本文介紹以下八個城市以及景點:伊斯坦布爾,馬耳他,威尼斯,大峽谷,馬賽馬拉野生動物保護(hù)區(qū),埃菲爾鐵塔,桌山,曼谷。
注:本文目的主要是為學(xué)生總結(jié)新視野大學(xué)英語視聽說一書中出現(xiàn)的文化背景知識。對于其他讀者也可以順便瀏覽一些英語文化背景知識。中英文不是對照關(guān)系。
Cultural Notes of B2U2 Journey into the unknown
1 Istanbul
the largest city in Turkey, constituting the country's economic, cultural and historical heart. From Byzantine churches to Ottoman palaces, its well-preserved heritage is still very present on a visit to Turkey's largest city. Famous tourist attractions include the Aya Sofya, the Blue Mosque, the Basilica Cistern, and the Bazaar.
伊斯坦布爾(土耳其語:?stanbul?[is?tanbu?]??聆聽)是土耳其最大城市,亦是該國的經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化和歷史中心。它坐落于土耳其西北部的博斯普魯斯海峽之濱,位于馬爾馬拉海和黑海之間,橫跨歐亞大陸,經(jīng)濟(jì)和歷史中心位于歐洲一側(cè),有三分之一人口居住于亞洲一側(cè)。其人口達(dá)到1440萬,為全歐洲最大的城市群,亦是中東最大和全球第六大城市。伊斯坦布爾全市轄區(qū)面積5,343平方千米(2,063平方英里),其覆蓋范圍同伊斯坦布爾省相同,亦是該省的行政中心。亦是世界上唯一橫跨兩大洲的城市。
公元前660年左右,該市以“拜占庭”之名建立于薩拉基里奧角,并在此后逐漸發(fā)展為歷史上最為重要的城市之一。公元330年該市重建為君士坦丁堡或新羅馬,并在此后的近十六個世紀(jì)內(nèi)先后成為羅馬帝國(330年–1204年及1261年–1453年)、拉丁帝國(1204年–1261年)和奧斯曼帝國(1453年–1922年)的帝國首都。
伊斯坦布爾是古絲綢之路的途經(jīng)地,也是歐洲和中東的鐵路網(wǎng)絡(luò)之間、黑海和地中海間海路的必經(jīng)之地,使得伊斯坦布爾 的戰(zhàn)略地位十分重要.
2012年,在當(dāng)選歐洲文化之都兩年之后,近1160萬外國游客造訪伊斯坦布爾 ,使其成為世界第五受歡迎的旅游目的地。該市最重要的景點仍是其歷史城區(qū),部分被列為聯(lián)合國教科文組織世界遺產(chǎn),而位于貝伊奧盧區(qū)的天然港金角灣則是其文化和娛樂的中心。伊斯坦布爾還被認(rèn)為是一個全球城市,亦是全球發(fā)展速度最快的都市經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)之一。諸多土耳其公司及媒體將總部設(shè)于此,全市國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值超過全國的四分之一。伊斯坦布爾希望借助其復(fù)蘇和快速擴(kuò)張的契機(jī),在二十年內(nèi)五次申請舉辦夏季奧林匹克運(yùn)動會。
2 Malta
a southern European country situated in the center of the Mediterranean. Renowned for its Blue Lagoon, the island's baroque towns and prehistoric ruins also deserve a visit. The Maltese capital, Valletta, is a historical time capsule, It is thick with Italianate churches and golden limestone buildings Marsaxlokk Bay is the best place to see Luzzus, brightly colored traditional Maltese fishing boats, with their mythical eye painted on the prows. the Sunday fish market offers a glimpse of traditional island life and the harbor side restaurants serve excellent fish dishes.?
