There’s a better way to die, and architecture can help
TED簡介：在這場簡短且充滿刺激的演講中，建筑師艾莉森基林研究著不同的建筑物，那里都是一些死亡或臨終地。例如：墓地、醫院或住宅。我們迎接死亡的方式正在改變，而我們為臨終地所興建的建筑物，或許也應該改變。這是一場令觀眾陶醉的演講，讓我們看到城市及生活中那隱藏的一面。
演講者：Alison Killing?艾莉森·基林
片長：04：44
中英對照翻譯
I'd like to tell you a story about death and architecture.
我想跟大家講述一個關于死亡和建筑的故事。
A hundred years ago, we tended to die of infectious diseases like pneumonia,?that, if they took hold, would take us away quite quickly.?We tended to die at home, in our own beds, looked after by family,although that was the default option?because a lot of people lacked access to medical care.
一百年前，人類往往死于像肺炎這樣的傳染病，一旦感染上這些疾病，就會很快奪走我們的生命。而我們往往死在自己的床上，在家里由親人照顧，雖然這是一個默認選擇，因為許多人缺乏醫療護理。
And then in the 20th century a lot of things changed.?We developed new medicines like penicillin?so we could treat those infectious diseases.?New medical technologies like x-ray machines were invented.?And because they were so big and expensive,?we needed large, centralized buildings to keep them in,?and they became our modern hospitals.
在20世紀，許多狀況經已發生不少改變。我們發明了很多新藥，例如盤尼西林，因此可醫治那些傳染病。也發明出一些新的醫療技術，像?X?光機。但是這些儀器體積太龐大且太昂貴，它們需要安置在大型的中心建筑，而這些建筑就變成現代的醫院。
After the Second World War,?a lot of countries set up universal healthcare systems?so that everyone who needed treatment could get it.?The result was that lifespans extended from about 45 at the start of the century?to almost double that today.
二戰之后，許多國家設立普及的醫療保健系統，以便大家需要治療時也得到照顧，結果是人類壽命從世紀初的約45歲大幅提高至現今的近乎兩倍。
The 20th century was this time of huge optimism about what science could offer,?but with all of the focus on life, death was forgotten,?even as our approach to death changed dramatically.
20世紀是人類對科學發展感到很樂觀的時代，但是由于對生命的關注，卻忽略了死亡。甚至我們應對死亡的方法也發生巨大變化。
Now, I'm an architect,?and for the past year and a half I've been looking at these changes?and at what they mean for architecture related to death and dying.
現在我是一名建筑師，過去的一年半，我一直在關注這些變化，以及它們對那些跟死亡相關的建筑有何意義。
We now tend to die of cancer and heart disease,and what that means is that many of us will have a long period of chronic illness?at the end of our lives.During that period,?we'll likely spend a lot of time in hospitals and hospices and care homes.
現在人類往往死于癌癥及心臟疾病，這意味著我們當中許多人在生命最后一段時間會長時間受慢性病的侵襲。在那段時間里，我們會大部分時間在醫院、療養院及護理中心。
Now, we've all been in a modern hospital.?You know those fluorescent lights and the endless corridorsand those rows of uncomfortable chairs.?Hospital architecture has earned its bad reputation.?But the surprising thing is, it wasn't always like this.
現在我們都去過現代的醫院。你們看到那樣的熒光燈、無盡的走廊，及那幾排一點也不舒服的椅子。醫院建筑的名聲已經很壞，但是奇妙的是，并不總是如此。
This is L'Ospedale degli Innocenti, built in 1419 by Brunelleschi,?who was one of the most famous and influential architects of his time.?And when I look at this building and then think about hospitals today,what amazes me is this building's ambition.?It's just a really great building.
這是1419年由Brunelleschi興建的孤兒院，Brunelleschi是他那個時代其中一個最具影響力的建筑師。當我看著這個建筑，再想想我們今天的醫院，讓我驚奇的是這棟建筑的追求，這真是一個極棒的建筑。
It has these courtyards in the middle?so that all of the rooms have daylight and fresh air,?and the rooms are big and they have high ceilings,?so they just feel more comfortable to be in.?And it's also beautiful.?Somehow, we've forgotten that that's even possible for a hospital.
