形容詞從句就是關系從句,兩個句子一定有重復的元素,以建立起關系。如果關系詞是關系從句的主語,那么省略主語和be動詞,就是形容詞從句的簡化。我們按照簡化之后不同的補語加以分類:
一、補語為Ven
如果關系從句是被動語態,簡化成為過去分詞的補語部分
Beer which is chilled to 6° C is most delicious.
主語which與先行詞beer重復,可以省略,動詞部分是被動語態,只需要省略is就可以了。
Beer chilled to 6° C is most delicious.
二、補語為Ving
如果關系從句是進行時態,只需要省略主語與be動詞即可。
The ship which is coming to shore is from Gaoxiong.
主語which就是the ship,又有be動詞,都省略即可:
The ship coming to shore is from Gaoxiong.
如果關系從句中沒有be動詞,也沒有助動詞就需要改成Ving形式
My old char , which breaks down every other week, won't last much longer.
此句中動詞是break down既沒有be動詞,也沒有助動詞,不能直接省略。改寫成:
My old car, breaking down every other week, won't last much longer.
三、補語為V
如果關系從句有助動詞的存在,就改寫成為不定式補語狀態
John is the one who should go this time.
關系從句中who should go沒有be動詞,只需要省略助動詞,改成who is to go,然后再省略掉who is就可以了。
John is the one to go this time.
不定詞的意義是不一定是什么詞類,也就是可以當名詞、形容詞、副詞使用。
① 不定詞的主動、被動
不定詞的主動、被動主要是看還原的關系從句:
John is not a man to trust.
還原成:
John is not a man whom one can trust.
再來看一句:
John is not a man to be trusted.
還原成:
John is not a man who can be trusted.
② 不定詞有無賓語
句1:This is exactly the thing to do.
句2:This is exactly the time to do it.
句1是This is exactly the thing which we should do.省略掉which和主語,將助動詞改寫成不定式的形式。句2是:This is exactly the time when we should do it.以同樣的方式簡化得來的。
③ 不定詞后面有無介系詞
形如:to talk to 、to deal with、to get into等,不定詞后面還有介詞的情況,是因為介詞后面的賓語是關系詞,已經省略的緣故。
句1:He will be the toughest guy.
句2:You must deal with the guy.
句2中the guy是with的賓語,同句1中的guy重復,可改寫成關系詞來連接:
He will be the toughest guy whom you must deal with.
關系詞是賓語可進行省略,關系從句中的主語you也可以省略,就變成了:
He will be the toughest guy to deal with.
④ 不定詞的主語不清楚時如何處理
如果主語省略造成意思表達不清楚,可以安排主語于介詞短語中以賓語的形態出現,放于for之后。
I have a job that your brother can do.
that關系從句中的賓語,可以省略,但是主語在這里不能省略,省略以后表達的意思不一樣了。我們換一種方法:
I have a job for your brother to do.
四、補語為一般形容詞
如果關系從句的動詞是be動詞,后面是單純的形容詞作補語,可直接省略主語(關系詞)與be動詞,只留下補語。
Hilary Clinton, who is pretty and intelligent, is a popular First Lady.
關系從句中的主語who和動詞is省略以后,剩下的部分仍然是形容詞。可以簡化。
五、補語為名詞
關系從句是形容詞類,如果省略掉主語和be動詞以后,變成了名詞補語,仍然可以使用,傳統語法叫做:同位語。
Bill Clinton, who is President of the U.S, is a Baby Boomer.
省略掉who is留下的部分已名詞短語作補語,叫做同位語。