不少考生存在這樣的誤區：作文句型結構越復雜，分數越高。因此常常見到有考生一個句子中包含五六個復合句，加上表達方式晦澀，導致兩種極端。一種是一個句子中的含義過多，而含義之間沒有邏輯關系，導致讀者理解困難；比如：

In the meantime, too many reportswhichhave bad influences on readers rather than good ones could result inthatthe public would fall in panic,orcontribute tothatthe youngwhoare inexperienced about the affairs in the world follow these bad exampleandeven do some anti-social behaviors,whichis of course harmful to their own growth,andat the same time, it affects the peace of the community.

對！你沒看錯，這是一個句子！相信讀者讀完之后會從頭再讀一遍，因為語法結構的選擇過于繁瑣，且語義與語義之間沒有邏輯關系，導致整個句子含義不清晰，邏輯不順暢。現調整如下：

In the meantime, too many negative reports rather than positive ones could result in the public panic or the tragedy that those unsophisticated youngsters follow these bad examples and even do some anti-social behaviors, which is not only detrimental to their own growth, but also affects the public security of the community.

另一種則是句意較為簡單，卻使用復雜的句型結構，輕則考官判斷為句型掌握不靈活，重則有向考官秀句型的嫌疑。比如：

輕者：

Those who are living in the suburbs have to travel far to the cities for working.

該句子沒有任何語法問題，讀起來也較流暢，但并不是句型的最佳選擇，因為其句意并不復雜，完全可以把“who are”去掉，改成分詞作定語，使用簡單句就搞得定：

Those living in the suburbs have to travel far to the cities for working.

重者：

This news has aroused widespread discussion and had an extremely bad influence, which results in the facts that people become self-examine whether they would do a favor if they are confronted with such a situation.

讀完后，讀者的第一反應大概是：該句的語法結構忒嚇人！一個句子中允許出現多種從句，然而前提是從句的存在是必要的。事實上仔細分析后，讀者會發現該句句意并不復雜，完全可以刪掉幾個從句，修改后如下：

This news has aroused widespread discussion and had an extremely bad influence. After that, people began to self-examine whether they would do a favor if being confronted with such a situation.

簡潔的非謂語動詞（不定式、分詞、動名詞）、介詞短語以及恰當的形容詞、副詞往往有主從句所沒有的語言效果。因此，英語文章的語法結構的選擇講求“恰當性”，該用長句時用長句，若語義簡單，這時選擇上述語法結構比冗長的句型更加簡潔、清晰。

1

非謂語動詞

1. 不定式

不定式(“to do”)除了增加文章信息的功能外，在文章中可以充當名詞、形容詞、和副詞所擔任的功能，在文章中除了謂語外，其它成分都可充當，表目的、表原因、表結果、表方式、表條件。結構簡潔，在很多語境下可替換名詞性從句、定語從句和狀語從句。

作主語：It is acceptable for larger people to hit smaller ones - an outcome which may well result in the child starting to bully others. (C10T1)

分析：“to do”作主語，可以和主語從句互換。比如該句可轉變成：That larger ones hit smaller ones is acceptable. 但“it is … to do”的結構顯然更加緊湊。

應用：

1. “to hit smaller ones”是真正的主語（正常語序：To hit smaller ones is acceptable for larger people – an outcome which may result in the child starting to bully others.）不定式作主語，通常放在句子最后，用“It”作形式主語，所以出現固定搭配“it is … to do”。

2. 另外，“to do”作主語，謂語為單數。

作賓語：..., and without the training, the child would not learn how to exploit and develop their talent. (C7T1)

分析：“how to exploit and develop their mind”可以改寫成賓語從句：how they can exploit and develop their talent。修改后合乎語法、可行，但不如原文使用不定式簡潔。

應用：

1.“V. + to do”結構的靈活運用需要考生在平時多積累類似于“determine to do”, “mean to do”這樣的固定動詞。

2. 疑問詞“wh- ＋ to do sth.”可以作為固定搭配應用于考生作文中。

作同位語：This has the added benefit that parents and children often use them together just for fun, which develops a positive attitude to exercise at an early age. (C9T1)

分析：“to exercise at an early age”作“attitude”的同位語。事實上，此處可以轉變成同位語從句：

…, which develops a positive attitude that children should exercise at an early age.

顯然，此語境下，使用不定式要比同位語從句更加簡潔、緊湊。

作狀語：I think to tackle the problem of pollution, cleaner fuels need to be developed. (C8T3)

分析：不定式“to tackle the problem of pollution”在句子中作狀語，表目的。通常情況下，不定式作狀語可以轉變成目的狀語從句，比如該句：

I think cleaner fuels need to be developed so that the problem of pollution can be tackled.

