Kotlin 進階之路 目錄

高階函數的基本概念

• 傳入或者返回函數的函數
• 函數引用 ::println
• 帶有Receiver的引用 pdfPrinter::println

fun main(args: Array<String>) {

    val country = arrayOf("Britain", "France", "China", "Japan", "American", "Germany")
    //1.直接引用
    country.forEach(::println)
    println("--------------------------------")

    //2.類名引用    Hello類名 String::isNotEmpty  String 類名 
    val helloWorld = Hello::world
    country.filter(String::isNotEmpty).forEach(::println)

    println("--------------------------------")
    //3.調用者引用方法
    val pdfPrinter = PdfPrinter()
    country.forEach(pdfPrinter::println)
}

class PdfPrinter {
    fun println(any: Any) {
        kotlin.io.println(any)
    }
}

class Hello {
    fun world() {
        println("Hello World.")
    }
}

Britain
France
China
Japan
American
Germany
--------------------------------
Britain
France
China
Japan
American
Germany
--------------------------------
Britain
France
China
Japan
American
Germany

常見高階函數

• map/flatMap
• fold/reduce
• filter/takeWhile
• let/apply/with/use

fun main(args: Array<String>) {
    val list = listOf(1, 3, 4, 5, 10, 8, 2)

    //常規寫法 啰嗦
//    val newList = ArrayList<Int>()
//    list.forEach {
//        val newElement = it * 2 + 3
//        newList.add(newElement)
//    }

    println("----------------map----------------")
    //高階函數
    val newList = list.map { it * 2 + 3 }
    newList.forEach(::println)

    val newList2 = list.map(Int::toDouble)
    newList2.forEach(::println)

    println("----------------flatMap----------------")
    val list3 = listOf(1..4, 2..6, 100..102)
    list3.forEach(::println)

    val flatList = list3.flatMap { it }
    flatList.forEach(::println)


    val flatList2 = list3.flatMap { intRange ->
        intRange.map { intElement -> "No.$intElement" }
    }
    flatList2.forEach(::println)

    println("----------------求和----------------")
    println(flatList.reduce { acc, i -> acc + i })

    println("----------------求階乘----------------")
    (0..6).map(::factorial).forEach(::println)

    println("----------------fold 給一個初始值，各階乘求和----------------")
    println((0..6).map(::factorial).fold(5) { acc, i ->
        acc + i
    })

    println("----------------fold 拼接----------------")
    println((0..6).map(::factorial).fold(StringBuilder()) { acc, i ->
        acc.append(i).append(",")
    })
    println("----------------joinToString 拼接----------------")
    println((0..6).joinToString(","))

    println("----------------foldRight倒著拼接----------------")
    println((0..6).map(::factorial).foldRight(StringBuilder()) { i, acc ->
        acc.append(i).append(",")
    })
    println("----------------filter 過濾 值符合條件的數----------------")
    println((0..6).map(::factorial).filter { it % 2 == 1 })

    println("----------------filterIndexed 過濾數所在位置符合條件的數----------------")
    println((0..6).map(::factorial).filterIndexed { index, i -> index % 2 == 1 })

    println("----------------takeWhile 取符合條件的數直到----------------")
    println((0..6).map(::factorial).takeWhile { it % 2 == 1 })

}

fun factorial(n: Int): Int {
    if (n == 0) return 1
    return (1..n).reduce { acc, i -> acc * i }
}

----------------map----------------
5
9
11
13
23
19
7
1.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
10.0
8.0
2.0
----------------flatMap----------------
1..4
2..6
100..102
1
2
3
4
2
3
4
5
6
100
101
102
No.1
No.2
No.3
No.4
No.2
No.3
No.4
No.5
No.6
No.100
No.101
No.102
----------------求和----------------
333
----------------求階乘----------------
1
1
2
6
24
120
720
----------------fold 給一個初始值，各階乘求和----------------
879
----------------fold 拼接----------------
1,1,2,6,24,120,720,
----------------joinToString 拼接----------------
0,1,2,3,4,5,6
----------------foldRight倒著拼接----------------
720,120,24,6,2,1,1,
----------------filter 過濾 值符合條件的數----------------
[1, 1]
----------------filterIndexed 過濾數所在位置符合條件的數----------------
[1, 6, 120]
----------------takeWhile 取符合條件的數直到----------------
[1, 1]

