Chapter 1?

Introduction to Youth Conditioning and Fitness

第一章 ? ?青少年訓練和健身介紹

Objectives

目標

Discribe and discuss early efforts associated with the establishment of the youth conditioning and fitness industry

描述和討論與青少年訓練和健身產業建立有關的早期努力

Briefly explain the stages through which the International Youth Conditioning Association was established

簡單介紹國際青少年訓練聯盟成立的背景

Describe the key?aspects of youth conditioning and fitness coaching?

描述青少年訓練和健身教練的關鍵方面

Explain the key benefits and philosophical underpinnings of the long-term athletic development model

解釋長期運動發展模式的關鍵益處和哲學支撐

Compare and contrast prevalent contemporary coaching and parenting practices with the long-term athletic development model

將當代普遍的訓練和家長教育和長期的運動發展模式作比較

Discuss strategies through which the Youth Fitness Specialist can positively impact prevalent coaching culture

討論在何種背景下，青少年健身專家可以積極地影響普遍的教練文化

Youth Conditioning and Fitness:A Historical Perspective

青少年訓練和健身：一種歷史的透視

青少年健身。體育發展。避免童年肥胖項目。我們對當代的特別迎合年輕運動員和顧客的訓練和健身項目的可使用的作品關注越多，這些項目就會變得越來越專業和進步。 從兼職的私人訓練者和教練（一般在租借的或者公共的空間之外工作）到裝備數百萬美元訓練設備的專業健身教練團隊，青少年訓練和健身項目的有益性（有效性），并沒有變得更好或者更多樣化。

然而，青少年訓練和健康的附屬專業的延伸，既沒有被廣泛傳播，也沒有被完善的發展，僅在美國，他就從80年代末的包含在健身產業中的相對小的縫隙市場迅速成長為估計每年40億美元的市場。國際健康球拍運動俱樂部聯合會將青少年健身市場評價為健身市場領域發展第二快的部分，有幾項關鍵指標均表明，未來幾年，這個行業還將有持續的增長。直到最近，這個市場的成長也是未被限制的，因為在這方面工作的從業者在教育，訓練，哲學方面，差異巨大。想要準備從事這份事業的機會很少。

過去十年，青少年健康和運動表現方面的非凡的發展，主要歸功于私人的努力，兩個主要的群體是：私人教練和運動教練。另外，服務的需求已經從追求最大化運動能力和運動表現到追求簡單的加強健康和生活的總體質量。對于那些對提高運動成績感興趣的運動員，家長，運動教練，健身行業已經樂意的義不容辭。從90年代開始，隨著那些歷史性的僅僅給成人客戶提供服務的設施的擁有者和管理者，開始意識到面向年輕人的服務的需求并且開始適應這些需求，工作的機會也隨之改善。除了年齡較大的設施開始服務更寬廣的客戶群，從一開始，幾乎所有設施和特許經營權，都會有專注于面向青少年的部分。

普通的和明確的個人訓練的健身行業被認為是一個比較新的事業選擇，對于那些對從事和尋求對健康的生活方式有幫助的職業的人來說。在美國，早在二十世紀二十年代，產業的先行者和偶像們比如Jack LaLanne，Vic Tanny，和Weide兄弟，他們得益于提升公眾對于通過訓練改善健康，（運動）表現和外貌的興趣。

Up until that time,the vast majority of Americans were engaged in a ?rigorous existence,working jobs requiring hard physical labor and enjoying relatively few modern conveniences around their homes.As a result, very few actually needed extra exercise to remain fit.

直到那個時候，絕大多數美國人都忙于嚴峻的生存（環境）中，（他們）從事需要艱苦的體力勞動的工作，在家附近享受相對較少的現代化便利設施。因此，很少有人需要額外的運動才能保持健康。

However,as the very nature of American society changed, so too did the need for personal trainers,with the field growing at an unprecedented rate over the past two decades and simultaneously transforming into a multi-billion dollar industry.With little or no regulation in standards or requirements for ?professional practice, personal training preparation programs have also flourished,with estimates of between 100 to 200 different organizations currently offering some form of personal trainer certification.Opportunities for the future appear abundant as well. The field is expected to grow much faster than average over the next decade. Although the popularity of group exercise classes led by personal trainers has grown in recent years, one-on-one instruction with clients is still fundamental to the success of many in the field.

然而，隨著美國社會的本質的改變，私人教練員的需求也隨之而來，而且過去二十年來，這一領域以前所未有的速度增長，同時也轉變成了數十億美元的產業。（由于）對專業實踐的標準或要求幾乎沒有（統一的）規定，個人培訓準備計劃蓬勃發展，目前估計有100到200個不同組織，提供某種形式的私人培訓師認證。未來的機會也很豐富。 預計未來十年，該領域的增長速度將比平均水平快。 雖然近年來，由私人教練領導的團體運動課程的普及日益增加，但與客戶進行的一對一教學仍然是許多人在這個領域成功的基礎。

At the same tine, job opportunities for coaches in traditional school settings have dwindled as eroding budgets and an increased emphasis on academic standards has diminished public support for physical education, thereby negatively impacting job opportunities nationwide for physical educators and coachs in and across many state-funded institutions. However, at the same time, this loss of school-based physical activities has resulted in an all-time high demand for specialized coaching instruction in the private sector, thereby shifting the availability of jobs without necessarily decreaing overall opportunities.