但同樣，不定式作狀語要比目的狀語從句簡潔、地道。所以在使用目的狀語從句時，考生應首先考慮是否可以使用不定式作狀語來表達。

作補語：…, education systems are based on the belief that all children can effectively be taught to acquire different skills, ... (C7T1)

應用：“V. + sb./sth. + to do”的結構需要考生多積累像“urge sb. to do”、“inform sb. to do”這樣的動詞。

2. 分詞

與不定式一樣，分詞也具有語法功能：現在分詞(v-ing)表主動、正在進行，過去分詞(v-ed)表被動、已經完成，以及邏輯功能：表條件、表原因、表結果、表時間、表伴隨。

作定語：… all children can effectively be taught to acquire different skills, including those associated with sport, art or music. (C7T1)

分析：“associated”引導的過去分詞短語作后置定語修飾“those”, 與被修飾詞之間是被動關系。

應用：

1. 該分詞短語可以還原成：that are associated with sport, art or music, 合乎語法，但與分詞作狀語相比不夠簡練。

2. 定語從句中的關系詞(that, which, who…)在從句中作主語時：

(1) 從句謂語和先行詞是主動關系，則建議使用現在分詞(v-ing)取代定語從句。

(2) 從句謂語和先行詞是被動關系，則建議使用過去分詞(v-ed)取代定語從句。

作狀語：Many people find their rewards unfair, especially when comparing these super salaries with those of top surgeons…. (C6T2)

分析：

1.疑問副詞“when”＋分詞在句子中作狀語，現在分詞表主動、表時間。

2. 該句可以還原成：Many people find their rewards unfair, especially when they are compared these super salaries with those of top surgeons….

使用時間狀語從句也是可行的，但和原句相比，該從句結構略顯啰嗦、刻板，沒有“wh- + 分詞”結構靈活、重點清晰。

應用：

疑問詞“wh- + to do”可以作為固定搭配應用于雅思作文中。

3. 動名詞

動名詞本質上是個名詞，只不過由v. 加了-ing后變過來的，所以名詞能夠擔任的成分動名詞都能夠充當。

作主語：However, reaching the conclusion that change is inevitable is not the same as assuming that ‘change is always for the better’. (C6T4)

分析：該主語可還原成“That we reach the conclusion”, 即主語從句。很顯然，從句結構較復雜，其重點沒有動名詞作主語突出。

應用：

1.動賓結構作主語時，建議使用動名詞。

2. 動名詞的使用可以避免過多的“people”, “we”, “you”作主語的情況，在實現語法靈活的同時（滿足了GRA的要求），避免了重復用詞（滿足了LR的要求）。

作賓語：At school, children will experience working and living with people from a variety of backgrounds from the wider society. (C8T1)

應用：建議考生在平時的學習中多積累諸如“delay doing”, “endure doing”這樣后面跟動名詞(doing)的動詞。

4. 介詞短語

除了非謂語動詞，介詞短語在句法功能上與非謂語動詞類似，也是主從句經常使用的替換手段。介詞短語，顧名思義，即“介詞＋名詞短語”的組合，在英文句子中通常作表語、定語、狀語。

作表語：This is because it is the rich and powerful people in our society who are able to impose changes that are in their own interests. (C6T4)

作定語：The pressure from the media is intense and there is little privacy out of the spotlight. (C6T2)

作狀語：Secondly, when someone feels they are improving or developing their skills through training opportunities, ... (C10T3)

分析：介詞短語“through training opportunities”作狀語，表方式。

應用：“介詞＋n.”在句子中通常作表語、定語、狀語，可表時間、表地點、表原因、表方式。和非謂語動詞在句子中的效果差不多，都可使文章簡潔。

2

非謂語動詞＋非謂語動詞

A lot of innovations are made with the aim of making money for a few. (C6T4)

分析：分詞(made)＋介詞短語（with the aim of：表目的）＋動名詞(making money)＋介詞短語（for a few: 限定，使內容更具體）

應用：幾個非謂語動詞可以互相搭配出現在簡單句中，有兩個功能：

1. 使所表達的內容更加具體；

2. 兼顧邏輯功能。

3

非謂語動詞＋復合句

由于非謂語動詞、介詞短語與三種復合句各有各的語法功能與邏輯功能，這些語法單位的合理結合使得文章簡潔、緊湊且極具邏輯性。

Those who feel that sports starts salaries are justified might argue that the number of professionals with real talent is very few, and the money is a recognition of the skills and dedication a person needs to be successful. (C6T2)

分析：定語從句（“who”引導）＋（定語從句）“that”引導＋（定語從句）“that”引導＋介詞短語（with real talent作定語修飾“professionals”, 起限定作用，使所表達內容更具體）＋介詞短語（of the skills作“recognition”的定語，起限定作用，使內容更具體）＋不定式（“to be successful”作“need”的補語）。

應用：建議考生適當使用從句，使用前考慮：該含義是否可用簡單句表達（能用簡單句的就不用復合句）。與此同時，在句意完整的情況下，使用相應的非謂語動詞和介詞短語起限定作用，使文章內容更具體。

“不定式”包含“尚未做”的含義；分詞本質上是形容詞、副詞，“現在分詞”和邏輯主語是主動關系，而過去分詞與其是被動關系；“動名詞”本質上是名詞，故往往作主語、賓語和表語；“介詞短語”可替換形容詞、副詞，用作表語、定語和狀語。

希望考生通過以上對非謂語動詞、介詞短語與雅思寫作結合的范文分析中受到啟發，并在平時多加分析范文，活用其中的地道短語、語法結構，在考試中取得理想成績！