import java.io.BufferedReader
import java.io.FileReader

data class Person(val name: String, val age: Int) {
    fun work() {
        println("$name is working!!!")
    }
}

fun main(args: Array<String>) {
    println("----------------let----------------")
    findPerson()?.let { person ->
        println(person.name)
        println(person.age)
    }

    findPerson()?.let { (name, age) ->
        println(name)
        println(age)
    }
    findPerson()?.let { person ->
        person.work()
        println(person.age)
    }
    println("----------------apply----------------")
    findPerson()?.apply {
        work()
        println(age)
    }
    println("----------------with----------------")
    val br = BufferedReader(FileReader("E:\\hello.txt"))
    with(br) {
        var line: String?
        while (true) {
            line = readLine() ?: break
            println(line)
        }
        close()
    }


    println("----------------use----------------")
    BufferedReader(FileReader("E:\\hello.txt")).use {
        var line: String?
        while (true) {
            line = it.readLine() ?: break
            println(line)
        }
    }
    println("----------------readText----------------")
    val brNew = BufferedReader(FileReader("E:\\hello.txt")).readText()
    println(brNew)
}

fun findPerson(): Person? {
    return Person("John", 28)
}

----------------let----------------
John
28
John
28
John is working!!!
28
----------------apply----------------
John is working!!!
28
----------------with----------------
你好！
----------------use----------------
你好！
----------------readText----------------
你好！

尾遞歸優化

• 遞歸的一種特殊形式
• 調用自身后無其他操作
• tailrec關鍵字提示編譯器尾遞歸優化
• 尾遞歸與迭代的關系

data class ListNode(val value: Int, var next: ListNode? = null)

 tailrec fun findListNode(head: ListNode?, value: Int): ListNode? {
    head ?: return null
    if (head.value == value) return head
    return findListNode(head.next, value)
}


data class TreeNode(val value: Int) {
    var left: TreeNode? = null
    var right: TreeNode? = null
}

fun findTreeNode(root: TreeNode?, value: Int): TreeNode? {
    root ?: return null
    if (root.value == value) return root
    return findTreeNode(root.left, value) ?: return findTreeNode(root.right, value)
}

fun main(args: Array<String>) {
    val MAX_NODE_COUNT = 100000
    val head = ListNode(0)
    var p = head
    for (i in 1..MAX_NODE_COUNT) {
        p.next = ListNode(i)
        p = p.next!!
    }

    println(findListNode(head, MAX_NODE_COUNT - 2)?.value)
}

99998

注：當MAX_NODE_COUNT數很大 而去掉 tailrec關鍵字，會報錯
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.StackOverflowError
at chapter5.tailrecursive.MainKt.findListNode(Main.kt:8)
at chapter5.tailrecursive.MainKt.findListNode(Main.kt:8)
at chapter5.tailrecursive.MainKt.findListNode(Main.kt:8)
at chapter5.tailrecursive.MainKt.findListNode(Main.kt:8)
at chapter5.tailrecursive.MainKt.findListNode(Main.kt:8)
at chapter5.tailrecursive.MainKt.findListNode(Main.kt:8)
at chapter5.tailrecursive.MainKt.findListNode(Main.kt:8)
at chapter5.tailrecursive.MainKt.findListNode(Main.kt:8)

閉包

• 函數運行的環境
• 持有函數運行狀態
• 函數內部可以定義函數
• 函數內部也可以定義類

fun fibonacci(): Iterable<Long> {
    var first = 0L
    var second = 1L
    return Iterable {
        object : LongIterator() {
            override fun nextLong(): Long {
                val result = second
                second += first
                first = second - first
                return result
            }

            override fun hasNext() = true
        }
    }
}

fun main(args: Array<String>) {

    for (i in fibonacci()) {
        if (i > 100) break
        println(i)
    }
    println("--------------------------------")
    val add5 = add(5)
    println(add5(2))
}

fun add(x: Int): (Int) -> Int {
    data class Person(val name: String, val age: Int)
    return fun(y: Int): Int {
        return x + y
    }
}

