考點一　非謂語動詞作賓語

非謂語動詞(不定式、動名詞)作賓語

(一)下列動詞一般用不定式作賓語, 請牢記下面的口訣:

決心學會想希望, 拒絕設法愿假裝。

主動答應選計劃, 同意請求幫一幫。

decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish; refuse, manage, care, pretend; offer, promise, choose, plan; agree, ask/beg, help。

She pretended not to see me when I passed by.

當我經過時, 她假裝沒看見我。

We agreed to meet here but so far she hasn't turned up yet.

我們約好了在這里見面, 但是她到現在還沒有露面。

此外, afford, strive, happen, wait, threaten 等也要用不定式作賓語。

(二)下列動詞或詞組一般用動名詞作賓語, 請牢記下面的口訣:

考慮建議盼原諒, 承認推遲沒得想。

避免錯過繼續練, 否認完成就欣賞。

禁止想象才冒險, 不禁介意準逃亡。

consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon; admit, delay/put off, fancy(想象, 設想); avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice; deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate; forbid, imagine, risk; can't help(禁不住), mind, allow/permit, escape。

He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldn't risk losing the good opportunity.

他為這次求職面試做了充分準備, 因為他不能冒失去這次好機會的風險。

此外, be used/accustomed to, lead to, devote to, go back to, stick to, object to, get down to, pay attention to, can't stand(無法忍受), give up, feel like, insist on, be busy, have difficulty(in), have a good/wonderful/hard time (in), spend time (in), How/What about..., There is no sense in...等短語或句型后也要用動名詞作賓語。

(三)下列動詞或詞組既可以跟動名詞作賓語, 也可以跟不定式作賓語, 但意義上有區別, 要特別注意。

forget to do sth. 忘記要做某事

forget doing sth. 忘記已經做過某事

remember to do sth. 記著要做某事

remember doing sth. 記得曾經做過某事

regret to do sth. 很遺憾要去做某事

regret doing sth. 后悔做過某事

try to do sth. 努力做某事

try doing sth. 試著做某事

mean to do sth. 打算做某事

mean doing sth. 意味著做某事

(四)在動詞 allow, advise, forbid, permit, consider 后直接跟動名詞作賓語; 如果后面有名詞或代詞作賓語, 則用動詞不定式作賓語補足語。

allow/permit/forbid/advise/consider sb. to do sth.

allow/permit/forbid/advise/consider doing sth.

Smoking is forbidden here so we don't allow you to smoke.

這里禁止吸煙, 所以我們不允許你吸煙。

We don't allow smoking in the hall.

我們不準有人在大廳內吸煙。

(五)動詞 need, require, want 作“需要”, deserve 作“ 應受, 應得”解時, 其后用動名詞的主動形式(doing) 或不定式的被動形式(to be done) 表被動意義。be worth 后用動名詞的主動形式(doing)表示被動意義, 而 worthy 則需用被動形式。此外, need, require, want 后可以接名詞或代詞作賓語, 然后接不定式作賓語補足語, 表示“需要/要求/想要某人做某事”。

need/require/want to be done (需要)

need/require/want doing (需要)

need/require/want sb. to do sth.(需要/要求/想要)

deserve 名詞

deserve doing

deserve to be done

be worth 名詞

be worth doing

be worthy to be done

be worthy of 名詞(表錢數或表價格的名詞除外)

be worthy of being done

The window?needs/requires/wants to be cleaned.

The window?needs/requires/wants cleaning.

窗戶需要擦一下。

This place is worth visiting.

This place is worthy to be visited.

This place is worthy of a visit.

This place is worthy of being visited.

這個地方值得參觀。

These proposals deserve considering.

These proposals deserve to be considered.

這些建議值得考慮。

(六) 不定式作動詞(詞組) tell, show, understand, explain, teach, learn, advise, discuss, ask, decide, wonder, find out 等的賓語時, 前面常帶引導詞how, what, whether, where, when, who 等, 但 why 后加不帶to 的不定式。

注意:此用法中的不定式的邏輯主語需與句子的主語或賓語保持一致, 否則用賓語從句。

He showed us how to do the work.(= He showed us how we should do the work.)

