本文根據課程的視頻、課件、閱讀材料以及自己搜尋到的資料修訂而成。可能對你有幫助。少數幾處有改動或注解,部分為個人漢譯。如果要了解原始內容,請訪問相關鏈接。
- 課程地址
https://www.coursera.org/learn/project-management-basics/ - 參考網址
http://www.pmi.org
http://www.projectmanagement.com
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/pmp-exams/project_management_fundamentals.htm - 其他學員筆記
http://mooc.guokr.com/note/17131/
http://mooc.guokr.com/note/17221/
幾個基本概念
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項目:a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service or result
- 有一個可定義的目標(a definable goal)
- 有一系列相互關聯和依賴的活動和任務(interrelated and dependent activities and tasks)
- 有限的工期(finite in duration)
- 提供一個特別的產品、服務或信息(provides a unique product, service or information)
- 在一定的范圍、質量、成本、時間限制內進行(operates under scope, quality, cost and time constraints)
Project vs. Ongoing Work:后者屬于Process Improvement的世界,前者才屬于Project Management的世界。對于項目,我們也有一套process和tools搞定它。
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Constraints
S:它多大?包含什么?
Q:得多好?
C & T:(基于S & Q)花多少錢?多長時間?
你不可能在調整其中一項的同時不去調整其他任何一項。
四項“約束”
R:risk
R:resources
教授認為兩個R是代價和時間的子集 - 他的意思我可能沒完全搞懂,但想想確實有道理。
新五項“約束” -
Scope
scope以及如何制訂scope -
項目經理:the person assigned by the performing organization to achieve the project objectives。項目經理不必作為“a subject matter expert on every single element of the project”
- 項目經理應具備三項技能:專業技能、項目管理技能、領導技能。但所謂“專業技能”,并不要求達到技術經理如軟件開發中的開發經理程度,而重點在于理解業務,理解系統的構成,明白各人各部分工作如何連接成為整體。這樣,當出現某個“技術問題”時,項目經理能夠知道它是什么樣的問題而無需涉及技術細節、它在全局處于什么樣的地位、誰對此負責等。以上,光靠項目管理和領導力是達不到的。
- 項目經理扮演至少五種角色:
- 任務分配、調度人力資源
- 整合者、集成者(懂技術但不是技術專家)
- 心中有大畫面,同時能以合理的程度關照細節
- 能駕馭、斡旋政治,處理周全于利益環境
- 協調好項目團隊與職能部門之間的關系
項目管理:是將知識、技能、工具與技術應用于項目活動,以滿足項目的要求。至少包括規劃、排期、管理、協調、領導、溝通、控制。它通過合理運用和整合一系列(47個,劃分為5組,啟動、規劃、執行、監控、收尾)項目管理流程得以實現,涉及10大知識領域(項目整合、范圍、時間、成本、質量、人力資源、溝通、風險、采購、干系人管理)。
利益相關者
項目章程
所有當事人之間的協議(Agreement between all involved parties)
查看所有概要信息(One location for all overview information)
項目的定義(Definition of the project)
作為項目活動的指導(Guide for the project activities)
示例
閱讀材料
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Leading Causes of Project Failure: Insufficient Involvement
You can deliver late. You can over-spend. But only if you manage expectations along the way. Not manage those expectations and I'm equally amazed at how even one stakeholder can inflict serious pain on your project!
How do you manage expectations? Involvement. Stephen Covey has said, "No involvement, no commitment." Wise words for project managers. -
How To Get Project Stakeholders on Your Side
如何拉攏利益相關者站在你這邊
風險
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風險:一種不確定的事件或條件,一旦發生則會對一個或多個項目目標產生積極或消極的作用。所有項目都有風險,能預先知道最好不過,建議至少采用一種分析工具或方法論。基本四步:找出風險、分析風險、制訂計劃、一旦出現則減輕等。
- 從影響(impact)、可能性(probability)兩方面評估風險:
- 一旦發生會多糟糕;對項目影響又有多大;
- 在項目期間出現機率多大;導致某事失敗的可能性又有多大;
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其他
- 應急策略(Contingent Response Strategies):事先制定的、在某個特定觸發條件發生時可以啟動的應對措施
- 觸發條件(Trigger Condition):表明風險即將發生的事件或情形
- 觸發(trigger)的意義:1)能否看到風險即將發生;2)如何知道風險已經降臨項目并影響項目;
根據風險級別制訂決策和采取行動:1)識別哪些風險最影響項目;2)決定對抗還是減輕這些風險;3)制訂行動計劃;