1
2
3
5
8
13
21
34
55
89
--------------------------------
7

函數復合

• f(g(x))
• 如何實現函數符合
• 回顧:infix的使用

val add5 = { i: Int -> i + 5 } //f(x)
val multiplyBy2 = { i: Int -> i * 2 }//g(x)

fun main(args: Array<String>) {
    println(multiplyBy2(add5(8))) //（5 + 8）* 2
    val add5AndMultiplyBy2 = add5 andThen multiplyBy2
    val add5ComposeMultiplyBy2 = add5 compose multiplyBy2
    println(add5AndMultiplyBy2(8)) //m(x) =f(g(x))
    println(add5ComposeMultiplyBy2(8)) //m(x)=g(f(x))
}

/**
 * P1 是參數
 * P2 是參數
 * R  是回調參數
 * */
infix fun <P1, P2, R> Function1<P1, P2>.andThen(function: Function1<P2, R>): Function1<P1, R> {
    return fun(p1: P1): R {
        return function.invoke(this.invoke(p1))
    }
}

infix fun <P1, P2, R> Function1<P2, R>.compose(function: Function1<P1, P2>): Function1<P1, R> {
    return fun(p1: P1): R {
        return this.invoke(function.invoke(p1))
    }
}

26
26
21

Currying

• 理解Currying的概念

- 簡單說就是多元函數變換成一元函數調用鏈

• 了解Currying的實現方法

import java.io.OutputStream

fun log(tag: String, target: OutputStream, message: Any?) {
    target.write("[$tag] $message\n".toByteArray())
}

//原方案
//fun log(tag:String)
//   = fun(target:OutputStream)
//   = fun(message:Any?)
//   = target.write("[$tag] $message\n".toByteArray())

//curried方案
fun <P1, P2, P3, R> Function3<P1, P2, P3, R>.curried() = fun(p1: P1) = fun(p2: P2) = fun(p3: P3) = this(p1, p2, p3)

fun main(args: Array<String>) {
    log("kpioneer", System.out, "HelloWorld")
    //  log("kpioneer")(System.out)("HelloWorld Again.")
    ::log.curried()("kpioneer")(System.out)("HelloWorld Again.")
}

[kpioneer] HelloWorld
[kpioneer] HelloWorld Again.

偏函數

• 理解偏函數的概念

- 傳入部分參數得到新的函數

• 仔細體會與Currying的不同
• 了解偏函數的實現方法

import java.io.OutputStream
import java.nio.charset.Charset

fun log(tag: String, target: OutputStream, message: Any?) {
    target.write("[$tag] $message\n".toByteArray())
}

//原方案
//fun log(tag:String)
//   = fun(target:OutputStream)
//   = fun(message:Any?)
//   = target.write("[$tag] $message\n".toByteArray())

//curried方案
fun <P1, P2, P3, R> Function3<P1, P2, P3, R>.curried() = fun(p1: P1) = fun(p2: P2) = fun(p3: P3) = this(p1, p2, p3)

fun main(args: Array<String>) {
//    log("kpioneer", System.out, "HelloWorld")
//    //  log("kpioneer")(System.out)("HelloWorld Again.")
//    ::log.curried()("kpioneer")(System.out)("HelloWorld Again.")
//
//    val consoleLogWithTag = (::log.curried())("kpioneer")(System.out)
//    consoleLogWithTag("HelloWorld Again.")

    val bytes = "我是中國人".toByteArray(charset("GBK"))
    val stringFromGBK = makeStringFromGbkByte(bytes)
    println(stringFromGBK)
}

val makeString = fun(byteArray: ByteArray, charset: Charset): String {
    return String(byteArray, charset)
}
val makeStringFromGbkByte = makeString.partial2(charset("GBK"))

fun <P1, P2, R> Function2<P1, P2, R>.partial2(p2: P2) = fun(p1: P1) = this(p1, p2)

我是中國人