他給我們演示怎么做這項工作。

I don't know what to do.(=I don't know what I should do.)

我不知道做些什么。

We must decide whether to stay or go.(= We must decide whether we'll stay or go.)

我們必須決定是留還是走。

Can you tell me why do it? 你能告訴我為什么這么做嗎?

題組訓練 用所給動詞的適當形式填空

①(2014 北京, 35) The film star wears sunglasses. Therefore, he can go shopping without being recognized (recognize).

②One learns a language by making mistakes and correcting (correct)them.

③ In some parts of London, missing a bus means waiting (wait) for another hour.

考點二 非謂語動詞作定語

一、不定式作定語

1. 作定語的不定式如果是不及物動詞, 或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動作的地點、工具等, 不定式后面需有相應的介詞。

The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.

布朗一家有一幢舒適的房子可以居住。

但是, 不定式所修飾的名詞如果是time, place 或way 時, 不定式后面的介詞習慣上省去。

He had no place to live.

他沒有地方住。

2. 用不定式作定語的幾種情況:

(1)不定式表將來。

The car to be bought is for his sister.

要買的這輛車是給他姐姐的。

(2)用來修飾被序數詞、最高級或no, all, any 等限定的中心詞, 且與中心詞為邏輯上的主動關系。

He was the best man to do the job.

他是做這份工作的最佳人選。

She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games. 她 是第一個在奧運會上獲得金牌的女性。

(3)有些名詞的同根詞常跟不定式, 因而它們也常跟不定式作定語, 常見的有:promise, plan, attempt, offer, decision, refusal, failure, ability, chance, warning, anxiety, eagerness, willingness, readiness 等。

I don't trust his promise to come for a visit.

我不相信他來訪的諾言。

(比較:He promised to come for a visit.)

He said he had no plans to go there.

他說他沒有要去那里的計劃。

(比較:He didn't plan to go there.)

He made an attempt to stand up.

他試圖站起來。

(比較:He attempted to stand up.)

二、分詞作定語

1. 作定語的及物動詞的分詞形式為:v.-ing, being + 過去分詞和過去分詞。當被修飾的名詞與非謂語動詞為主動關系時, 用v.-ing; 當被修飾的名詞與非謂語動詞為被動關系且表正在進行時, 用being + 過去分詞; 當被修飾的名詞與非謂語動詞為被動關系且表完成時, 用過去分詞。

The houses being built are for the teachers.

正在建的那些房子是為老師們建的。(被動, 正在進行)

“Things lost never come again!” I couldn't help talking to myself. 我不禁自言自語:“覆水難收啊!”(被動, 完成)

2. 作定語的不及物動詞的分詞形式為:v.-ing 和過去分詞。

v.-ing 表示正在進行; 過去分詞表示已經完成。

boiling water 沸騰的水(表正在進行)

boiled water 白開水(表完成)

falling leaves 正在下落的葉子(表正在進行)

fallen leaves 已經落下的葉子(表完成)

developing countries 發展中國家(表正在進行)

developed countries 發達國家(表完成)

3. 英語中有些表示感覺的動詞, 其現在分詞形式表示“令人……的”, 過去分詞形式表示“感到……的”。

an exciting voice 一個令人興奮的聲音

an excited voice 一個興奮的聲音

a puzzling expression 一個令人困惑的表情

a puzzled expression 一個困惑的表情

三、動名詞作定語

動名詞作定語, 動名詞用來說明被修飾詞的用途。

a fishing net 漁網(= a net for fishing)

a swimming pool 游泳池(a pool for swimming)

四、to be done, done 和being done 作定語的區別

to be done 表被動、將來;

done 表被動、完成;

being done 表被動、正在進行。

Have you read the novel written by Dickens?

你讀過狄更斯寫的這部小說嗎? (表被動、完成)

Listen! The song being sung is very popular with the students.

聽! 正唱著的這首歌非常受學生們的歡迎。(表被動、正在進行)

The question to be discussed at tomorrow's meeting is very important.

明天在會上將要討論的問題非常重要。(表被動、將來)

題組訓練 用所給動詞的適當形式填空

① (2014 北京, 28) There are still many problems to be solved (solve) before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.