與此同時，傳統學校教練的就業機會也隨著預算的削減而減少，對學術水平的越來越重視減少了公眾對體育教育的支持，從而對全國各地的公立教育機構的體育教育者和教練員的就業機會產生不利影響。 但與此同時，這種以學校為本的體育活動的喪失卻導致了私營部門專業輔導教學的高度需求，從而改變了工作的可用性，但不一定會減少整體機會。

The field of coaching is presumably as old as the human race, as any attempt by an older, wiser,more experienced,or more proficient individual to help another improve some aspect of performance or preparation could be considered "coaching." In an athlatic environment, the ancient Greeks utilized coaches in the preparation of athletes for competition. Employment in the field most often occours after years and even decades of personal involvement both observing and competing. In the United States, athletic coaches are most often also educators in various academic disciplines. Coaches may engage in individual instruction with athletes; however, most consider coaching to be a highly social field with team-based practices and preparation the norm even in individualized sports such as track & field, gymnastics,and swimming and diving. Although it could be argued that team-based coaching rather than more individualized instruction is more prevalent in the public education system primarily for financial reasons, there is little doubt that developing athletes can benefit tremendously from the lessons of sharing, contributing to an entity larger than self, and playing a role in common success afforded only in a team setting.

教練領域大概與人類一樣古老，任何一個更年長的，更聰明的，更有經驗的或更熟練的個人嘗試幫助另一個人去改善某些方面的表現或準備，這可以被認為是“輔導”。在一個運動員的環境中，古希臘人利用教練（幫助）運動員進行比賽的準備。經過幾年甚至幾十年的個人參與，該領域的就業中，觀察和競爭經常會發生。在美國，運動教練通常也是多個學科的教育工作者。教練可以對運動員進行個人指導；然而，大多數人認為教練是一個高度社會化的領域，以團隊為導向，準備規范，即使在田徑，體操，游泳和潛水等個性化運動中也是如此。雖然可以認為，基于團隊的教練而不是更多的個性化教學在公共教育系統中更為普遍，主要是出于財政原因，但毫無疑問，發展中的運動員，只有在一個團隊中，才可以從如下這些課程中大大受益：分享，對一個比自我更大的實體做出貢獻（實現更大的自我價值），在共同成功中發揮作用。

At the opposite end of the spectrum, adolescents who are not competitive athletes are similarly in need of the services of quality conditioning and fitness instruction. Rates of moderate obesity [ defined as a body mass index [ BMI ] for age at or above the 95 percentile ], linked in no small measure to a lack of physical activity, has been calculated at 16.9% for children and adolescents aged 2 through 19 years. perhaps even more alarming, mild obesity rates [ BMI at or above the 85th percentile for age] within the same group have been calculated at 31.7%.In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention points out that obesity leads to 300, 000 deaths per year and costs more than $100 billion annually, with only cigarette smoking causing more preventable deaths. This epidemic has resulted in a very real need for competent professionals in the fitness and coaching industries to both help address current health behaviors and hopefully instill lasting changes that can result in long-term wellness.

在頻譜的另一端，(那些作為)不具競爭力的運動員的青少年，同樣需要有質量的訓練和健身指導的服務。中等肥胖率（定義為身體質量指數BMI按年齡分布達到或者超過95%），在很大程度上與缺乏體力活動相關，對于2至19歲的兒童和青少年，其數值為16.9％。也許更令人震驚的是，輕度肥胖率（BMI按年齡分布達到或者高于85%），在同一組內，被計算為31.7％。在美國，疾病控制和預防中心指出，肥胖每年導致300000人死亡，每年（在肥胖問題上的）花費超過1000億美元，只有吸煙導致更多的可預防的死亡。這種流行病導致了對健身和輔導行業的合格專業人員的真正需要，幫助解決當前的健康行為，并希望灌輸持久的變化，從而導致長期的健康。

Likely compounding the problem, concerns over adolescent safety and well-being have all but eliminated the traditional"free play neighborhood"enviromnent enjoyed decades ago. As a result, children frequently?spend most of their days indoors with little opportunity and little?desire to be physically active. Clearly, if participation rates in?competitive athletics continue to climb, yet at the same time nearly?one in three children is considered overweight or obese, the need?for professionals equipped to condition and train our youth safely,?appropriately and effectively has never been greater.