在這中間有個庭院，這樣所有的房間都有陽光和新鮮空氣，這些房間很大，有很高的天花板，住進去更舒服。它也很美，莫名其妙我們就忘了，這居然是醫院。
Now, if we want better buildings for dying, then we have to talk about it,?but because we find the subject of death uncomfortable,?we don't talk about it,?and we don't question how we as a society approach death.?One of the things that surprised me most in my research, though,?is how changeable attitudes actually are.
如果我們想在更好的建筑里離世，我們要好好談論它，但是我們發現死亡的話題讓人不舒服，我們就不想談，我們都不去查問我們作為一個社會怎樣迎接死亡。然而，在研究中最讓我感到驚奇的其中一件事，就是態度實際是怎樣變化的。
This is the first crematorium in the U.K.,?which was built in Woking in the 1870s.?And when this was first built, there were protests in the local village.?Cremation wasn't socially acceptable, and 99.8 percent of people got buried.?And yet, only a hundred years later, three quarters of us get cremated.People are actually really open to changing things?if they're given the chance to talk about them.
這是英國的第一個火葬場，建于1870年代。在它初建之時，當地村莊很多人抗議?；鹪岵⒉槐粡V泛接受，99.8%的人選擇埋葬。但是，僅一百年后，我們四分之三的死者選擇火葬。人類抱著開放態度來接受改變，前提是有機會談論它們。
So this conversation about death and architecture?was what I wanted to start when I did my first exhibition on it?in Venice in June, which was called "Death in Venice."?It was designed to be quite playfulso that people would literally engage with it.
因此這個關于死亡和建筑的對話就是我想要開始的，當我六月份第一次在威尼斯舉行展覽，名為「魂斷威尼斯」。這個展覽還是相當好玩的，所以大家都可以參與其中。
This is one of our exhibits, which is an interactive map of London?that shows just how much of the real estate in the city?is given over to death and dying,?and as you wave your hand across the map,?the name of that piece of real estate, the building or cemetery, is revealed.
這是我們其中一個展覽品，一副交互式的倫敦地圖，展示這座城市里留給死人或者垂死之人的房地產數量，當你用手劃過地圖，那個房地產、建筑物或公墓的名字就會顯現。
Another of our exhibits was a series of postcards?that people could take away with them.?And they showed people's homes and hospitals?and cemeteries and mortuaries,?and they tell the story of the different spaces?that we pass through on either side of death.?We wanted to show that where we die?is a key part of how we die.
另一個展品是一系列明信片，大家可以拿走的。它們展示了眾人的家園、醫院、公墓，以及停尸間，他們講述著我們穿過死亡不同空間的故事。我們想展示的是人類在哪里死亡，就是大家怎樣死亡的核心部分。
Now, the strangest thing was the way that visitors reacted to the exhibition,?especially the audio-visual works.?We had people dancing and running and jumping?as they tried to activate the exhibits in different ways,?and at a certain point they would kind of stop?and remember that they were in an exhibition about death,?and that maybe that's not how you're supposed to act.
最奇怪的事就是參觀者們對這個展出的反應，尤其是視聽作品。我們讓眾人跳躍、跑動、起舞，通過不同方式活躍展出的氛圍，在一些特定的節點上，他們會停止，記住他們在參觀死亡展覽，也許那不是你們想去做的。
But actually, I would question whether there is one way?that you're supposed to act around death,?and if there's not, I'd ask you to think about what you think a good death is,?and what you think that architecture that supports a good death might be like,?and mightn't it be a little less like this and a little more like this?
但實際上，我想要問一下，是否有一種方式，你們想要圍繞死亡，采取一些行動，如果沒有，我就要你們好好想一想，什么是好的死亡，以及你們所認為支持好的死亡的建筑應當是怎樣的，可不可以少一點像這樣，多一點像這樣？
Thank you.(Applause)
Thank?you.
謝謝。（掌聲）
