這篇文章是關于心智的，是費曼學習公式那篇文章文末提到的成長型思維和固定型人格的思維，文章來源于Farnam Street.
目錄：
1.關于Dweck教授的研究
2.兩種心智：固定型和成長型
3.心智決定了我們對努力的看法
4.成長型心智讓人堅毅
4.改變夸獎方法培育孩子的成長型心智
1.關于Dweck教授的研究
Carol Dweck: A Summary of The Two Mindsets And The Power of Believing That You Can Improve
兩種心智的摘要，相信你可以不斷成長的力量
Carol Dweck studies human motivation. She spends her days diving into why people succeed (or don’t) and what’s within our control to foster success.
Carol Dweck教授研究人類動機。她貢獻了一生深入研究人們為什么成功（或為什么不成功）以及我們可以控制的孕育成功的因素。
As she describes it: “My work bridges developmental psychology, social psychology, and personality psychology, and examines the self-conceptions (or mindsets) people use to structure the self and guide their behavior. My research looks at the origins of these mindsets, their role in motivation and self-regulation, and their impact on achievement and interpersonal processes.”
正如她描述的：“我的工作涵蓋了發展心理學、社會心理學、人格心理學，以及測試人們用來構建自我及引導行為的人格。我的研究關注于這些心智的本源，它們在動機及自律方面的作用，它們在個人成就及人際關系方面的影響。“
Her inquiry into our beliefs is synthesized in Mindset: The New Psychology of Success. The book takes us on a journey into how our conscious and unconscious thoughts affect us and how something as simple as wording can have a powerful impact on our ability to improve.
她的關于我們信念的優秀都在《Mindset：The New Psychology of Success》一書里。這本書將告訴我們：我們的有意識及潛意識的想法是如何影響我們的，像言語一樣簡單的事情是如何對于提升我們的能力有巨大影響的。
Dweck’s work shows the power of our most basic beliefs. Whether conscious or subconscious, they strongly “affect what we want and whether we succeed in getting it.” Much of what we think we understand of our personality comes from our “mindset.” This both propels us and prevents us from fulfilling our potential.
Dweck的工作向我們展示我們最基礎的信念的力量。無論是有意識的還是無意識的，他們都強烈的影響著我們的愿望以及我們是否能實現它。“大多數我們對于人格的理解來源于我們的”心智“。這兩種心智都推動或阻止我們發掘我們的潛力。
In Mindset: The New Psychology of Success, Dweck writes:
在《 Mindset: The New Psychology of Success》一書里，Dweck寫道：
What are the consequences of thinking that your intelligence or personality is something you can develop, as opposed to something that is a fixed, deep-seated trait?
當你相信智力或者人格是你可以發展時，這種信念的作用是什么？相反的，當你相信它們是固定的，又有什么影響呢？
2.兩種心智
The Two Mindsets
Carol Dweck Two Mindsets
Your view of yourself can determine everything. If you believe that your qualities are unchangeable — the fixed mindset — you will want to prove yourself correct over and over rather than learning from your mistakes.
所有的事情都取決于你對自己的看法。如果你相信品質是固定的—-固定型心智—-你將會一遍又一遍的證明自己正確而不是從錯誤中學習。
In Mindset, Dweck writes:
If you have only a certain amount of intelligence, a certain personality, and a certain moral character— well, then you’d better prove that you have a healthy dose of them. It simply wouldn’t do to look or feel deficient in these most basic characteristics.
如果你的智力固定，人格固定，道德也是固定的—-那你最好證明它們都是健康的。這樣才不會輕易的看到這些最基礎的特質的不足。
[…]
I’ve seen so many people with this one consuming goal of proving themselves— in the classroom, in their careers, and in their relationships. Every situation calls for a confirmation of their intelligence, personality, or character. Every situation is evaluated: Will I succeed or fail? Will I look smart or dumb? Will I be accepted or rejected? Will I feel like a winner or a loser?我看過太多人，都強烈地想證明自己，無論是在教室、職業生涯還是他們的婚姻里。生活中每個場景是在確認他們的智力、人格、品質。每個情景都被評價：我會成功還是失敗？我看起來聰明還是愚蠢？我會被接受還是被拒絕？我是贏家還是輸家？
These things are culturally desirable. We value intelligence, personality, and character. It’s normal to want this. But …
In Mindset, Dweck writes:
這些都是人們的愿望。我們看重智力、人格及品質。這樣的行為是正常的，但是在《 Mindset》里，Dweck寫道：
There’s another mindset in which these traits are not simply a hand you’re dealt and have to live with, always trying to convince yourself and others that you have a royal flush when you’re secretly worried it’s a pair of tens. In this mindset, the hand you’re dealt is just the starting point for development. This growth mindset is based on the belief that your basic qualities are things you can cultivate through your efforts.