可能（越來越）復雜的問題（是），對青少年安全和福祉的關切，除了消除了幾十年前傳統的“自由游樂園”環境以外。結果，孩子們經常把大部分時間花費在室內，只有很少的機會和很小的欲望進行身體活動。顯然，如果競爭性競技活動的參與率繼續攀升，同時三分之一以上的孩子被認為超重或肥胖，那么對于安全，適當，有效地訓練青少年的專業人員的需求從未如此之大。

Enter the IYCA

加入IYCA

In business as in life, perceived need creates opportunity. With?parents, athletes, and coaches all hungry for athletic development?and youth fitness programming, such services began being offered?with increasing regularity in the late 1980's and 1990's. Initially,?due to the high overhead costs associated with the typical facilities of?the time, such programming tended to be offered almost exclusively?in geographic areas with high population density, particularly?those with affluent residents who possessed the additional?disposable income necessary to pay for such services. While?some programs were developed with the unique needs of the?growing child in mind, the vast majority were nothing more?than watered-down adult programs marketed in new ways.?The need for a clarion voice of reason and direction in the field?grew ever larger.

在生活中，感知到的需求創造機會。 隨著父母，運動員和教練都渴望體育發展和青少年健身計劃，這些服務在20世紀80年代末和90年代后期開始得到越來越多的規律性的提供。最初，由于典型的設施擁有很高的時間上的間接管理費用（高空置率），這種計劃（項目）傾向于僅在具有高人口密度的地理區域中提供，特別是那些擁有額外的可支配收入以支付這種服務的富裕居民 。雖然一些計劃在腦海里是根據不斷增長的孩子的獨特需求而開發的，絕大多數只不過是以新的方式銷售的稀釋的成人計劃。在這個領域需要一個澄清的理由和方向的聲音越來越大。

Burdened by this growing need, the individuals who?ultimately founded the International Youth Conditioning?Association (IYCA) were hungry young fitness professionals?who were active in the field in the late 1990's. During that time,?the eventual IYCA founders began to take notice of the steady?increase in questions and requests for services for training?athletes at progressively younger and younger ages. Plagued?by growing malaise over a youth fitness industry headed in?what seemed to be the wrong direction, the decision was made?to take an active role in developing a governing body for the?field to serve as a defining voice and educational hub. With?that, the IYCA was born.

由于這種日益增長的需求，那些在20世紀90年代末期在這一領域活躍的年輕的饑渴的健身專業人員，最終成立了國際青少年訓練協會（IYCA）。在此期間，IYCA最終的創始人開始注意到對越來越年輕的運動員的培訓服務的疑問和要求的穩步增長。由于在一個似乎是錯誤的方向的青少年健身行業不斷增長的困擾，決定在發展這個領域的理事機構中發揮積極作用，（這個機構）作為一個定義的聲音和教育中心。因此，IYCA誕生了。

The initial task at hand was to develop a textbook and?certification exam to serve as the baseline measure of?competence for individuals working in the field. Additionally,?the requirement of a criminal background check due to the?risks involved in working with youth was an industry-first. By?2005, the first-ever Youth Conditioning Specialist (YCS) was?awarded and the organization continued to gain momentum?and recognition.

手頭的初步任務是制定教科書和認證考試，作為在該領域工作的個人的能力的基準測量。另外，由于與青少年工作有關的風險，對犯罪背景調查的要求是業界首創。到2005年，首屆青年訓練專家（YCS）獲得授予，該組織繼續獲得勢頭和認可。

Continued Growth

持續增長

As the organization steadily grew from little more than an idea and a dream to a legitimate professional credentialing organization,?so too did the need for increased leadership and direction.?In 2006,?established fitness business experts Pat Rigsby and Nick Berry?were tapped to help build a youth fitness licensing system in which?licensees could complete training with the IYCA then ofler IYCA-licensed training programs within their own communities. The?idea would eventually grow into what would become the Athletic?Revolution fitness franchise, currently the fastest-growing youth-based fitness franchise in the world. At the same time, Rigsby and?Berry also became heavily involved in the IYCA, lending much-needed marketing and business systems expertise to both stabilize?and further grow the organization.

隨著這個組織從一個想法和夢想逐漸成長為一個合法的專業認證組織，它也需要增加領導力和方向。2006年，已成名的健身商業專家Pat Rigsby和Nick Berry，被挖掘來協助建立青少年健身許可證制度，其中許可證持有者在完成IYCA后，可以在他們自己的社區內提供IYCA許可培訓計劃（的培訓）。這個想法最終將成長為運動革命健身專營權，目前是世界上發展最快的青少年健身俱樂部。與此同時，Rigsby和Berry也大量參與IYCA，提供急需的營銷和業務系統專業知識，以穩定和進一步發展組織。

Under the leadership of Rigsby and Berry, the?organization grew tremendously. The initiai YCS?certification was completely revamped into the?current four-tier Youth Fitness Specialist (YFS)?credential. Chief Information Officer Sara Nylander?helped to further develop theorganization's?infrastructure and web presence, while Director of?Research and Education Toby Brooks was brought?on board to oversee and help develop a number?of new certifications, resources, and educational?materials. As membership grew, the decision was?made to host the first-ever IYCA International?Summit in Louisville, Kentucky in 2009.