②Prices of daily goods bought (buy) through a computer can be lower than store prices.

考點三 非謂語動詞作主語、表語

一、非謂語動詞(不定式、動名詞)作主語

1. 不定式、動名詞都可作主語, 但動名詞作主語多指抽象的、概念性的動作, 可以是多次的、經常性的行為; 不定式作主語多表示具體的動作, 尤其是某一次的動作。

Playing with fire is dangerous. 玩火危險。(泛指玩火)

To play with fire will be dangerous. 玩火會發生危險。(指一次具體的動作)

2. 下列句型中常用動名詞作主語。

It is/was no use/good doing sth.

It is/was not any use/good doing sth.

It is/was of little use/good doing sth.

It is/was worth doing sth.

It is worth making an appointment before you go.

去之前預約一下是值得的。

3. 下列句型中常用不定式作主語。

①It + be + 名詞 + to do sth.

②It takes sb. + some time + to do sth.

③It + be + difficult, easy, hard, important, impossible, necessary... + for sb. + to do sth.

④It + be + careless, clever, good, foolish, honest, kind, lazy, silly, stupid, wise... + of sb. to do sth.

It's our duty to take good care of the old. 照顧好老人是我們的責任。

How long did it take you to finish the work? 你花了多長時間來完成這項工作?

It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in an hour.

我們難以在一小時內完成這篇作文。

It is stupid of you to write down everything (that)the teacher says. 你把老師說的所有東西都記下來是很愚蠢的。

二、非謂語動詞(不定式、動名詞、分詞)作表語

1. 不定式、動名詞都可作表語, 但動名詞作表語多指抽象的、概念性的動作, 可以是多次的、經常性的行為; 不定式作表語多表示具體的動作, 尤其是某一次的動作。

His favorite sport is swimming.

他最喜歡的運動是游泳。(泛指游泳)

Your task today is to wash the curtains.

你今天的任務是洗窗簾。(指一次具體的工作)

2. 現在分詞、過去分詞都可作表語, 但現在分詞意為:令人……的; 過去分詞意為:感到……的。

The film is exciting. 這部電影激動人心。

He is excited at the news. 聽到這個消息他激動不已。

3. 非謂語動詞作remain 的表語。

remain 作“仍然是” 講, 后面可加現在分詞或過去分詞作表語。

She remained standing though we repeatedly asked her to sit down. 雖然我們三番五次地請她坐下, 但她還是站著。

The true author of the book remains unknown.

這本書真正的作者依然不詳。

注意:

remain to be done 表示“仍需去……”。

Much remains to be done. 許多事仍需去做。

題組訓練 用所給動詞的適當形式填空

①(2014 山東, 9)It's standard practice for a company like this one to employ (employ)a security officer.

②As we joined the big crowd I got separated (separate) from my friends.

③ The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain seated (seat)as the plane was making a landing.

考點四 非謂語動詞作狀語

一、不定式、分詞作狀語的基本原則

不定式、分詞作狀語時, 不定式、分詞的邏輯主語必須與句子的主語保持一致, 即不定式、分詞作狀語必須和句子主語含有邏輯上的主動或被動關系, 否則一般不能使用不定式、分詞作狀語。

二、不定式作狀語

1. 不定式作目的狀語

不定式作目的狀語的情況較多, 如果強調目的性時, 不定式前還可加in order 或so as, 構成“in order to do”或“so as to do”結構?！癷n order to do”結構作目的狀語時, 可以放在句首也可放在句中; “so as to do”結構只能放在句中?！癷n order to do”“so as to do”結構置于句中時, 不能用逗號隔開。

Her mother plans to fly to Beijing at least four times a year (so as/in order)to visit her. 她母親計劃每年至少四次飛到北京來看她。

Bob took down my telephone number so as/in order not to forget it.

鮑勃記下了我的電話號碼以免忘記。

2. 不定式作結果狀語

不定式作結果狀語常用在下列句式中:so...as to; such...as to; ...enough to; only to(常表示意外的或事與愿違的結果); too...to 等。

I'm not so stupid(a fool) as to write it down.

我不至于愚蠢到會把它寫下來。

Jane hurried back only to find that her mother had left.