另外一種心智，你認為這些品質不單是一手你擁有的且可以交易的牌，當擔心它是一對十的時候，努力讓別人自己和別人相信你手持同花大順。在這種心智里，你手里的牌只是發展的起點。成長型心智就是基于這樣一個信念—-你的基礎能力都是可以通過努力培養的。
Changing our beliefs can have a powerful impact. The growth mindset creates a powerful passion for learning. “Why waste time proving over and over how great you are,” Dweck writes, “when you could be getting better?”
改變觀念有巨大的影響。成長型心智給學習創造了無比的激情。Dweck說：“當你可以變得更好的時候，為什么要浪費時間一遍又一遍地證明你是多么偉大？”
Why hide deficiencies instead of overcoming them? Why look for friends or partners who will just shore up your self-esteem instead of ones who will also challenge you to grow? And why seek out the tried and true, instead of experiences that will stretch you? The passion for stretching yourself and sticking to it, even (or especially) when it’s not going well, is the hallmark of the growth mindset. This is the mindset that allows people to thrive during some of the most challenging times in their lives.
為什么要掩飾缺點，而不是克服它們？為什么要找那些增強你自尊的伙伴，而不是挑戰你，讓你成長的？為什么要脫探索已經嘗試過得的，真的，而不是那些充分拓展你的能力的？擁有激情拓展能力，并且堅持吸取，特別是有困難的時候，這些事成長型心智的標志。這種心智讓人們在最困難的時刻崛起。
3.心智決定了我們對努力的看法
Our ideas about risk and effort come from our mindset. Some people realize the value of challenging themselves, they want to put in the effort to learn and grow, a great example of this is The Buffett Formula. Others, however, would rather avoid the effort feeling like it doesn’t matter.
我們關于風險和努力的想法都來自于我們的心智。一些人感受到了挑戰自我的價值，他們為了學習和成長，付出努力。一個偉大的例子便是巴菲特公式。而其他人，覺得不努力也沒什么。
In Mindset, Dweck writes:
We often see books with titles like The Ten Secrets of the World’s Most Successful People crowding the shelves of bookstores, and these books may give many useful tips. But they’re usually a list of unconnected pointers, like “Take more risks !” or “Believe in yourself!” While you’re left admiring people who can do that, it’s never clear how these things fit together or how you could ever become that way. So you’re inspired for a few days, but basically the world’s most successful people still have their secrets.
我們經常看到書店的書架上充滿了“世界上最成功人士的10個秘密”這樣的書，這些書里可能有有用的建議。但是經常是沒有關聯的清單，像”冒更多險“或”相信你自己”。當你尊敬的人是那樣的，可是它卻沒說清楚它們之間的聯系，或者你如何才能那樣。所以剛開始幾天，你很受鼓勵，然而世界上最成功的人始終有秘密。
Instead, as you begin to understand the fixed and growth mindsets, you will see exactly how one thing leads to another— how a belief that your qualities are carved in stone leads to a host of thoughts and actions, and how a belief that your qualities can be cultivated leads to a host of different thoughts and actions, taking you down an entirely different road.
然而，當你開始明白固定型和成長型心智，你會看清一件事是如何影響另一件事。一個認為品質是固定的想法是如何產生許多的想法和行動，而一個認為品質是可以積累的想法如何產生另外許多不同的想法和行動，引導你走上另一條不同的路。
[…]
Sure, people with the fixed mindset have read the books that say: Success is about being your best self, not about being better than others; failure is an opportunity, not a condemnation ; effort is the key to success. But they can’t put this into practice because their basic mindset— their belief in fixed traits— is telling them something entirely different: that success is about being more gifted than others, that failure does measure you, and that effort is for those who can’t make it on talent.
