import java.util.LinkedList;
import java.util.Queue;
import java.util.Stack;

public class TreeNode {
    int val;
    TreeNode left;
    TreeNode right;
    TreeNode(int x) { val = x; }


public static TreeNode creatBTfromArr(TreeNode node,int[] a,int pos){
    if(a.length<1) return null; 
    if(pos<=a.length&&a[pos-1]>0){
        node = new TreeNode(a[pos-1]);
        node.left=creatBTfromArr(node.left, a, pos*2);
        node.right=creatBTfromArr(node.right, a, pos*2+1);
        return node;
    }
    else
        return null;
    
}


public static void travPreOrder(TreeNode R){
    if(R!=null){
        System.out.print(R.val);
        System.out.print(" ");
        travPreOrder(R.left);
        travPreOrder(R.right);
    }
}

public static void travInOrder(TreeNode R){
    if(R!=null){
        travInOrder(R.left);
        System.out.print(R.val);
        System.out.print(" ");
        travInOrder(R.right);       
    }
}

public static void travPostOrder(TreeNode R){
    if(R!=null){
        travPostOrder(R.left);
        travPostOrder(R.right);
        System.out.print(R.val);
        System.out.print(" ");
    }
}

public static void travLevelOrder(TreeNode R){
    Queue<TreeNode> tmp = new LinkedList<>();
    if(R!=null) tmp.add(R);
    while(!tmp.isEmpty()){
        TreeNode ttmp=tmp.remove();
        System.out.print(ttmp.val);
        System.out.print(" ");
        if(ttmp.left!=null)
            tmp.add(ttmp.left);
        if(ttmp.right!=null)
            tmp.add(ttmp.right);
    }
}


public static class SNode{
    public TreeNode R;
    public int tag;
    public SNode() {
        // TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
    }
    public SNode(TreeNode R, int tag) {
        this.R =R;
        this.tag = tag;
    }
}

public static void travPreOrder_noRec(TreeNode R){
    Stack<SNode> stack = new Stack<>();
    if(R!=null){
        SNode tmp = new SNode(R,1); 
        stack.push(tmp);
        System.out.print(R.val);
        System.out.print(" ");
        R=R.left;
    }
    while(!stack.isEmpty()){
        while(R!=null){
            stack.push(new SNode(R,1));
            System.out.print(R.val);
            System.out.print(" ");
            R=R.left;
        }
        while(!stack.isEmpty()&&stack.peek().tag==2)
            stack.pop();
        if(!stack.isEmpty()&&stack.peek().tag==1){
            R = stack.peek().R.right;
            stack.peek().tag=2;
        }
    }
}
//  前序遍歷-入棧即打印
public static void travPreOrder_noRec2(TreeNode R){
    Stack<TreeNode> stack = new Stack<>();
    while(!stack.isEmpty()||R!=null){
        if(R!=null){
            stack.push(R);
            System.out.print(R.val + " ");
            R=R.left;
        }
        else
            R=stack.pop().right;
    }
}

public static void travInOrder_noRec(TreeNode R){
    if(R!=null){
        Stack<SNode> stack = new Stack<>();
        stack.push(new SNode(R,1));
        R=R.left;
        while(!stack.isEmpty()){
            while(R!=null){
                stack.push(new SNode(R,1));
                R=R.left;
            }
            while(!stack.isEmpty()&&stack.peek().tag==2)
                stack.pop();
            if(!stack.isEmpty()&&stack.peek().tag==1){
                System.out.print(stack.peek().R.val + " ");
                R=stack.peek().R.right; 
                stack.peek().tag=2;
            }
            
        }
    }
}
//  中序遍歷-出棧即打印
public static void travInOrder_noRec2(TreeNode R){
    if(R!=null){
        Stack<TreeNode> stack = new Stack<>();
        while (R!=null||!stack.isEmpty()) {
            if(R!=null){
                stack.push(R);
                R=R.left;
            }
            else{
                R=stack.peek().right;
                System.out.print(stack.pop().val + " ");
            }
                
        }
    }
}


public static void travPostOrder_noRec(TreeNode R){
    if(R!=null){
        Stack<SNode> stack = new Stack<>();
        stack.push(new SNode(R,1));
        R = R.left;
        while(!stack.isEmpty()){
            while (R!=null) {
                stack.push(new SNode(R,1));
                R=R.left;
            }
            while(!stack.isEmpty()&&stack.peek().tag==2){
                System.out.print(stack.pop().R.val + " ");
                
            }
            if(!stack.isEmpty()&&stack.peek().tag==1){
                R=stack.peek().R.right;
                stack.peek().tag=2;
            }
        }
    }
}

public boolean isSameTree(TreeNode p, TreeNode q) {
    if(p==null && q==null) return true;
    if(p==null || q==null) return false;
    if(q.val==q.val){
        return isSameTree(p.left, q.left) && isSameTree(p.right, q.right);
    }
    else
        return false;
}

public static int treeDepth(TreeNode R){
  if(R==null) return 0;
  else{
      return(Math.max(treeDepth(R.left), treeDepth(R.right))+1);
  }
}

public static int nodeNum(TreeNode R){
if(R==null) return 0;
else{
    return(nodeNum(R.left)+nodeNum(R.right)+1);
}
}

public static int leafnodeNum(TreeNode R){
if(R==null) return 0;
if(R.left==null && R.right==null) return 1;
return(leafnodeNum(R.left)+leafnodeNum(R.right));   
}

public static List<Integer> inOrder094(TreeNode R){
List<Integer> res = new ArrayList<>();
if(R==null) return res;
else{
    Stack<TreeNode> tmp = new Stack<>();
    tmp.push(R);
    R=R.left;
    while(!tmp.isEmpty() || R!=null){
        if(R!=null){
            tmp.push(R);
            R=R.left;
        }
        else{
            R=tmp.peek().right;
            res.add(tmp.pop().val);
        }
    }
    return res;
}   
}

public static int uniqueBSTnum(int n){
if(n<1) return 0;
else{
    int[] res = new int[n+1];
    res[0] = 1;
    res[1] = 1;
    for(int i=2;i<=n;i++){
        for(int j=0;j<i;j++)
            res[i]+=res[j]*res[i-1-j];
    }
    return res[n];
}
}

public static void main(String[] args){
    int[] a={1,2,3,4,5,6,-1,-1,-1,7};
    TreeNode node=null;
    TreeNode R = creatBTfromArr(node, a, 1);
    System.out.println("前序-遞歸:");
    travPreOrder(R);
    System.out.println("\n前序-非遞歸:");
    travPreOrder_noRec(R);
    System.out.println("\n前序-非遞歸2:");
    travPreOrder_noRec2(R);
    System.out.println("\n中序-遞歸:");
    travInOrder(R);
    System.out.println("\n中序-非遞歸:");
    travInOrder_noRec(R);
    System.out.println("\n中序-非遞歸2:");
    travInOrder_noRec2(R);
    System.out.println("\n后序-遞歸:");
    travPostOrder(R);
    System.out.println("\n后序-非遞歸:");
    travPostOrder_noRec(R);
    System.out.println("\n層序:");
    travLevelOrder(R);
    System.out.println("\n樹深度:");
    System.out.println(treeDepth(R));
    System.out.println("樹節點個數:");
    System.out.println(nodeNum(R));
    System.out.println("葉子節點個數:");
    System.out.println(leafnodeNum(R));
    List<Integer> res1 = inOrder094(R);
    for(int i : res1){
        System.out.println(i);
    }
    System.out.println("uniqueBSTnum:");
    System.out.println(uniqueBSTnum(5));    
}
}