一、名詞性從句的結構和功能總述
名詞性從句包括主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。名詞性從句是一種具有名詞功能的非獨立分句。名詞性從句主要有四種從句結構:?
以 that 引導的從句;
以 whether/if 引導的從句;
以特殊疑問詞 who, where, why 等引導的從句;
以 what 或 wh-ever 等引導的名詞性從句。
此外, as if/as though 也可引導表語從句。
具體用法見下表:
題組訓練 完成下列句子
①Can you tell me how I can (我如何能)get to the railway station?
②These photographs will show you what our village looks/is like (我們村看上去是什么樣子的).
二、以 that 引導的從句
(一)主語從句
1. that 從句作主語時, 常用 it 作形式主語, 常見的句型有:
(1) It + be + 形容詞(obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.) + that 從句。
It is certain that she will do well in her exam.
可以肯定她會考得很好。
It is probable that he told her everything.
很可能他把一切告訴了她。
(2)It + be + 名詞(詞組)(no wonder, an honor, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.) + that 從句。
It's no surprise that our team has won the game.
我們隊已經贏了那場比賽并不令人驚奇。
(3) It + be + 過去分詞( said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged, etc.) + that 從句。
It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing.
據說格林先生已經到北京了。
It is decided that the meeting has been put off till next Monday.
已經定下來了, 會議推遲到下周一了。
2. 在口語中, that 常可省略, 尤其是在非常短的句子中, 但that 從句位于句首時, that 是不能省略的。
It's a pity (that) you're leaving. 你要離開, 真遺憾。
That we are invited to the concert this evening is good news to us.
我們被邀請去參加今晚的音樂會, 這對我們來說是個好消息。
(二)賓語從句
1. 常見的可以接 that 從句作賓語的動詞有 see, say, know, imagine, discover, believe, tell, show, think, consider 等。在可以接復合賓語的動詞(如: think, make, consider 等)之后, 可以用it 作形式賓語。
Do you know (that) he has joined the army?
你知道他參軍了嗎?
We think it highly probable that he is dead.
我們認為他很可能死了。
We consider it necessary that he should improve his pronunciation.
他應當改進他的發音, 我們認為這是必要的。
He has made it clear that he will not give in.
他不會屈服的, 這一點他已明確表示了。
2. that 從句一般不能充當介詞賓語, 偶爾可作except, in 的賓語。
He is a good student except that he is a little bit careless.
他是個好學生, 就是有點粗心。
He differed from his classmates in that he devoted his spare time to reading. 他和他的同學不同的地方在于他把空閑時間用在了讀書上。
其他介詞后面需要用that 從句作賓語時, 需用it 作形式賓語。
You may depend on it that I shall always help you.
你可以相信我會一直幫助你的。
(三)表語從句
that 引導表語從句時, 一般不省略。
My decision is that all of us are to start at 6 o'clock tomorrow morning.
我的決定是我們所有人明天早上6 點出發。
(四)同位語從句
that 引導同位語從句時, 用在某些抽象名詞( 如: fact, hope, desire, thought, suggestion, idea, news, problem, possibility 等)之后, 對前面的名詞起補充說明的作用, that 只起引導同位語從句的作用, 在從句中不充當任何成分, 一般不省略。
There's a feeling in me that we'll meet again.
我有一種感覺, 我們會再見面。
(五)that 引導的同位語從句與that 引導的定語從句的區別
that 引導同位語從句時, 應放在某些抽象名詞(如: news, word(消息), idea, fact, hope, desire, thought 等)之后, 對前面的名詞起補充說明的作用, that 在從句中不充當任何成分, that 引導的同位語從句是完整的, 不缺任何成分。
that 引導定語從句時, 一方面起引導定語從句的作用, 另一方面, that 在定語從句中充當主語、賓語或表語。因此, that 引導的定語從句的成分是殘缺的。
The news that our football team won the match was encouraging.(同位語從句, 不缺任何成分)
我們足球隊贏了那場比賽的消息令人鼓舞。
The news (that) we heard on the radio was not true.(定語從句, 缺少賓語)
我們在收音機里聽到的那則消息不是真的。
題組訓練 單句填空
③It is obvious to the students that they should get well prepared for their future.
④The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.
三、以 whether/if (是否) 引導的從句
(一)表語從句和同位語從句常用 whether 引導不用 if; 當主語從句放于句首時, 也常用 whether 引導不用 if;當 it 作形式主語, 主語從句放在后面時, 用 whether 或 if 引導均可, 但是如果被后置的主語從句中含有表選擇意義的 or not 時常用 whether。
Whether the meeting will be held is still a problem.(主語從句放于句首)
是否要舉行會議仍然是一個問題。
The problem is whether the meeting will be held.(表語從句)
問題是是否要舉行會議。
I have no idea whether the meeting will be held.(同位語從句)
我不知道這個會議是否會舉行。
It is doubtful whether/if he will come here.(主語從句放于句尾)
他是否要來這兒還很難說。
(二)在賓語從句中
1. 在及物動詞后
(x)I don't care whether he doesn't come.(whether 從句中不能用否定式)
(√)I don't care whether/if he comes or not.