在Rigsby和Berry的領導下，該組織大大增長。最初的YCS認證已經完全改編為目前的四年級青少年健身專家（YFS）認證。首席信息官Sara Nylander幫助進一步發展組織的基礎設施和網絡，而研究和教育部主管托比·布魯克斯（Toby Brooks）負責監督和幫助開發一些新的認證，資源和教材。隨著會員人數的增加，決定在2009年在肯塔基州路易斯維爾舉辦首屆IYCA國際峰會。

A number of other individuals were also commissioned to?help manage the mounting needs of one of the fastest growing?certification organizations in the entire fitness industry. To date,?the organization has released six total certifications (Youth Fitness?Specialist levels 1-3, Youth Speed and Agility Specialist, Youth?Nutrition Specialist, and High School Strength and Conditioning?Specialist), six courses (Kettlebell, Olympic Lift, and Resistance Band?Instructor Courses, Program Design Course, Special Needs Fitness?Course, and Kinesiology Crash Course) and a number of other products to help educate those who work in the youth conditioning.

其他一些人也被委托來幫助管理整個健身行業增長最快的認證機構之一的需求。迄今為止，該組織已經發布了六項總體認證（青少年健身專家1-3級，青少年速度和敏捷專家，青年營養專家，高中力量和訓練專家），六門課程（壺鈴，奧林匹克舉重，抗阻力帶教練課程，課程設計課程，特殊需求健身課程和運動機能損傷課程）以及其他一些產品，以幫助教育那些在青少年訓練領域工作的人。

Certifications

認證

The IYCA currently offers ?six total certifications for fitness?professionals who have interest in the youth demographic. While?no certifications require a college degree, formal education and?training in the exercise and behavioral sciences are extremely?beneficial. All certifications require a background check as weil?as successful completion of a comprehensive exam. Further?information is provided once a particular certification is purchased. ?In order to remain in good standing, certified IYCA members must ?renew their certification (s) according to the published IYCA renewal?cycle guidelines. Renewal requires the documented completion of?continuing education units and remission of a nominal renewal?processing fee.

IYCA目前為對青少年人士感興趣的健康專業人士提供六個總體認證。雖然沒有認證需要大學學位，但在運動和行為科學方面的正規教育和培訓是非常有益的。所有認證都需要進行背景調查，并成功完成綜合考試。一旦購買了一項特定的認證，就會提供進一步的信息。為了保持良好的信譽，認證IYCA成員必須根據已發布的IYCA更新周期指南更新其認證。更新要求有文件證明其完成繼續教育單位，并減免名義上的續簽手續費。

The Youth Fitness Specialist Level1 (YFS-1) certification is?intended as an entry-level exposure to the field of youth conditioning?and fitness. The material contained within the course has been?developed to assist a total novice in acquiring the knowledge and?skills necessary to begin to work in the youth fitness industry. The?YFS-1 is considered a gateway credential in that it has become?required by a number of fitness businesses and franchises as a?condition of employment. At the same time, many youth sports?associations and physical education, fitness, and wellness positions?either require or strongly suggest the credential for potential job?applican ts. No individual may progress to the next level of YFS?credential until first successfully completing YFS-1.

青少年健身專家1級（YFS-1）認證旨在作為青少年條件和健身領域的入門級曝光。該課程內容已經被開發出來，以協助新手獲得開始在青年健身行業工作所必需的知識和技能。YFS-1被認為是一個門戶憑證，因為許多健身商業和特許經營被要求作為就業條件。同時，許多青年體育協會和體育，健身和健康職位要求或強烈地提出潛在求職者的資格。在首次成功完成YFS-1之前，任何人都不會有進入下一級YFS的資格。

The Youth Fitness Specialist Level 2 (YFS-2) certification involves?additional scientific background as well as practical?the same concepts and skills discussed in the?YFS-1 certifi cation. Much like the YFS-1, the?YFS-2 certification involves a comprehensive?textbook, hours of DVD footage and practical?examples, additional study resources, and a?comprehensive certification examination. The?YFS-2 is reserved exclusively for YFS-1 certified?professionals seeking to further deepen their?knowledge base in youth conditioning and?fitness.

青年健身專家二級（YFS-2）認證涉及更多的科學背景以及與YFS-1認證中討論的相同的概念和技能。 與YFS-1類似，YFS-2認證涉及到全面的教科書，DVD片段的數小時和實際的例子，額外的學習資源和全面的認證考試。 YFS-2專為YFS-1認證專業人士而設，旨在進一步深化青少年條件和健身知識庫。

The Youth Fitness Specialist Level 3 (YFS-3)?certification involves discussion of additional?philosophical and practical underpinnings and?includes both the Second Edition of Complete?Athlete Development and 3D Training for Sports.?The combination of these resources is intended?to help the growing professional further develop?the ability to conceive and implement highly?functional training protocols that require developing?athletes to move throughout the full range of motion?around all axes and throughout all planes of movement.?Only professionals who have successfully completed YFS-1?and YFS-2 are eligible to complete the YFS-3 certification.?To date, the YFS-3 represents the most comprehensive?and rigorous certification program available for youth?fitness professionals.