簡匆忙趕回來卻發現她的母親已經離開了。(表示“意外或事與愿違的結果”)

I'm too tired to stay up longer. 我太累了, 不能再熬夜了。

注意:在only too...to 結構中, too...to...并非是“太……而不能……” 之意。此時, 與too... to... 搭配的形容詞常見的有pleased, ready, willing, glad, happy 等。

I'm only too glad to have passed the exam.

考試及格了, 我非常高興。

3. 不定式作原因狀語

形容詞作表語時, 后面可接不定式作原因狀語, 用以說明產生這種情緒的原因。用于這類結構中的形容詞常見的有:happy, glad, sorry, anxious, proud, disappointed, angry, surprised, ready, delighted, pleased 等。

You will never know how happy I was to see her yesterday.

你永遠不會知道昨天看到她時, 我是多么高興。

4. 在“主語 + 系動詞 + 表語(形容詞)? + to do” 結構中, 句子的主語與動詞不定式有邏輯上的被動關系, 且形容詞表示主語的特征或性質, 這時, 需用不定式的主動形式表示被動意義。該結構中常用的形容詞有: easy, hard, difficult, important, impossible, interesting, pleasant, nice, comfortable, safe, dangerous 等。

This question is easy to answer.

這個問題容易回答。

This book is difficult to understand. 這本書很難理解。

三、分詞作狀語

1. 分詞作狀語時其形式的選擇

分詞作狀語時其形式的選擇

2. 分詞作狀語的句法功能

分詞作狀語時, 可以表時間、原因、結果、條件、讓步、行為方式、伴隨狀況等。為了強調, 還可與while, when, once, if, unless等連詞連用。

When offered help, one often says“Thank you”or “It's kind of you”.(時間)當被提供幫助的時候, 人們常說“Thank you”或“It's kind of you”。

Separated from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many animals and plants not found in any other country in the world.(原因)和其他大陸分離了數百萬年, 澳大利亞有許多在世界上任何別的國家都找不到的動植物。

Generally speaking, if taken according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.(條件)

一般來說, 如果按照說明服用, 這種藥沒有副作用。

He glanced at her, noting that though she was tiny, she seemed very well.(結果)他不經意地看了一下她, 注意到她雖然很纖弱, 但看起來非常健康。

Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake.(讓步)

雖然被告訴過好多次了, 但他仍然重復犯同樣的錯誤。

The teacher came into the lab, followed by some students.(伴隨)

老師進了實驗室, 后面跟著一些學生。

四、獨立成分作狀語

有些分詞或不定式短語作狀語, 其形式的選擇不受上下文的影響, 稱作獨立成分。常見的有:generally speaking 一般來說; frankly speaking 坦白地說; judging from/by...根據……來判斷; considering.../taking...into consideration 考慮到……; to tell you the truth 說實話; compared to/with 與……相比。

Judging from his accent, he is from Hong Kong.

從口音判斷, 他是香港人。

Considering your health, you'd better have a rest.

考慮到你的健康, 你最好休息一下。

To tell you the truth, I am a little tired.

說實話, 我有點累。

五、獨立主格結構

非謂語動詞作狀語時, 它的邏輯主語應和句子主語保持一致。但有時非謂語動詞帶有自己的邏輯主語, 在句子中作狀語, 我們稱之為獨立主格結構(The Nominative Absolute Construction)。

獨立主格結構的特點:

①獨立主格結構的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同, 它獨立存在。

②獨立主格結構中作邏輯主語的名詞或代詞與后面的分詞或不定式是邏輯上的主動或被動關系。

③獨立主格結構一般有逗號與句子分開。

獨立主格結構的構成:

①名詞/代詞 + 分詞;

②名詞/代詞 + 不定式;

③with/without + 名詞/代詞 + 分詞/不定式。

The test finished(=When the test was finished), we began our holiday.

考試結束后, 我們就開始放假了。

The president assassinated (= Because the president was assassinated), the whole country was in deep sorrow.

總統被暗殺了, 全國上下沉浸在悲痛之中。

Weather permitting (= If weather permits), we are going to visit you tomorrow.

如果天氣允許, 我們明天去看你。

I stood before her with my heart beating fast.