表格
影響程度:1(微不足道)~5(將導致嚴重失敗)
可能性:1(機率低)~5(將明確發生)
風險|影響|可能性|總計|緩解|影響|可能性|總計
-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-
|||||||
WBS
- WBS(工作分解結構):是對項目團隊為實現項目目標、創建可交付成果而需要實施的全部工作范圍的層級分解。它組織并定義了項目的總范圍,代表著經批準的當前項目范圍說明書中所規定的工作。WBS將概括出:
- 產品范圍(things):某項產品、服務或成果所具有的特性和功能。
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項目范圍(work):為交付具有規定特性與功能的產品、服務或成果而必須完成的工作。項目范圍有時也包括產品范圍。
示例
- WBS的意義:
- 是項目規劃的基礎,尤其是里面的眾多任務
- 是項目的詳細圖解
- 它界定并估算人力資源成本
- 它清晰展示項目成員的任務分配情況
- 項目排期表建立在其詳細任務之上
- 如果某個條目你沒列在WBS中,你還得把它放在其他地方,例如很可能在WBS Dictionary或Task List。
- WBS詞典:是針對每個WBS組件,詳細描述可交付成果、活動和進度信息的文件。
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WBS最底層的工作是工作包。活動是完成工作包所需的投入,使項目團隊成員知道需要完成什么工作。任務是進一步分解并分配給某人的、一塊待開展或完成的工作。
幾個概念的層級關系
- 工作包把工作分解到什么程度:
- 只要足夠委派給一個人或一個小組
- 約4~40小時(僅供參考)
- 不同類型的WBS
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基于交付成果的WBS
基于交付成果的WBS -
基于活動的WBS
基于活動的WBS -
基于階段的WBS
基于階段的WBS
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基于交付成果的WBS
進度
術語
Critical Path
Generally, but not always, the sequence of schedule activities that determines the duration of the project. It is the longest path through the project.Total Float Time (Slack Time)
The total amount of time a schedule activity may be delayed from its early start date without delaying the project finish date or violating a schedule constraint.Free Float
The total amount of time a schedule activity can be delayed without delaying the early start of any immediately following schedule activities.Milestone
A zero duration task that designates significant events in the project.進度表的意義
把任務按時間軸串起來
作為項目的路線圖,可供項目管理、顧客、干系人使用或參考
溝通工具
跟蹤工具
如何制訂一份進度表?
- 把詳細任務摘進來
- 給任務添加工期
- 把任務排列成為依次進行或同時進行
- 給整個項目添加啟動和結束節點
- 給任務添加最早和最遲的開始和結束時間
- 給任務添加任何你想要添加的信息,如每個任務所對應的團隊成員的名字、成本
示例
- 進度表已經超出交付期限,怎么辦
- 趕工(Crashing),采用縮短活動工期、分配更多資源等方法來壓縮進度。如增加開發人力資源、外包、使用外部技術與產品等。一般會導致項目成本上升。
- 捷徑(Fast Tracking),改變網絡邏輯,使通常情況下按次序進行的各個階段重疊進行,或者并行開展活動。如一邊設計一邊建造、前提階段完成前便提前采購本階段所需資源等。一般會導致項目風險加大。
- 網絡邏輯(Network Logic):項目進度網絡圖中各進度活動之間的依賴關系的總稱
- 項目進度網絡圖(Project Schedule Network Diagram):表示項目進度活動之間邏輯關系的圖形
- 縮小范圍(Reduce Scope),免除一部分交付成果。
- 降低質量(Reduce Quality),以低于初始規定的水平提供交付成果,甚至是不在規定以內的成果。
項目領導
- 召開項目啟動會做什么
- 介紹團隊成員
- 澄清項目使命(mission)、定義(definition)、交付成果(deliverables)
- 答疑
- 交代或開始制訂項目計劃
疑問:需求評估、調研算不算項目的一部分?在立項之前還是立項之后?在提出需求之后隨即開始立項呢,還是在決定動工之后才開始立項呢?項目管理的知識似乎并不能解答應不應該做一個項目的嚴肅問題,似乎并沒有太多強調立項前論證、結項后驗證的環節及知識。這暗示著項目范圍不應該局限于“成功交付定義的交付成果”,還需覆蓋到“證明這些定義的交付成果是有價值的”。
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責任分配矩陣之RACI矩陣
責任分配矩陣 - 為什么團隊成員不愿意接受委派下來的任務
- 沒回報
- 不安感
- 缺少技能
- 就是不想做
- 對項目經理、組織不信任
- 評估團隊成員能否接受委派下來的任務的能力
- 日常工作職責
- 特殊技能
- 獨特的經歷背景和教育背景
- 歷史上接受委派下來的任務的情況
- 接受委派下來的任務的意愿
- 接受培訓、監管的意愿
- 以前在其他項目團隊的經歷
- 整體自信程度
- 被監控時通常的響應程度
- 個人追求和欲望
閱讀材料
|Accountability|Responsibility
-|-|-
Introduction|In ethics and governance, accountability is answerability, blameworthiness, liability, and the expectation of account-giving.|Responsibility may refer to: being in charge, being the owner of a task or event.