青少年健身專家3級（YFS-3）認證涉及其他哲學和實踐基礎的討論，包括完整運動員發展第二版和體育3D訓練。這些資源的組合旨在幫助不斷增長的專業人員進一步發展構思和實施高度功能性訓練協議的能力，這些培訓協議需要開發運動員在整個運動的所有軸線和整個運動平面上運動。 只有成功完成YFS-1和YFS-2的專業人員才有資格完成YFS-3認證。 迄今為止，YFS-3代表了青年健身專業人員最全面，最嚴格的認證計劃。

The IYCA has also developed three specialty certifications, the Youth Speed and Agility Specialist (YSAS), the Youth Nutrition Specialist (YNS), and the High School Strength and Conditioning Specialist (HSSCS). Constructed and delivered in much the same manner as all levels of the Youth Fitness Specialist credentials, these certifications provide additional insight, and both didactic and practical content knowledge to help better equip the fitness professional.?Although completion of the YFS through?any level (1-3) would most certainly be beneficial in the?completion of either specialty certification, it is not currendy?required. However, as with all other IYCA certifications,?renewal through CEU documentation and remission of?processing fees is required.

IYCA還開發了三項專業證書，即青少年速度和敏捷專家（YSAS），青少年營養專家（YNS）和高中力量和訓練專家（HSSCS）。構建和交付的方式與所有級別的青少年健身專家證書相同，這些認證提供了更多的見解，以及教學和實踐內容知識，以幫助更好地配備健身專業人士。盡管完成任何級別（1-3級）的YFS在完成其它專業認證方面肯定是有益的，但并不是必需的。然而，與所有其他IYCA認證一樣，需要通過CEU文件進行更新和處理費用的減免。

Courses

While IYCA certifications represent the pinnacle in youth?fitness education and training, the IYCA also offers and?regularly releases youth conditioning and fitness-related?courses that can be utilized to enhance the knowledgebase?while also serving as valuable continuing education?credit toward any IYCA-held certification. IYCA courses?involve specific information on a relatively smaller scale,?but still provide written and multimedia resources and a?comprehensive examination to demonstrate competence.?Unlike IYCA certifications which are always associated with a?professional credential of some type, successful completion?of any IYCA course will entitle the professional to an IYCA endorsement. For example, any professional who completes the?IYCA Kettlebell Instructor Course will be recognized as an IYCA Endorsed?Kettlebell Instructor. While not as comprehensive or rigorous as an IYCA certification, courses are beneficial in providing cutting-edge fitness knowledge at an affordable cost.

雖然IYCA認證是青少年健身教育和培訓的巔峰之作，IYCA還提供并定期發布青少年訓練和健身相關課程，可用于增強知識庫，同時也作為IYCA認證的有價值的繼續教育學分。IYCA課程涉及相對較小規模的特定信息，但仍提供書面和多媒體資源，并進行綜合考試以倫證才干。與IYCA認證不同，其他認證總是與某種類型的專業（文憑）證書相關的，IYCA課程的成功完成將使專業人員獲得IYCA的認可。例如，完成IYCA壺鈴教練課程的任何專業人員將被認可為IYCA認可的壺鈴教練。雖然不如IYCA認證那樣全面或嚴格，課程有益于以可承受的成本提供尖端的健身知識。

Other Resources

其他資源

In addition to certifications and courses, the IYCA also offers a?number of other resources for individuals in the youth conditioning?and fitness field. The addition of print-based, web-based, interactive,?and traditional video make these resources highly versatile and?supremely practical. Additionally, IYCA resources that afford?the individual the opportunity to plug in to a vibrant and active?community of professionals to share and exchange ideas, read?and critique current research, and interact and network with one?another can all serve as invaluable tools in becoming a more skilled,?competent, and connected professional.

除了認證和課程之外，IYCA還為青少年訓練和健身領域的個人提供了一些其他資源。這些附加資源有打印的，基于網絡的，互動的和傳統的視頻，使得這些資源非常多才多藝，非常實用。此外，IYCA資源為個人提供了插入一個充滿活力和活躍的專業人士群體的機會，以分享和交流想法，閱讀和批評當前的研究以及彼此之間的互動和網絡，這些資源都可以成為更多的寶貴工具，在成為一個更熟練，更有才干，聯系更緊密的專業人士方面。

Learning with Purpose

帶著目的學習

Remaining true to the initial purpose of the IYCA is paramount?in any project to develop a new or revised educational product.?The IYCA prides itself on developing and marketing comprehensive?training materials based on sound science and tested and proven in?real-world situations. Furthermore, our commitment to revisiting,?revising, updating, and improving each and every item we produce?is never ending. In this way, the IYCA philosophy for improvement?is no different than what we expect from coaches, parents, and?athletes—namely, purposeful and steady pursuit of excellence with?a keen eye on continual improvement over time.

