ISSUE

培養辯證思考的邏輯

Eg: People now tend to move away from their hometown in order to find better job opportunities.?

2. To understand the most important characteristics of a society, one must study its major cities.?

需要設身處地地考慮對方的思考方式

Issue開頭需要做2件事情：

1. 先把你的對立闡述明白

2. 表達你的觀點

Eg2:To understand the most important characteristics of a society, one must study its major cities.

開頭：

·?作者認為：The author claims it is claimed that... to understand the most important characteristics of a society, one must study its major cities.?

For me, ..........

? ? ? ? ? ----傾向小城市：這樣的一個statement是肯定有一定的道理的，因為大城市的研究的確可以帶給我們很多valuable 的info關于這樣一個soceity，但是我們不要能因此而忽略掉很多valuable的info關于這個society，但是我們不能因此而忽略掉對于小城市的focus， 因為在某些層面，小城市對于我們的研究有這個更加重要的意義。

? ? ? ? ?----傾向大城市：我非常同意這個觀點，即使很多人也會說小城市其實也有一定的作用，但是我覺得，對于大城市的focus就足夠能幫助我們get a profound understanding of a society,?

結尾：

綜上所述，我strongly認為，我們更應該focus在小城市的研究上，而不僅僅是只看major cities.

· 大城市=好

·例子：

什么是social groups？

哪個大城市？

· Chinese social groups = Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, HongKong(Canton Groups) = Beijing as an example = political center, powerful city = radiation city layout = Chinese respect authority and hierarchy; NYC = grid layout = respect individuality and fairness.?

· 道理論證：大城市的研究可以幫助我們更好地了解這個社會人口的一些重要特性。Why？ ----因為人都會從各個地方去到大城市 WHY? 因為大城市發展比較好，各項生活servicies以及機會都比較多。 WHY？因為地理位置比較好或者國家的政策扶持。原因說清楚了，結果呢？ 所以我們研究大城市，可以更好的了解到每個地區的人口特點，因為人都是從不同地方聚集到大城市的，所以他們會不可避免的帶有自己local的特點。所以我們可以很輕松的在大城市實現一個cross national的研究，而不用travel many cities. （靜態特點+動態融合/Original + dynamic）。

· 小城市=好

· 例子：

Chinese groups = culture, heritages. Traditional ceremony = Qufu, a place most people might have never heard of.?

比如孔子。還比如Martial arts Chinese Kungfu, 去少林寺。

· 道理論證：

小城市有一些重要文化，有一些重要傳統保存的更好。WHY？ 因為小城市跟外界的交流會比較少，他們的生態系統沒有太多外界的干涉。WHY？ 因為他們的位置可能相對來說比較偏遠，比較不便利。同時，是不是小城市的居民在respect傳統上做得更加的好？因為他們沒有太多的social欲望 = 小城市這邊的文化保存就會更加的完整和完善。

· 大城市=趨同

·例子： 距離一下大的有名的citiees, NYC, HongKong, Tokyo, Shanghai = homogenous development = with the same city features / presentation * subway system, skyscrapers = uniform traits without individuality of the social groups they belong to.?

· 道理論證： 大城市的發展為什么會越來越像？現代化，全球化，我們可以發現social groups 只叫你會有communication & integration, 而大城市是在這個integration的frontline上的。最容易受到相互影響的，所以大城市的發展慢慢的會去向同一模式：modernization。

第一段：

The author claims that when understanding the most important characteristics of a society, one must study its major cities as they may have a particular administrative, financial, historical and / or cultural status in a country. Although studing the major cities can bring numerously valuable information, we cannot ignore our focus on the rural areas which arguably play a more important role in discovering the crucial features of a society.?

第二段：

First, the research on the studying of major cities could always help us to understand some key points of a society. For example. the primary governments of each country are often located in the major cities. When it comes to economy, large cities serve as the prominent center of trade, banking and finance. Furthermore, people from vbarious places would love to go to sizable crities for advancing future careers because those areas have developed ample opportunities and great services in every aspect. These advantages of large crities can be attributed to their remarkable geography ?location and political support from their local governments. Therefore, studying the major cities is a fine method to analyze the main characteristics of a social group because different people,. who come from various areas, are inevitably carrying their own local features. As a result, it is easy to do a cross-national research about key aspects of a given society in its large cities, without having to travel excessive miles.