我站在她面前, 心臟跳得很快。

題組訓練 用所給動詞的適當形式填空

①(2014 天津, 5) Anxiously, she took the dress out of the package and tried it on, only to find (find)it didn't fit.

②(2014 天津, 7) Clearly and thoughtfully written (write), the book inspires confidence in students who wish to seek their own answers.

③(2014 重慶, 11) Group activities will be organized after class to help (help)children develop team spirit.

④(2014 福建, 27) Having spent (spend) the past year as an exchange student in Hong Kong, Linda appears more mature than those of her age.

⑤(2014 江蘇, 29) The lecture having been given (give), a lively question-and-answer session followed.

考點五 非謂語動詞作補語

一、后接不定式作補語的動詞及動詞詞組

advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, intend, invite, like, love, order, persuade, prefer, remind, require, teach, tell, want, warn, wish, wait for, call on, depend on 等。

You are not allowed to smoke here.

這里不允許吸煙。

The doctor warned him not to eat too much meat.

醫生告誡他不要吃太多的肉。

注意:

1. think, consider, believe, suppose, feel, find, imagine, prove, appoint, judge 等后常用“to be...”作賓補/主補。

People considered him to be a great leader.

人們認為他是一位偉大的領袖。

They found the answer to be quite satisfactory.

他們覺得那個回答非常令人滿意。

Chinese food is considered to be the healthiest in the world.

中餐被認為是世界上最健康的。

He imagines himself to be an able man.

他自認為是個能人。

2. fear, excuse/forgive, refuse, punish, suggest/propose, agree/approve, inform, welcome, insist/persist, hope, arrange, demand, thank, congratulate, prevent 后不能用不定式作補語。

二、非謂語動詞作感官動詞(詞組)、使役動詞的賓補

1. 感官動詞(詞組) see, watch, observe, look at, notice, hear, listen to, feel 的賓語補足語有四種形式, 以see 為例:

see + 賓語 + doing sth. 看見……正做……(賓語與賓補為邏輯上的主動關系)

see + 賓語 + do sth. 看見……做了…… (賓語與賓補為邏輯上的主動關系)

see + 賓語 + being done 看見……正在被做 (賓語與賓補為邏輯上的被動關系)

see + 賓語 + done 看見……被做 ??????(賓語與賓補為邏輯上的被動關系)

I heard her sing an English song just now.

剛才我聽見她唱了一首英文歌。(主動, 完成)

I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.

昨天經過她房間時, 我聽見她正在唱一首英文歌。(主動, 正在進行)

I heard an English song being sung by the little girl when I passed by her room yesterday.

昨天經過她房間時, 我聽見那個小女孩正在唱一首英文歌。(被動, 正在進行)

I'd like to see the plan carried out.

我想看到這個計劃被執行。(被動, 沒有一定的時間性)

2. 使役動詞make, let, have, get 后接復合賓語的情況:

(1)

make + 賓語 + do 讓……做……(賓語與賓補為邏輯上的主動關系)

make + 賓語 + done 讓……被做(賓語與賓補為邏輯上的被動關系)

He made his workers work 12 hours a day.

他讓他的工人們每天工作12 個小時。

He tried to make himself understood.

他盡量把自己的意思表達清楚了。

(2)

let + 賓語 + do 讓……做……(賓語與賓補為邏輯上的主動關系)

let + 賓語 + be done 讓……被做(賓語與賓補為邏輯上的被動關系)

Don't let your child play with matches.

別讓你的孩子玩火柴。

Let the work be done immediately.

工作要馬上去做。

(3)

have + 賓語 + do sth. 讓……做某事 (賓語與賓補為邏輯上的主動關系)

have + 賓語 + doing sth. 使……持續做某事(賓語與賓補為邏輯上的主動關系)

have + 賓語 + done 使……被做(賓語與賓補為邏輯上的被動關系)

注意:

①have sth. done 還表示“使……遭受……”之意。

Tom had his leg broken while playing football.

湯姆踢足球時弄傷了腿。

Mr. Smith had his house broken into while he was away on holiday.

在史密斯先生外出度假期間, 他家被盜了。

②have sb. doing 常用于否定句中, 其中have 有“允許、容忍”之意。

I won't have you speaking to your dad like that.

