are much more likely to end up on Wall Street. Moreover, data from Mr Chetty and colleagues show that it helps to start off rich in the first place.
翻譯:但是,對于一個位于中上階層的人而言,一個良好的教育背景不能保證讓他進入富人階層。很少有工程師,護士,藥劑師成為頂尖的1%富人。這1%的富人大多是銀行家和金融家。金融業在招新的時候特別看重優質的血統。特別是常春藤盟校的畢業生。例如,從常春藤盟校,比如哈佛耶魯,畢業的學生更可能最后在華爾街工作。此外,Chetty教授的數據還顯示家庭出身有助于致富。
This trend is even more pronounced at the very top of the income distribution. Between 1999 and 2004, just 2% of Princetonians came from the families in the lowest 20% of earnings, while 3.2% came from families in the top 0.1%. The admissions process at top colleges is sometimes further skewed by the preferential treatment given to family members of alumni. Of Harvard’s most recently admitted class, 27% had a relative who also went to that “college near Boston” (pictured). That suggests that the simplest way to become extremely rich is by being born to the right parents. The second-easiest way is to find a rich spouse. If neither approach works, you could try to get into a top college—but remember that not all Princetonians become plutocrats.
翻譯:這一趨勢在位于收入頂端的富人中更加明顯。在1999年到2004年,僅僅只有2%的普林斯頓新生來自收入最低的20%群體,但有3.2%的普林斯頓新生來自收入最高的0.1%群體。這些頂級名校在招生的時候,更加偏愛來自校友家庭的學生。在哈佛大學最新的一屆新生中,有27%的學生家里有人曾經畢業于哈佛大學。這一切表明了這樣一個結果:成為富人最簡單的方法是出生在一個好家庭,第二簡單的方法是找到一個有錢的配偶。如果這兩個辦法都不行的話,你也可以努力去名校讀書--不過不要忘記:并不是每一個普林斯頓大學大畢業生都成為土豪。
版權聲明:文章版權歸原雜志和作者所有。翻譯僅為英語學習之用。謝絕任何轉載及用于任何商業用途。
讀后感:想不到正經的《經濟學人》也開始不正經的說大實話了。有關于那個成為有錢人的第三個方法-去名校讀書-我想說幾句。難道文章作者是英國人,所以就不知道美國學費有多貴嗎?美國常春藤盟校一年學費4.5萬-5.5萬美元,加上住宿費和生活費,一年下來起碼6萬美元。就算是讀一個普通一點的州內公立大學,一年學費也要1.5萬美元,一年下來花3萬美元。美國家庭稅前收入中位數是5.5萬美元,也就是50%的家庭的稅前收入都在5.5萬美元以下。所以,有多少年輕人或者多少家庭能付得起這個學費呢?開個玩笑,我認為想通過接受高等教育而實現階級流動的美國年輕人,可以來我天朝的頂尖名校讀書,一年學費1千美元不到。如果中國的清華北大學歷在美國不好使的話,也可以再積極攢錢回美國讀個名校碩士,最后還是一樣可以去華爾街上班,不過省了一半的錢。
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