第三段：

Nevertheless, compared with examing the major cities, some small towns amd rural areas are more valuable for studying the characteristics of a society, especially referring to its culture. Oftentimes, we can find representative cultural traditions in the rural areas. Suburbs and small cities are less convenient for foreign visitors, so there are fewer possibilities for integration from alien culture compared with those of big cities. In addition, because of the uneven economic developments in a society, people live in rural areas may have less material needs and social desires due to the economic inclination in developing metropolises. Consequently, local traditional rituals and customs mostly exist in countryside areas in many countries as the citizens in suburb areas in many countries as the citizens in suburb areas perhaps do better in respecting their local traditions, and therefore, cultural practices in small cities are more untouched and complete.?

第四段：

Although we can find the representative cultural elements in the major cities as every society puts a considerable amount money and effort into building rational museums and colossal theatres in the sizable cities, such like the most renowned museun, louvre, in Paris, the capital of France, the project of studying major cities to realize the characteristics of a socity is limited by the homogenous development of these cities. Influenced by modernization and globalization, major cities have lost many of their own special features, and share a lot in common. Nowadays, we can obsere more and more communication and intefration between different social groups across nations. As the major cities are on the frontline of this integration, they are most likely to influence one another throug this integration, they are most likely to influence one another through this assimilation process. That is thy an individual may experience similar sensations towwards any major city, may it be Shanghai, Tokyo or New York, as they share a large nymber of analogous traits such?as skyscraperes, busy road intersections and complex traffic routes. Here, the disadvantages of studying major cities in trying to understand the most characteristics of a certain social group become evident.

結尾：

Accordingly, I strongly believe our central focus on studying the characteristic in a society should be placed on the small cities rather than simply on the major ones.?

Eg4：Scandals are useful because they focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker or reformer ever could.?

· 首先，丑聞是有一定作用的。WHY？ 因為丑聞會把政客們不愿意給民眾看的一些信息以一種非常極端的方式展現在民眾的面前。而這些信息基本上來說對民眾的利益時是有很大的損害的。因此，scandals在很大程度上是在保護大眾的合法權益，而當大眾知道自己的利益在受到侵害的時候，會有一些適當地宣泄和表示，從而督促政府更好地實現一些改革去解決這些問題。比如說中國近幾年來的Anti-corruption cases. The recent anti-corruption cases in great Chinas could best illustrare / support my point of view.?

· 但是scandial這個東西啊，更多的還是給我們的社會和穩定帶來的是負面影響。首先，既然scandal，他們必然reveal的是別人不想讓你看到的東西。所以我們就想知道，你是怎么知道別人不想讓你知道的東西的呢？是不是這種可能，就發現scandal的過程本身就是一個丑聞呢？是不是牽扯到spy,moniutor, paparazzi？ 所以，我個人不是很欣賞這種得魚忘筌的做法。

· 其次，雖然scabdcal讓我們更加focus在一些信息上，但是實際上，scandal更多的是給我們創作了新的問題，而不是解決了這些問題。一方面，因為大眾的好奇心趨勢大家都會非常關注在scandal一個solution；另一方面scandal的出現會讓一些本來就很有前途的政治人物失去前途，從而給社會和政府的穩定發展造成損失，比如Bill Clinton, 從這個層面上來說

Attitude vary in great extension towards scandals. Some people argue for the benefits because scandals draw people's attention on problems in an extreme but efficient way. However, revealing scandals does cause probnlems. For me, I appreciate the benefits scandals bring to solve some problems, but they are not that useful as most people consider they should be.?

Appearently, especially in politic realms when speakers or reformers are quite active in the platform, politicians are not likely to honestly admit affairs that would harm the reputation of the government to the public. Therefore, scandals can play an importtant role in revealing the truth about the governors or the goveronment and having it known to thepublic in an extereme way. Meanwhile, scandals can spread the problems to the public in a much larger scale, compared with other approaches, say the personal effort from reformers and speakers. This is beneficial because the more widely known the problems, the heavier pressure would be overburdened by the government and the quicker the problems would be solved as a result. Obviously, the recent anti-corruption cases in China and India strongly support my favot of scandal's public influence. In a long term, this will definitely help the public conduct a better supervision on the delegated administrators and ensure that the government is working on the right track.?