在任何開發新的或修訂的教育產品的項目中，對于IYCA的初始目的仍然是至關重要的。IYCA自豪于開發和營銷基于健全科學的綜合培訓教材，并在現實世界中經過測試和驗證。此外，我們承諾的對于我們生產的每個項目的重新審視，修改，更新和改進都是永遠不會結束的。

這樣，IYCA的改進哲學與我們對教練，家長和運動員的期望沒有什么不同 - 即有意識和穩定地追求卓越，通過敏銳的眼光持續改進。

Long-Term Atheletic Development

長期運動發展

As an advocate and role model for young athletes, the YFS is?charged with the responsibility of seeking out and addressing?personal and professional weaknesses. Using objective analysis?to evaluate existing practice, implement change based upon that?evaluation, and subsequently alter practice systematically through?continual and purposeful action, the YFS should operate within?a paradigm of continual steady improvement. In essence, that?philosophy is a perfect example of kaizen.

作為年輕運動員的倡導和榜樣，YFS負責尋求和解決個人和專業的弱點。通過客觀分析評估現有實踐，根據評估實施變革，隨后通過持續有目的的行動系統地改變實踐，YFS應在持續穩定改進的范式內運作。實質上，這個哲學是kaizen的一個很好的例子。

First introduced and utilized by several Japanese businesses?following World War II, kaizen is a long-term approach toward?improvement in which the individual or organization actively pursues?excellence in small, manageable increments while eliminating waste?through empowerment. ?The approach has since been successfully?implemented in quality control and process management teams?in the manufacturing industries for decades. However, more?recently, the kaizen philosophy has been further applied to individuals seeking personal improvement and empowered living.?In particular, the long-term athletic development model (LTAD) is?essentially the kaizen philosophy applied specifically to the process?of systematically training athletes over time.

Kaizen是第二次世界大戰后由幾家日本企業首次引進和利用的，Kaizen是一種長期的改進方式，個人或組織通過小的，可管理的增量來積極追求卓越，同時，通過（合理）授權來消除浪費。該方法已經在制造業的質量控制和過程管理團隊中成功實施了數十年。然而，最近，kaizen哲學已經進一步應用于尋求個人改善和更自主的生活個人。特別是，長期的運動發展模式（LTAD），本質上是kaizen哲學在系統地逐漸地訓練運動員的過程上的特殊運用。

In an interesting twist, the kaizen philosophy does not apply?exclusively to the developing athlete. Instead, both the coach and?the athlete can benefit from this continual improvement process.?Famed college basketball coach John Wooden, while not typically?specifically mentioned as a kaizen proponent, often cited the value?of kaizen-type sentiments. Wooden's developmental approach to?coaching is evident throughout his writings. In one of his many?books published regarding coaching philosophy, Wooden noted : ·

"When you improve a little each day, eventually big things?occur. When you improve conditioning a little each day,?eventualy you have a big improvement in conditioning.?Not tomorrow, not the next day, but eventually a big gain?is made. Don't look for the big, quick improvement. Seek?small improvements one day at a time. That's the only way it?happens-and when it happens, it lasts."

有趣的是，kaizen哲學并不適用于發展中的運動員。相反，教練和運動員都可以從這種持續的改進過程中受益。著名的大學籃球教練約翰·伍德（John Wooden）雖然通常不被特別提及作為kaizen的支持者，但經常會引用kaizen型觀點的價值。在他的著作中，Wooden的發展教練方式的方法是顯而易見的。在他出版的關于教練哲學的許多著作之中，有一本里面，Wooden這樣寫道：

“每天改善一點，最終會發生大的事情。當你每天都改進一點訓練，最后你會在訓練上有很大的改善。但是，不是明天，也不是第二天，但最終（你會）獲得巨大的收獲。不要去尋找一個很大的，快速的改進。每天一次，尋求小的改進。這是它發生的唯一方式 -一旦它 發生了，它會持續下去。”

Of particuIar importance, Wooden highlighted not merely the?effectiveness of the approach in the present, but also the enduring?nature of such improvements over time. By ascribing to a kaizen?coaching philosophy, the YFS recognizes that attempting to maximize?opportunities for short-term success oftentimes undermines?favorable long-term outcomes. Conversely, improvements made?and lessons learned through a more gradual and systematic long-term developmental model have consistently been associated?with reduced injury rate, more favorable athlete perception of the?sport, and generally improved measures of athletic and physical?performance.