可以肯定的是，那些固定型心智的人讀過這本書，即使書里說：成功是成為最好的自己，而不是比別人好；失敗是機會，不是定罪；努力是成功的鑰匙。那些固定型心智的人也不會去實踐的，因為他們固定的心智——我們相信能力是固定的。他們會翻譯成別的話：成功是比別人更有天賦，失敗是在判斷你，努力是給那些沒有天賦的人。
4.成長型心智讓人堅毅
The mindset affects creativity too.
心智也影響創造力。
In Mindset, Dweck writes:
The other thing exceptional people seem to have is a special talent for converting life’s setbacks into future successes. Creativity researchers concur. In a poll of 143 creativity researchers, there was wide agreement about the number one ingredient in creative achievement. And it was exactly the kind of perseverance and resilience produced by the growth mindset.
另外一件事是，那些異常優秀的人用一種特殊的天賦，一種能將挫折轉化為未來成功的天賦。有創造力的研究者也同意。在一個143人創造性的研究者的投票了，大部分人都同意在創造性的成就里是有一個重要的因素的。那就是成長型心智產生的堅韌不拔。
In fact Dweck takes this stoic approach, writing: “in the growth mindset, failure can be a painful experience. But it doesn’t define you. It’s a problem to be faced, dealt with, and learned from.”
事實上Dweck一直有這種堅韌，寫到：“在成長型心智里，失敗雖是痛苦的經歷，但并不說明你是誰。它是我們可以解決。處理、從中學習的問題。”
We can still learn from our mistakes. The legendary basketball coach John Wooden says that you’re not a failure until you start to assign blame. That’s when you stop learning from your mistakes – you deny them.
我們可以從錯誤中學習。傳奇籃球教練John Wooden說過，如果你開始抱怨，那你就是個失敗者。那也是你停止從錯誤中吸取經驗的時候，你逃避失敗。
5.改變夸獎方法培育孩子的成長型心智
In this TED talk, Dweck describes “two ways to think about a problem that’s slightly too hard for you to solve.” Operating in this space — just outside of your comfort zone — is the key to improving your performance. It’s also the critical element to deliberate practice. People approach these problems with the two mindsets …. “Are you not smart enough to solve it …. or have you just not solved it yet.”
在2014年的TED演講里，Dweck解釋道：“兩種方法來考慮那些對于你來說很難解決的問題.”遠離你的舒適區，是提升你成績的關鍵。它也是可以練習的關鍵。人們處理這些問題時有兩種心智：“你不夠聰明來解決這個問題…或者，你只是還沒解決這個而已。”
Speaking to the cultural pressure to raise our kids for now instead of not yet, in the TED talk Dweck says:
談到文化的壓力，我們采用“now”思維培養孩子，而不是“not yet”思維。
The power of yet.
“還沒有”的力量。
I heard about a high school in Chicago where students had to pass a certain number of courses to graduate, and if they didn’t pass a course, they got the grade “Not Yet.” And I thought that was fantastic, because if you get a failing grade, you think, I’m nothing, I’m nowhere. But if you get the grade “Not Yet” you understand that you’re on a learning curve. It gives you a path into the future.
我聽說一所在芝加哥的高中必須通過一定數量的課程才能畢業，如果他們沒有通過，他們會獲得“還沒有”分數“。我認為那很棒，因為如果你得到一個確定的不及格的分數，你會想，我什么都不是。但是如果你得到”還沒有“分數，會覺得還在一個學習曲線，給你一條通向未來的路。
“Not Yet” also gave me insight into a critical event early in my career, a real turning point. I wanted to see how children coped with challenge and difficulty, so I gave 10-year-olds problems that were slightly too hard for them. Some of them reacted in a shockingly positive way. They said things like, “I love a challenge,” or, “You know, I was hoping this would be informative.” They understood that their abilities could be developed. They had what I call a growth mindset. But other students felt it was tragic, catastrophic. From their more fixed mindset perspective, their intelligence had been up for judgment and they failed. Instead of luxuriating in the power of yet, they were gripped in the tyranny of now.