馬耳他共和國(馬耳他語:Repubblika ta' Malta),通稱馬耳他,位于南歐的共和制的一個微型國家,首都瓦萊塔。是一個位于地中海中心的島國,有“地中海心臟”之稱,被譽(yù)為“歐洲的鄉(xiāng)村”。官方語言為馬耳他語和英語。馬耳他亦是英聯(lián)邦和歐洲聯(lián)盟的成員國。
馬耳他自然資源缺乏,經(jīng)濟(jì)以服務(wù)業(yè)和金融業(yè)為主,旅游業(yè)是馬耳他主要的外匯來源。馬耳他同100多個國家和地區(qū)有貿(mào)易關(guān)系,歐盟是馬耳他最重要的貿(mào)易伙伴。另外,馬耳他社會保障體系較為完備,實行免費(fèi)教育,免費(fèi)醫(yī)療及退休保險制。
3 Venice
Venice, or?Venezia, is a distinguished 1,700-year-old city that was at the nexus of major European art, music and political developments. It was an instigator of the Renaissance and is thought to have been the world's first financial center.
Today, it is one of Italy's most important?cities and a supremely romantic travel destination, where you can stroll alongside miles of winding canals. There are, in fact, 150 canals with more than 400 bridges that connect Venice's 118 small islands in the Venetian Lagoon, some large enough for magnificent churches and palaces, squares and museums, amazing restaurants and beautiful shops.
威尼斯是意大利東北部著名的旅游與工業(yè)城市,也是威尼托地區(qū)的首府。威尼斯城由被運(yùn)河分隔并由橋梁相連的118座小島組成。威尼斯?jié)暫?/a>是位于波河與皮亞韋河河口之間的一個封閉的海灣,威尼斯城就坐落在威尼斯?jié)暫?/a>的淺灘上。威尼斯以其優(yōu)美的環(huán)境、建筑和藝術(shù)品珍藏而聞名。潟湖和城市的一部分被列為世界遺產(chǎn)。Luigi Barzini曾在紐約時報形容它“無疑是最美麗的人造都市”,時代線上也稱贊威尼斯是歐洲最浪漫的城市之一。
4 the Grand Canyon
Unique combinations of geologic color and erosional forms decorate a canyon that is 277 river miles (446km) long, up to 18 miles (29km) wide, and a mile (1.6km) deep. Grand Canyon overwhelms our senses through its immense size.
The South Rim is open all year. Road improvement work is taking place this month.?
大峽谷國家公園(Grand Canyon National Park)是美國西南部的國家公園,在1979年被列為世界自然遺產(chǎn),以深達(dá)1500米,由科羅拉多河耗費(fèi)萬年所切割出來的科羅拉多大峽谷景觀聞名于世。位于美國亞利桑那州的西北角。整個大峽谷走向為東西向,總長有349公里,寬度從最窄的6公里到25公里。將大峽谷分為南緣跟北緣。整個國家公園總面積為1,217,403畝。在地形上是高原地形,該地的高原稱為凱巴布高原(Kaibab)。
大峽谷國家公園是1908年美國總統(tǒng)羅斯福所提倡與規(guī)劃的,初時只叫做國家紀(jì)念公園,在1911年劃立了國家保護(hù)區(qū)。1919年的2月26日,經(jīng)過美國國會的法案通過,正式將大峽谷最深、景色最壯麗的一段,約有170公里長度的區(qū)域,成立了大峽谷國家公園,并建立起步道系統(tǒng)、生態(tài)與地質(zhì)學(xué)的教育研究系統(tǒng)。
目前大峽谷國家公園是全美最受歡迎的國家公園之一,據(jù)統(tǒng)計,每年的參觀人次有400多萬。
5 the Masai Mara
The Maasai Mara is one of the best-known reserves in the whole of Africa, and is globally renowned for its exceptional wildlife. Despite comprising only 0.01% of Africa’s total landmass, more than 40% of Africa’s larger mammals can be found here. Across the vast plains of the Mara visitors are able to witness lions, cheetahs, leopards, elephants, and an infinite variety of other species in their natural habitats.