具有特別重要意義的是，Wooden不僅突出了現行方法的有效性，而且強調隨著時間的推移，這種改進的持久性。通過歸因于kaizen教練哲學，YFS認識到，試圖最大限度地發揮短期成功的機會往往會破壞有利的長期成果。

相反，通過更漸進和系統的長期發展模式，不斷改進和總結經驗教訓（的方式），一直與減少傷害率，更有利于運動員對體育運動的了解，以及普遍的改善運動和身體表現的水平相聯系。

Divergent Beliefs

不同的信仰

Many youth sport coaches erroneously embrace the notion that?the pressures to succeed in the present?and the immediate future?overshadow what is likely best for the athlete in perpetuity. Winning?today's game or this weekend's tournament becomes paramount,?regardless of the actual importance of the event or its positioning in light of the LTAD model. In this case, coaching styles are very much reflective of?the need to win. Perfectionist-based epistemologies are?employed during practice and game settings. When performance is?not reflective of the level of skill or perfection that the coach desires, yelling, belitting, and negative criticism often follow.

許多青少年體育教練錯誤地接受了這樣的觀點，壓力對于現在和近期的成功（至關重要）。（這會）永遠地給有可能對運動員最好的方式，蒙上陰影。贏得今天的比賽或本周末的比賽變得至關重要，無論事件的實際重要性還是根據LTAD模式進行定位。在這種情況下，為了贏得比賽，教練的風格非常反映（簡單粗暴）。基于完美主義的認識論被運用到實踐和游戲設置中。 當表現不能反映教練所要求的技能或完美程度時，經常會出現大喊大叫，貶損和負面批評。

Perhaps even more devastating to the developing athlete, many parents ascribe to the same errant thought process.?Demonstrating advanced skills and achieving success at all developmental levels are conceived as the most important factors for participating in youth?sports. Some parents offer negative feedback, harsh criticisms, or?inappropriate comments during the game. The message sent to?the young athlete is clear : success now is most important. What?is more, continued success is the only defense from the negative?feedback that can undermine confidence, self-esteem, and ultimately?perception of self-worth.

對于發展中的運動員來說，甚至更為毀滅性的是，許多父母也認同了同樣的錯誤思維過程。在所有發展水平上展現精湛的技能并且取得成功，被認為是參加青少年體育運動最重要的因素。一些家長在比賽中提供負面的反饋，嚴厲的批評或不適當的評論。發送給年輕運動員的信息是明確的：現在的成功是最重要的。更重要的是，持續的成功是對那些能夠消除自信，自尊并最終消除自我價值觀的消極反饋的唯一（有效的）防范。

Trainers and training centers dedicated to working with young?athletes may often fall within this category, as well. Although the?efforts of the IYCA and like-minded organizations and professionals?have started to turn the tide against such ridiculous notions, some?persist in the use of marketing strategies for training services geared?toward young athletes built around the idea that improvements in?speed, strength and jumping capacity will be both dramatic and?immediate. However, under this model, only perfect or near perfect?performance is deemed worthy of praise, while anything short of?the desired outcome is met with powerful negative feedback. The?sad reality is that for all but the best?athletes, sport participation may often?lead to feelings of inadequacy and low?self-esteem, eventuatly leading many to?voluntarily withdraw from participation?as a way of avoiding further erosion of?self-worth.

致力于與青少年運動員合作的培訓師和培訓中心也可能屬于這一類別。雖然IYCA和志同道志的組織和專業人士的努力已經開始扭轉這種可笑的概念，但是，有些人仍然堅持使用針對年輕運動員的培訓服務的營銷策略，（這種策略）圍繞著提高速度，力量和跳躍能力將是戲劇性的和立即的。然而，在這種模式下，只有完美或接近完美的表現被認為是值得贊揚的，而任何沒能滿足預期的結果，都將面對強大的負面反饋。可悲的現實是，除了最好的運動員之外，體育參與可能常常導致功能不健全的感覺和自尊心低下，導致許多人自愿退出參與，作為避免進一步侵蝕自我價值的一種方式。

Conversely, young athletes?functioning under the auspices of a?coach who ascribes to the LTAD model?are taught to search for continual?improvement rather than immediate?performance as the principal marker?of athletic success. This mentality?encourages the young athlete to develop?a far more useful and powerful approach?to success and personal improvement—both athletic and otherwise—that may?be utilized across the lifespan.

相反，在由主教練組成的LTAD模式的基礎上運作的年輕運動員被教導尋求持續改進，而不是立即表現作為運動成功的主要標志。這種心態鼓勵年輕運動員開發一種更為有用的強大的方法去獲得成功和個人改進，包括運動能力和其他方面—可以在整個生命周期中得到利用。

With this approach firmly developed and well entrenched, the?individual is motivated to improve rather than motivated to perform.?While subtle, the influence in thinking of such a difference is?profound. Reasoning and creativity are enhanced. Problem-solving?skills are better developed. Perhaps most importantly, self-worth is preserved due to the fact that "success"is an ability demonstrated?over time rather than an instantaneous or momentary expression of?skill linked directly to any one specific performance.