Admittedly, we cannot ignore the fact that there exist problems and drawbacks of scandals, the most important of which i want to raise here is about the justification of the use of scandals in revcealing more hidden information. There is no denying that the scandals are telling the brutal truth, which is normally kept strictly in the shadow,. The existence of such darker shelter always triggers my thinking of how people are able to find sealed informaition and even expose such information to the general public. It is then quite possible that the process of identifying a scandal itself might already be a scandal, which might inevitably involve some immoral and dirty trades and tricks such as espionage, monitor and even sex traps. Therefore, for me, I appreciate the potential benefits the unveiled inforamtion might bring to the society thanks to the scadal, but I also urge a decent way to justify the process of realizing the final improvement. Under no circunstances should it be achieved with the risks of lowering the entire social moral standards.?

Moreover, for most of the time, scandals actually cannot help solve any problem but create more serious social problems. On the one hand, it is human nature that people would focus more on the stories and details of the sensational scandal, and they would even make up unnecessary details and spreadrumors. We could see the anti-corruption cases again as good examples. Sadly, most people, when they heard that the mistress scandle reported some corrupted governors, were more interested in gossiping their sex affairs; on the other hand, scandals create more problems without providing a single solution. When the public realized that their legal rights have been violated, probabaly again, they might lose confidence of the authority and tend to express anger towards the abuse of the delegated power. Even more seriously, the increased public dissatisfaction might harm social stability in the long run.?

In all, I believe scandals are not that useful as stated in the claim.?

Eg132： Some people believe that our ever increasing use of technology significanly reduces our opportunities for human interaction. Other people believe that technology provides us with new and better ways to communicate and connect with one another.?

Reduced interaction?

1. Social Animals = social groups = relying on the others to survive * information / communication / entertainment / food = human interaction; Hi-tech = reduced the reliance on the other people while wtill maintaining the same or even better life quality. For instance: Uber / Amazon; X-box / VR games

2. Virtual communication : cause some problems = socializing disability: superficial communication; escaping from the reality = dererioration of the social capabilities as social animals = dangerous signal

New and better?

1. 溝通交流方式的變革：

之前的交際圈是受限于血緣和地緣的,其實我們無法選擇朋友; 但是現在,我們有了興趣導向的apps,可以幫助我們更精準地找到有共同興趣愛好的朋友。

2. 減少溝通成本：

Regardless of the time and space: timeless & boundless = priceless without any price.?

Migraine: 偏頭痛

第一段思路：科技的發展帶來了很多的生活工具，幫助我們可以在不依賴其他人的情況下能繼續保持優質的生活品質，因此慢慢的人與人之間的互動就會越來越少，我們經常會在新聞中聽到某些人足不出戶在家里生活了很長一段時間，會覺得很不可思議，但是的確做到了?，F代的科技可以讓這些人很容易的滿足生活中的各種需求，衣食住行等。在這個層面上，我們不得不承認科技極大地降低了人與人之間的互動。

第一段英語：

The development of Tech does bring us many useful tools, and those tools could enable us to maintain and improve our life quality, so we do not have to overly rely on other people to survive. Gradually, we might reduce our interaction and communication with others. It is always heard in the press that some people could survive without getting out ofd their room for several weeks, which is unbelievable for many of us. Many of us would often wonder how those people could achieve such unbelievable living style that would be unimaginable in the past without the aid of modern communicative technologies, It is quite simple: those people order all kings of life servies with current internet applications such as food delivery and houskeeping services. They do not have to interact with others but can still live a satisfying life. Furthermore, the development of tech also brings people many other approaches to entertain themselves. Nowadays, people are not restricted to certain human activities. but they could choose to play with AI, where they might enjoy a greater fun than mingling with real life people.?

第二段思路：科技的發展，打破了人們之間互動交流的固有模式 * 醫學院和社會親屬關系為基礎的社交轉變為陌生人興趣社交，從而讓人們更好地找到跟自己志同道合的人，進行更加深入的交流，難道這不是一種更新的更好的人與人交流的方式嗎？

第二段英語：

DOT dose offer people many better and new approaches/ ways to make impressive friends. It is because we are not only limited to meeting friends with geographic proximity and family connection. In the past, we mainly made friends with people who either lived close to us or were our family friends. but now, we are offered the chances to expand our friends' circle to cover a great diversity of people, thanks to those advanced friendship application introduced by the technology. Now, we can easily find those people who share a common interest with us, and we can directly talk with them, communicate with their opinions and attitudes, in spite of the fact that they might live quite far away from us, which was totally not possible before the advent of the high tech, Is not it a better and new way for us to communicate with others? surely, it is.?