Masai Mara ecosystem contains some 25% of what is left of Kenyan wildlife. Estimate says that around 70% of Kenya’s wildlife lives outside national parks and reserves. Thus; the need for new role models preserving the Mara wildlife, on private land is paramount. Naboisho plays that role today! Africa has lost some 95-98% of its most iconic mammals over the last hundred year or so, elephants, rhinos, lions, and cheetah. WWF estimate that the world will lose 2/3 of its vertebras in the incredible short period 1970-2020, ie 50 years. Some 70% of the world’s ecosystem are under stress. Loss of habitat is the main reason for this decimation.
The Maasai Mara lies in the Great Rift Valley, which is a fault line some 3,500 miles (5,600km) long stretching from Ethiopia’s Red Sea through Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, and into Mozambique. Here the valley is wide, and a towering escarpment can be seen in the hazy distance. The animals are at liberty to move outside the park into huge areas known as ‘dispersal areas’. There can be as much wildlife roaming outside the park as inside. Many Maasai villages are located in the ‘dispersal areas’ and they have, over centuries, developed a synergetic relationship with the wildlife.
There are four main types of terrain in the Mara – the Ngama Hills to the east with sandy soil and leafy bushes favoured by black rhino; Oloololo Escarpment forming the western boundary and rising to a magnificent plateau; Mara Triangle bordering the Mara River with lush grassland and acacia woodlands supporting masses of game, especially migrating wildebeest; and the Central Plains, forming the largest part of the reserve with scattered bushes and boulders on rolling grasslands favoured by the plains game.
The Mara is perhaps best known for the Great Migration, which takes place every year July to Septemberr. During these months the yellow savannah is dotted black by more than 1.5 million wildebeest, zebra and antelopes that migrate from the Serengeti to the Mara in search of food and water.
Mara and Serengeti parks are interdependent wildlife havens. This is where the world’s largest multi-species migration takes place. The movement is, centered around the wildebeest migrating from Serengeti into Masai Mara during the dry period in Tanzania, crossing the mighty Mara River on their way. The Great Wildebeest Migration rightfully deserves its standing.
馬賽馬拉國家保護(hù)區(qū)(又譯作馬塞馬拉,Maasai Mara;Masai Mara)是肯尼亞西南部的一個大型獵物禁獵區(qū),位于肯尼亞裂谷省納羅克附近,與坦桑尼亞北部塞倫蓋蒂國家公園無縫對接。名稱來源于當(dāng)?shù)卦级ň诱?a target="_blank" rel="nofollow">馬賽人。經(jīng)過多次擴(kuò)大保護(hù)區(qū)的面積,目前保護(hù)區(qū)面積有1510平方公里[2]。
6 the Eiffel Tower
the only trip to the top of its kind in Europe, one where emotions carry you away. From the esplanade to the summit you will experience a whole series of emotions. Soak in the breathtakingly unique views of Paris from every floor, feel the goose bumps as you walk the glass floor on the 1st floor, experience the incredible ascent by stairway or lift, the indescribable awe at the tonnes of iron above you as you stand on the esplanade, the vertigo as you look down...