隨著這種方式的發展和根深蒂固，個人的動機是提高而不是表現。雖然微妙，思考這種差異的影響是深刻的。推理和創造力得到提升。解決問題的技能得到更好的發展。也許最重要的是，自我價值得以保留，因為“成功”是一個隨著時間被證明的能力，而不是直接與任何一個具體表現直接相關的瞬間或瞬間表現。

Also encouraging is that fact that enhanced reasoning and creative?abilities enable the young athlete to solve new and more challenging?sport-related tasks over time, thereby further increasing ability.?Because such athletes associate success with improvement rather?than performance, burnout and dropout issues that currently plague?youth sport culture may be averted. Ultimately, such an approach?can teach the young athlete to love physical activity simply because?refining movement skills and developing physically is intrinsically?linked to holistic self-improvement and may be viewed as a series of?steps toward success rather than the more typical model of physical?activity as a measuring stick in and of itself in determining aptitude.

令人鼓舞的是，增強的推理能力和創造力使得年輕運動員能夠隨著時間的推移解決新的更具挑戰性的運動相關任務，從而進一步提高能力。因為這樣的運動員把成功與改進相提并論，而是表現，可能會避免目前困擾青年體育文化的倦怠和輟學問題。最終，這樣一種方法可以教導年輕運動員愛體育活動，只因為提煉運動技能和身體發育與整體自我完善有著內在聯系，可能被視為成功的一系列步驟，而不是較典型的僅僅是一種身體活動，即作為測量的標尺，本身在決定能力。

Youth sports and training for youth sports have largely become?exercises of pressure and fear. Repercussions for poor performance?or lack of aptitude or skill are oftentimes severe. Many young?athletes today have lost the joy and innocence of what sport and?fitness participation truly are, and the stark reality is that they never?fully develop a lifelong love for movement.

青少年體育運動訓練在很大程度上成為壓力和恐懼的運動。對表現不佳或缺乏能力或技能的反擊常常是嚴重的。今天的許多年輕運動員都失去了體育和健身參與真正的樂趣和純真，而嚴峻的現實是，他們從來沒有完全發展終身的運動愛好。

Agents ot Change

代理變更

Although the IYCA has certainly grown and changed dramatically?since its initial establishment less than a decade ago, the message?and the mission remain the same. By educating and equipping?committed and competent fitness professionals for the unique yet?highly rewarding field of youth conditioning and fitness, we are?striving to improve a profession. However, even more importantly,?the IYCA is attempting to positively impact the healthy living?habits and behaviors of tomorrow's generation. We believe that?developmentally-sound, purposeful, and fun movement exposures?provided through conditioning, fitness, and sports are critical building blocks in optimally developing from the formative years?and well into adulthood.

雖然IYCA自十年前的初期成立以來一直發展壯大，但其要旨和使命仍然保持不變。通過教育和配備專業健身專業人士，為青年條件和健身的獨特而高度獎勵的領域，我們正在努力改善職業。 然而，更重要的是，IYCA正試圖積極地影響未來一代的健康生活習慣和行為。 我們相信，通過調理，健身和運動提供的發展良好，有目的，有趣的運動曝光是從形成年齡和成年期到最佳發展的關鍵基礎。

The IYCA was established and continues to work diligently?to recapture the innocence of play and fitness for children and?teenagers worldwide. This mission has driven us to develop cutting-edge resources that have been produced, tested, and proven by some?of the industry's best and brightest minds. Through these resources?and other educational and experiential offerings, the ultimate goal?is to positively impact the lives of children and young adults now?and in the future, fostering a lifelong love for movement, physical?activity, and all the benefits of healthy living that follow.

IYCA從成立至今，一直在持續努力，重新奪回全球兒童和青少年的玩樂和健身的純真。這一使命促使我們開發出最先進的資源，這些資源已經被業內最好和最聰明的人士所制作，測試和證明。通過這些資源和其他教育和體驗活動，最終的目標是積極影響現在和未來的兒童和青少年的生活，培養他們對于運動，身體活動以及健康生活所帶來的所有好處的終身愛好。

This resource and accompanying materials mark the first step?in the journey to learn both the science and the practice of youth?conditioning and fitness. This resource and accompanying materials?will serve as the first step in your IYCA preparation in general and?the YFS progression specifically. Included within this program is?a comprehensive didactic component which includes a proven?approach to refining coaching behaviors, teaching and coaching?youth conditioning and fitness, and successfully implementing such?programming into a system designed specifically for young athletes.?Additionally, the course is rich in practical application and examples,?as well. We invite every person with the desire to positively impact?the field of youth fitness and athletic development to join our cause?and become part of the worldwide revolution.

這個資源和隨付的材料標志著學習青年訓練和健身的科學和實踐的旅程的第一步。該資源和隨附的材料將作為您的IYCA準備工作的第一步，特別是YFS的進展。包括在這個計劃中是一個全面的教學組成部分，包括一個經過驗證的方法來提煉教練行為，教學和指導青少年訓練和健身，并成功將這樣的計劃實施到專門為年輕運動員設計的系統中。此外，課程內容在實踐應用和實例方便十分豐富。我們邀請每個有意愿對青少年健身和運動發展領域做出積極影響的人，加入我們的事業，成為全球革命的一部分。