Explanation owed|Yes|Not necessarily
- It is Tom's responsibility to make sure there are supplies in the office room. So Tom will be aware of this task and keep bringing in more supplies before they run out. At this point, you cannot say Tom has been held accountable (answerable) for performing this task. Tom is responsible for the office supplies, but he is only held accountable — owes an explanation for his actions — if the supplies ever run out.
- Each one of us is ACCOUNTABLE on his/her responsibility.
- Responsibility is a task given, but can be refused, ignored, abandoned, not be performed or delayed...
- Accountability is a task that we cannot escape of, whether we like it or not....it is there and we will account..........
- Responsibility may be bestowed, but accountability must be taken. In other words, responsibility can be given or received, even assumed, but that doesn’t automatically guarantee that personal accountability will be taken. Which means that it’s possible to bear responsibility for something or someone but still lack accountability.
Clearly defining responsibilities is certainly essential, but encouraging people to go a step further and take personal accountability will secure better results every time.
- When people take accountability for results, not just doing their jobs, they take ownership for making sure the ball does not get dropped. Organizations often try to solve this problem by redefining responsibilities, reorganizing what people do, and restructuring the way work is done, only to find that changing where people sit in the organization, won’t necessarily change how they think. Accountability is a broader concept than responsibility, making it possible to keep things from “falling through the cracks” that always exist between the responsibility boxes on an organizational chart. When people take accountability, they are more likely to invest their hearts and minds in getting things done, allowing them to achieve results that often exceed expectations.
- Taking personal accountability means making “a personal choice to rise above one’s circumstances and demonstrate the ownership necessary for achieving desired results; to See It, Own It, Solve It, and Do It.” Accountability is something you do to yourself, not something that someone does to you. In short, you can be given responsibility, but you have to take accountability. One may be bestowed and assumed, but the other must be personally acquired and then actively applied.
- “Managers and supervisors are not accountable for everything in their organization. Responsibility charting ensures accountability is placed with the person who really can be accountable for specific work. Often this results in accountabilities for actions being moved down to the most appropriate level.”
- This is an important point. Accountability does not necessarily live at the very top but rather it is positioned at the most appropriate level, with the person who can be accountable for the work.
- The authors provide further elaboration on the definitions of Responsible and Accountable, as follows:
- The Accountable person is the individual who is ultimately answerable for the activity or decision. This includes “yes” or “no” authority and veto power. Only one Accountable person can be assigned to an action.
- The Responsible person is the individual(s) who actually complete the task. The Responsible person is responsible for action/implementation. Responsibility can be shared. The degree of responsibility is determined by the individual with the “Accountability”.
- Clear determination of the projects’ roles and responsibilities (by publishing a detailed RACI matrix) can go a long way towards eliminating any ambiguities and misunderstandings. An up-front determination of Accountabilities and Responsibilities is just the beginning, and this needs tube followed by a clear communication and acceptance of these roles and responsibilities by the assignees.
- Blame games and apportioning of faults can only thrive in an environment where it has never been clear who is responsible and who is accountable. If these are not properly communicated there’s a good chance it is you, the project manager, who will be asked to respond to the “please explain” note from the project sponsor.
監控
- 跟蹤需要:
1)項目進度表,告訴你此時項目應該走到哪了;
2)溝通規劃表,告訴你此時項目實際走到哪了;
溝通規劃表 - 掙值法
- 計劃價值(PV):為計劃工作分配的經批準的預算;
- 掙值(EV):已完成工作的經批準的預算;
- 實際成本(AC):已完成工作而發生的總成本。
- EV>PV,說明進度超前,否則落后;
-
AC>EV,說明花費超支,否則結余;
掙值法 - 項目脫軌怎么辦?檢查:
- S,Q,C,T
- 策略
- 估算
- 匯報進度和花費
- 人的因素:團隊、組織、顧客、其他干系人
收尾檢查單
- 項目完工
- 檢查是否所有的退出標準均已滿足
- 退出標準(exit criteria):Conditions that must be fulfilled in order for a process to be considered complete.
- 確認是否所有的交付成果均已給到顧客
- 確認顧客滿意度
- 收尾的所有細節
- 與團隊開收尾會
- 收尾財務的
- 收尾分包合同
- 收尾其他財務細節
- 收尾支持和行政,以及雜務
- 通知所有提供支持的職能部門項目已完工
- 中止所有剩余的項目標識號
- 把分配給項目的地方空出來
- 收尾項目團隊
- 通知團隊成員項目已完工
- 通知職能經理項目已完工
- 審查項目成功
- 審查項目文件
- 審查項目的財務表現并建立文檔
- 審查什么進展順利、做得好
- 審查什么進展不順,什么本可以做得更好
- 認可、嘉獎、慶祝
- 發現和認可所有人為項目付出什么
- 合理地給人嘉獎
- 慶祝項目完工