“還沒有”給了我一個靈感，是我早期生涯的轉折點。我想知道孩子們是如何處理挑戰和困難的，所以我給了他們對他們稍微難的問題。一些人相當處理的相當積極，他們認為“我喜歡挑戰”，或者“你知道，我想這會提供有用的信息”。他們明白能力是逐漸發展的。他們擁有我所說的成長型心智。但是另外一些學生覺得那是災難。從他們更固定的心智的觀點來說，他們的智力到達了評判點，他們失敗了。與享受“還沒有”的力量相反，他們被“現在”的力量牢牢抓住。
So what do they do next? I’ll tell you what they do next. In one study, they told us they would probably cheat the next time instead of studying more if they failed a test. In another study, after a failure, they looked for someone who did worse than they did so they could feel really good about themselves. And in study after study, they have run from difficulty. Scientists measured the electrical activity from the brain as students confronted an error. On the left, you see the fixed mindset students. There’s hardly any activity. They run from the error. They don’t engage with it. But on the right, you have the students with the growth mindset, the idea that abilities can be developed. They engage deeply. Their brain is on fire with yet. They engage deeply. They process the error. They learn from it and they correct it.
那接下來他們會做什么呢？我會告訴你的。在一個研究里，他們告訴我們，如果考試不及格，下次將會作弊而不是努力學習。另一個研究里，經歷失敗之后，他們會注意那些比他們更差的學生，那樣就可以自我感覺良好了。一次又一次的學習后，他們逃避錯誤。科學家測試了這些學生面對困難是的大腦電活動。左邊是那些固定型心智的學生，幾乎沒什么活動。他們逃避錯誤，不參與其中。但是右邊那些成長型心智的學生，認為能力是可以發展的。我們深入地參與其中。他們的大腦被”還沒有“激活了。他們投入地參與其中，他們處理錯誤，從中學習并糾正錯誤。
It’s easy to fall into the trap of now. Our kids become obsessed with getting A’s – they dream of the next test to prove themselves instead of dreaming big like Elon Musk. A by-product of this is that we’re making them dependent on the validation that we’re giving them — the gamification of children.
很容易就能掉到“現在”的陷阱里。我們的孩子沉迷于獲得好成績。他們渴望下次的考試證明自己，而不是像Elon Musk那樣擁有宏圖大志。這樣做的副產品是，我們讓他們依賴我們給他們的確認。孩子們游戲化了。
What can we do about this? Don’t praise intelligence or talent, praise the work ethic.
針對這個現象，我們該怎么做？不要贊揚他們的天賦或者智力，夸獎他們的努力。
We can praise wisely, not praising intelligence or talent. That has failed. Don’t do that anymore. But praising the process that kids engage in: their effort, their strategies, their focus, their perseverance, their improvement. This process praise creates kids who are hardy and resilient.
我們要機智地夸獎他們，不要夸獎他們的智力或者天賦。那樣已經失敗了。不要在那樣做了。而是夸獎他們參與的過程：他們的努力，他們的策略，專心，他們的堅韌，他們的進步。這樣的夸獎讓孩子變得努力、堅韌。
How we word things affects confidence, the words ‘yet’ or ‘not yet,’ “give kids greater confidence, give them a path into the future that creates greater persistence.” We can change mindsets.
我們的說話方式影響著我們的自信，“然而”或“還沒有”這樣的話讓孩子更加自信，讓他們未來更加堅韌。我們可以改變心智。
In one study, we taught them that every time they push out of their comfort zone to learn something new and difficult, the neurons in their brain can form new, stronger connections, and over time they can get smarter. … students who were not taught this growth mindset continued to show declining grades over this difficult school transition, but those who were taught this lesson showed a sharp rebound in their grades. We have shown this now, this kind of improvement, with thousands and thousands of kids, especially struggling students.
在一個研究里，我們教育學生，每次他們遠離舒適區，學習一些新的、難的知識，大腦里的神經與可以形成新的、更強的連接，逐漸的，他們會更加聰明。而沒有被告訴這種成長型心智的人，在向困難的學科過渡的時候，成績逐漸下降。而被教育過的學生的成績大幅度提升。我們知道，成千上萬的學生，尤其是那些在針扎的學習，都有了這樣的提升。
Mindset: The New Psychology of Success is a must read for anyone looking to explore our mindset and how we can influence it to be a little better. Carol Dweck’s work is simply outstanding.
《Mindset: The New Psychology of Success》對于那些想要探索心智，以及我們如何改變它而變得更好的人，是一本必讀書籍。 Carol Dweck的研究非常優秀的。
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