(√)I don't care whether or not he comes.
(x)I don't care if or not he comes.(if 不與 or not 直接連用)
(√)I don't know whether to go there.
2. 在介詞后
在介詞后常用whether, 不用if。
It depends on whether you can do the work well.
那取決于你是否能做好這項工作。
題組訓練 用whether/if 填空
⑤It is still under discussion whether the old bus station should be replaced with a modern hotel or not.
⑥I am not sure whether/if he will come here or not.
⑦This decision will have effect on whether or not he will succeed.
四、連接代/副詞引導的從句
(一)主語從句
連接代/副詞引導主語從句時, 常用it 作形式主語。
It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting.
我們在哪兒??開會都無所謂。
It has not been decided yet who will preside over the meeting. 由誰?來主持會議還沒有決定。
(二)賓語從句
1. 能接連接代/副詞引導的賓語從句的動詞有很多, 常見的有 see, tell, ask, know, decide, imagine, suggest, doubt, wonder, show, discuss, understand, inform, advise 等。
I can't imagine how he did it.
我不能想象他是如何??做的這件事。
They couldn't understand why I refused it.
他們不明白我為什么???拒絕。
2. 作介詞賓語。
It all depends on how we solve the problem.
這完全要看我們如何??解決這個問題。
We are worrying about what we should do next.
我們正在為下一步該做什么??而煩惱。
(三)表語從句、同位語從句
The problem is where we should stay.
問題是我們應該待在哪里??。(表語從句)
My question how I shall get in touch with him has not been answered.
我如何??能和他取得聯系的問題還沒有得到答復。(同位語從句)
題組訓練 單句填空
⑧ I'm afraid he's more of a talker than a doer, which is why he never finished anything.
⑨Many young people in the West are expected to leave what could be life's most important decision—marriage—almost entirely up to luck.
五、以 what 或 wh-ever 等引導的名詞性從句?
what 可用來引導名詞性從句, 此時what = the thing(s) which/that, 有時what 可以用作前置定語, 如 what help, what funny stories 等。此外, whoever = anyone who; whichever = anyone who/anything that (whichever 也可指人); whatever = anything that (whichever 和 whatever 也可作定語)。有時 where( = the place where) 和 when( =the time when)也可以用來引導名詞性從句。
(一)主語從句
What they need is a good textbook.
他們需要的是一本好課本。
Whatever he likes will be given to him.
他喜歡的任何東西都會給他。
Whichever book he bought would be paid for.
無論他買了哪一本書都要付款。
Whoever did this job must be rewarded.
無論誰干了這項工作一定要得到酬謝。
(二)賓語從句
She will give whoever ( = anyone who ) needs help warm support.
凡需要幫助的人, 她都會給予熱情的支持。(作動詞賓語)
I spent what little time I had with my family.
我僅有的那一點時間都與家人在一起度過了。(作動詞賓語)
She walked up to where ( =the place where)he stood.
她走到他站著的地方。(作介詞賓語)
I can judge by what ( =the things that)I know of him.
我可以根據我對他的了解來判斷。(作介詞賓語)
You can write about whatever topic ( = any topic that) you prefer. 你可以寫你喜歡的任何題目。(作介詞賓語)
(三)表語從句
This is where our problem lies.
這就是我們的問題所在。
Tomorrow is when it would be the most convenient.
明天是最方便的時候。
(四)同位語從句
I gave the girl a big doll, exactly what she longed to have.
我給了這個女孩一個大洋娃娃, 那正是她渴望擁有的東西。
(五)賓語補足語
We'll make him whatever he is fit for.
他適合干什么, 我們就培養他干什么。
I'll call the baby whatever name you like.
你喜歡什么名字, 我就叫這個小孩什么名字。
He has made the company what it is today.
他把公司辦成了今天這個樣子。
題組訓練 單句填空
⑩(2013 江西, 30) Whichever one of you breaks the window will have to pay for it.
[11]The book can be of help to whoever wants to do the job.
[12] She is very dear to us. We have been prepared to do whatever it takes to save her life.
[13]—How about camping this weekend, just for a change? —OK, whatever you want.
[14] To improve the quality of our products, we asked for suggestions whoever had used the products.
六、名詞性從句的幾個易混點
(一)that 通常不可省略的情況
1. that 引導的主語從句置于句首時;
That prices will go up is certain.
物價要上漲是肯定的。
2. 當一個句子有兩個或多個并列的賓語從句時, 引導第二個和以后幾個從句的that 不可省略;
He told me he had to leave and that he would be back soon.
他告訴我他得離開且很快就回來。
3. 由it 作形式賓語時, that 引導的賓語從句中的that 大多不可省略。
You can put it that it was arranged before.
您可以說這是以前安排好的。
(二)as if/as though, because, why 也可引導表語從句。
It looked as if it was going to rain.
看起來天好像要下雨。
That's because he didn't work hard enough.
那是因為他沒有足夠努力工作。
That was why I asked for three days' leave.
那就是為什么我請了三天假。
注意: because 引導表語從句時, 主句主語不能是 reason 或 cause, 而且 since 和 as 不能引導表語從句。