· 站位： reduced interaction: 網上的溝通都太superficial了，沒啥深層次的精神交流。

· 站位：new and better: 減少了很多沒有必要的interactions， 這樣可以和自己想溝通的人說想說的話

· 站位： 可以沒有選邊站，把對立打破了，變成同意

Eg. 33：As we acquired more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensive, but more complex and mysterious.?

不用謝agree或者disagree， 作者創造的對立不一定真的對立（寫成第三段）

It is argued that.... for me, agter a thorough analysis, I believe that the aggregation of knowledge does help us acquire a comprehensible understanding of the world, but people would never be satisfied with the current knowledge system and they would push to exceed the boundarty to explore more areas, in which we are confronted with complex and mysterious issues.?

更復雜的開頭：

The speaker claims that the acquisition of more knowledge makes things seems more complex and mysterious, but not more comprehensible. In order to adequately address this issue, we have to first understand what the word " comprehensible" meads. Some people may use it to refer to how easy it is to understand something. Apparently, more knowledge can make things more unfathomable than before. Children use Santa Claus to interpret their world, while grown-ups rely on physics. Of course, physics is less comprehensible, if the term is meant this way. Howeverm ther more interesting,m understanding of "comprehensibility", I think, is related to our ability to describe and predict the world accurtately. Given this clarification, I think that generally speaking more knowledege makes things more comprehensible. More specificallly, practical knowledge exhibiats a complex human system in front of us while also reveals its myustery; in contrast, theoretical knowledge, whiether complex or not, sets up more challenging conundrums of our future quests.?

變得更加comprehensive：

科學的例子：一個是天文，地理學中關于世界的知識：之前我們不能理解很多自然現象，比如為什么會刮風，為什么會打雷下雨，所以我們會通過一些神話和未知的power來解釋，*Zeus/ Thor /Odin，但是通過知識的進一步發展，我們對這個世界有了更準確的認識，我們知道了風來自氣壓差，我們知道了打雷下雨是有一定的自然原因的。同時，我們對自己的認識，也隨著醫學知識的發展，變得更加的comprehensible。 之前，我們不了解自己的身體構造，我們創造了很多神來揭示人類的出現和發展，但是后來，我們知道了人的構造，我們知道了人為什么會生老病死，我們對自己的了解上了一個新的臺階。

變得更加complex：

比如說物理：Thanks ?to Issac Newton, 它建立的物理知識體系幫助我們對這個物質世界的規律有了更comprehensive的理解，我們知道了運動和重力，知道了人怎么樣更好的在地球上生活。但是，隨著物理學書的進一步發展，我們會進入到有些新的研究領域，在這些領域中，一開始物品們會碰到很多很多不了解的事情，我們可以看到最近的天體物理研究中出現的black hole， dark matter， wtring theory 以及gravity wave等等，其實都不知道這些具體代表什么。

比如說醫學：我們的醫學體系在一步步推進，但是我們也越來越多的遇到了新的問題。比如gene modification, DNA decoding, brain acticvation = 這些都是一些新的非常complex and mysterious 的 issue。

變得更加comprehensive的英文：

The accumulation of knowledge enables us to have a better understanding both of ourselves and the outside world. On the one hand, the continuously increasing knowledge unveils the mysteries of us human beings. In the ancient time, people did not know how the first people had developed, what was the composition of the human bodies and why people grew elder , suddered from diseases and even had to pass away. They explained those mysteries with all kinds of legends and stories. The snkae seduced Adams and Eva in Eden, devils would rob the life from the people, the demons spread the diseases and so on; but now, with the establishement and advancement of the modern medical technologies, people know.... On the other hand, the knowledge also changed our way of viewing the outside world. In the past, people explained the lightning and thunder with the anger of Zeus, and they spread the stories that Apollo traveled acrooss the sky everyday to share the sunshine with people on the earth, but now...

變得更加complex的英文（比較簡單，讓學生寫）

Eg：55： In order for any work of art - for example, film, a novel a poem, ?or a song - to have merit, it must be understandable to most people.