埃菲爾鐵塔(法語:La Tour Eiffel,也常稱為巴黎鐵塔)是位于法國巴黎戰(zhàn)神廣場的鐵制鏤空塔,世界著名建筑,也是法國文化象征之一,巴黎城市地標(biāo)之一,巴黎最高建筑物,得名自其設(shè)計師居斯塔夫·埃菲爾,屬于世界建筑史上的技術(shù)杰作。埃菲爾鐵塔也是世界上最多人付費(fèi)參觀的名勝古跡,2011年約有698萬人參觀,在2010年累計參觀人數(shù)已超過二億七千萬人。
埃菲爾鐵塔從1887年1月27日起建,分為三樓,分別在離地面57.6米、115.7米和276.1米處,其中一、二樓設(shè)有餐廳,第三樓建有觀景臺,從塔座到塔頂共有1,711級階梯,共用去鋼鐵7,000噸,12,000個金屬部件,250萬顆鉚釘,模仿人體的骨頭為建,極為壯觀屬于鏤空結(jié)構(gòu)鐵塔,塔高為300米,總高320米。
1889年5月15日,為給世界博覽會開幕典禮剪彩,鐵塔的設(shè)計師埃菲爾親手將法國國旗升上鐵塔的300米高空,由此,人們?yōu)榱思o(jì)念他對法國和巴黎的這一貢獻(xiàn),特別還在塔下為他塑造了一座半身銅像。
直到2004年1月16日,為申辦2012年夏季奧運(yùn)會,法國巴黎市政府特意在埃菲爾鐵塔上介紹了其為申奧所做出的準(zhǔn)備情況,而埃菲爾鐵塔更成為了該國申奧的“天然廣告”。這個為了世界博覽會而落成的金屬建筑,曾經(jīng)保持世界最高建筑45年,直到紐約克萊斯勒大樓的出現(xiàn)。
埃菲爾鐵塔由250萬個鉚釘連接固定。于塔的四個面上共刻有72個法國科學(xué)家、工程師與其他知名人士的名字,居斯塔夫·埃菲爾以此來銘記他們做出的貢獻(xiàn)。
7 Table Mountain
Table Mountain is a flat-topped?mountain?forming a prominent landmark overlooking the city of?Cape Town?in South Africa. It is a significant?tourist attraction, with many visitors using the?cableway?or hiking to the top. The mountain forms part of the?Table Mountain National Park. Table Mountain is home to a large array of fauna and flora, most of which is endemic.
桌山位于南非西開普省開普敦附近,是一座頂部平坦的沙巖山。海拔1,086米,大約形成于志留紀(jì)或奧陶紀(jì)。由于其頂部異常平坦且可以俯看開普敦半島,因此桌山成為了南非的一個著名的旅游景點。桌山有云覆蓋,云層是刮東南風(fēng)迅速形成的,它是高原植被繁茂的主要因素,5個高山水庫貯藏的水就是由冬天西北風(fēng)帶來的雨水,山頂?shù)?a target="_blank" rel="nofollow">年降雨量為1525毫米。
8 Bangkok
?is the capital and most populous city of the?Kingdom of Thailand. It is known in?Thaias?Krung Thep Maha Nakhon.?The city occupies 1,568.7 square kilometres (605.7?sq?mi) in the?Chao Phraya River?delta in?Central Thailand, and has a population of over 8 million, or 12.6 percent of the country's population. Over 14 million people (22.2 percent) lived within the surrounding?Bangkok Metropolitan Region?at the 2010 census,?making Bangkok an extreme?primate city, significantly dwarfing Thailand's other urban centres in terms of importance.
“Same same, but different. ”This Thailish T-shirt philosophy sums up Bangkok, a city where the familiar and the exotic collide like the flavours on a plate of?pàt tai.
是泰國首都和最大城市,別名“天使之城”,位于昭披耶河東岸,南臨暹羅灣,中南半島最大城市,東南亞第二大城市,為泰國政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、貿(mào)易、交通、文化、科技、教育、宗教與各方面中心。
曼谷是繁華的國際大都市,是貴金屬和寶石的交易中心。經(jīng)濟(jì)占泰國總量的44%,曼谷港承擔(dān)著泰國90%的外貿(mào)。曼谷旅游業(yè)十分發(fā)達(dá),被評選為2013全球最受歡迎旅游城市。[1]
曼谷是國際活動中心之一,每年有多達(dá)200~300起的各種國際會議在此舉行。城內(nèi)設(shè)有聯(lián)合國亞太經(jīng)社委員會總部、世界銀行、世界衛(wèi)生組織、國際勞工組織以及20多個國際機(jī)構(gòu)的區(qū)域辦事處。曼谷被譽(yù)為“佛教之都”,是“世界佛教聯(lián)誼會”總部及亞洲理工學(xué)院所在地。
參考網(wǎng)址
1 伊斯坦布爾:維基百科:Istanbul
2 馬耳他:維基百科:Malta
3 威尼斯:維基百科:Venice
4 大峽谷:維基百科:the Great Canyon,?官網(wǎng),VIDEOS
5?馬賽馬拉國家保護(hù)區(qū): 維基百科:the Masai Mara,introduction
6 埃菲爾鐵塔,官網(wǎng)