我不允許???你和你父親那么講話。

③have 還可用于have something to do 結構, 該結構中have作“有”講, 不定式作定語。

I have something urgent to inform you.

我有緊急的事要通知你們。

(4)

get + 賓語 + to do sth. 使……做 (賓語與賓補為邏輯上的主動關系)

get + 賓語 + doing sth. 使……做(賓語與賓補為邏輯上的主動關系)

get + 賓語 + done 使……被做(賓語與賓補為邏輯上的被動關系)}

He got me to post the letter for him.

他讓我替他寄信。

The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front after a short rest.

休息了片刻之后, 上尉讓士兵們朝前線行進起來。

I'll get my bike repaired tomorrow.

我明天要(請人)修一下我的自行車。

3. 下列動詞(詞組)在主動語態中用不帶to 的不定式作賓語補足語, 但在被動語態中要加上to:它們是“吾看三室兩廳一感覺”——— 5 看(look at, see, watch, notice, observe); 3 使(make, let, have); 2 聽(listen to, hear); 1 感覺(feel)。

Someone was heard to come up the stairs.

聽見有人上樓了。

三、動詞leave, keep, find, catch 及介詞with 后加非謂語動詞作復合賓語的情況:

1.?

leave sb./sth. doing sth. 讓某人/物一直處于某種狀態(賓語與賓語補足語之間是邏輯上的主動關系, 表示動作正在進行)

leave sth. undone 留下某事未做 (賓語與賓語補足語之間是邏輯上的被動關系, 表示被動和完成, 一般以 undone, unfinished, unsettled, untouched 為多)

leave sb. to do sth. 讓某人去做某事 (不定式表示將來的動作)

leave sth. to be done 留下某事要做(不定式表示將來的動作)

It's wrong to leave the machine running.

讓機器一直運轉著是不對的。(主動, 正在進行)

The guests left most of the dishes untouched, because they

didn't taste delicious.

大部分的菜客人們動都沒動, 因為它們不可口。(被動, 完成)

He left, leaving me to do all the rest work.

他走了, 留下我一個人去做剩余的所有工作。(主動, 將來)

We hurriedly ended our meeting, leaving many problems to be settled. 我們匆匆忙忙地結束了會議, 留下了很多問題等待解決。(被動, 將來)

2.?

keep sb./sth. doing 使某人/物一直做某事

keep sb./sth. done 使某人/物被……(表示被動且完成, 或表示狀態)}

Keep the engine running. 別讓發動機熄火。

You should keep me informed of his whereabouts. 你應該讓我了解他的行蹤。

3.

find sb. doing 發現某人正在做某事

find sb./sth. done 發現某人/物已經……(表完成或狀態)

find sb./sth.(to be)...發現某人/物……

We found him(to be)dishonest. 我們發現他不誠實。

Often I found her quietly weeping alone.

我經常發現她獨自默默流淚。

I found him buried in a novel.

我發現他在埋頭讀一本小說。

4. catch sb. doing sth. 撞見某人正在做某事。

I caught John reading my private letters.

我撞見約翰在偷看我的私人信件。

5.?

with sb./sth. doing(表主動且進行, 或表特征)

with sth. being done(表被動且進行)

with sth. done (表被動且完成, 或表狀態)

with sth. to do(表示將來)}

John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work finished, he gladly accepted it. 約翰收到了一份宴請函。工作都完成了, 他欣然接受了邀請。

With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly elected president is having a hard time.

因為有很多難題要解決, 所以這位新任總統的日子不好過。

四、常用不定式作主語補足語的句型

Sb./Sth. be said/believed/known/supposed/reported/considered/found/thought + to do/to have done/to be done/to have been done + 其他。

He is said to have gone abroad.(=It is said that he has gone abroad.)

據說他出國了。

Heat is considered to be a form of energy.

熱能被看作是一種能量形式。

You're supposed to pay the bill by Friday.

你應該在星期五前結清這筆賬。

題組訓練 用所給動詞的適當形式填空

①The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see carried (carry)out the next year.

②The missing boy was last seen playing (play) near the East Lake.