· For public:

1.被更多人所理解，那么更多人就會去promote，就會去respect。首先，我們說的藝術作品是作者的思路，作者的想法，作者的生活經驗的一個extraction，他是作為一個well-organized, 一個systematical 橋梁在溝通作者和public， 所以我認為，只有當藝術作品所標示的messages被audience所理解，藝術作品才能有它的意義：讓大眾都理解之后，他們才會感同身受，他們自發地進行PROMOTE, 從而是的藝術作品的價值，不管是美學還是商業還是文學都能夠快速的get established.?

2. 但我們不由自主地思考，為什么這些歷史上的作品最后還是會被確立他們的藝術價值呢？因為那一群 niche的elite / minority， 他們通過自己的努力，去interpret這些抽象的，先鋒的藝術作品，從而把他們的message轉化為更加通俗易懂的語言，讓更多的人去接受，去理解，最后，當大眾能夠用他們的方式來面對和欣賞這些作品的時候，我們才能說，他們的地位被established。

3. 在歷史中，其實大部分藝術作品都是bornm to serve the public, so we take it for grantedd ti enjoy the benefits without attachiing much attention. 所以我們的眼光會放在了那些一開始就和主流contradicting的藝術作品上，從而我們認為之后contradiction才能創造藝術，但是這個思路其實是不對的，因為我們已經enjoy了這些本身都是serve我們的藝術作品。

· For niche groups:

1. 同時我們不能否認的是， 在歷史上，真的有很多的藝術作品，在他們問世之初，真的就不是被大部分人所能理解的，甚至當時的主流社會其實是在抨擊，鄙視或者打壓這樣的作品的。比如，很少有人會在一開始的時候就會appreciate Picasso或者Vincent Van Gogh ?的化作，而Stravinsky的 “：Right of Spring" 春之祭在巴黎處女秀的時候被大家批判的一無是處，但在多年之后都被公認是著名的藝術作品。所以，從歷史背景上來說，這些作品當時還真的是不被大眾所接受的。

開頭：

People alwaysd argue that different art forms should speak to divercified audience, some of whom should have naturally a higher level of appreciation awarness and intellectual understanding. Therefore, it is unfair to claim that all the art forms should definetely face the general public, some of which could go intelligently further. Well, I partially agre with such a claim, but deep in my heart, I believe that the art should still focus on the general public understanding.?

第一段：

First， we should check the goal of the art with respect. For me, art services as the communication bridge connecting the artists and the audience regardless of the time and space, It embodies the attitudes, opinnions, feelings and life experiences of the artists in a well-structured way and tries to find resonance among the audience, Appreciating the art is like having a private conversation with the artist herself. Only when the messages delivered in the art could be interpreted by the general public could we say that ?the art is surviving and thriving. When the recognition of the art is established not only in exhibition museums but also in the mind of the public, the value of the art could then be firmly realized.?

第二段：

Well, to view the issue from a historic perspective, we cannot deny that some art pieces, upon their initial public apperances / debuts, could not gain the public acknowledgement and popularity quickly but are only appreciated by some social elites. Take the paintings of Van Gogh or the innovative opera "Rite of Spring" of Stravinsky as good examples. Back at van Gogh's time, the public could not understand the complex emotions contained in some simple lines, and Van Gogh only sold one painting when he was alive. Several years after his death, the aesthetic values in his works were finally recognized by others. Generally, people today speak highly of and even offer hyperbolic prices for the "Sun Flowers" or " Stassy Sky". The same situation can also be applied to the Stravinsky's great work, Rite of spring, whose debut suffered from numerous critisms and misunderstandings. The historical facts indeed show that we could not deny the existence of these arts in history.?

第三段：

Despite suchhistorical cases indicating that the niche art pices finally gained public recognition in the end, I still firmly hold to the belied that the ultimate goal of the art should be serving the public and understandable upon its birth. On the one hand, I believe the reason why such abstract art pices as the paintings of Van Gogh or the opera of Stranvinsky gainedfinal merits still lies in the public ?effort of genetrations to decode and interpret the hidden messages and creations of the initiators, so the ordinary peopel could easily understand what the authors tried to delivery with their works. Only if the majority could understand the art could the art be widely welcomed and eventually become cultural heritages, On the other hand, in the history, there should have been many other art works, which did not capture our attention because they were born as public art and were not conflicting with the traditions. They soon got established in the art museums and in the public taste. We oculd not deny such existense of art as well.?

結尾段：

Accordingly/ in sum / All in all / Finally, although there were many great art pieces ?in the history that had not been understood by the contemporary public, I still believe that the ultimate goal of art is to serve the public and become easily understandable for the general audience.?