這篇文章很長。
不是告訴你有哪些寫作必備詞匯,
而是告訴你單詞的用法。
很多同學正在幻想:那就是總結單詞的用法嘛,背了就行。
邵教授講單詞,將涉及的核心內容包括:
1. 大量例句
2. 單詞相關搭配
3. 易混淆詞比較
4. 常見錯法
1. 大量例句
要講解單詞的用法,就一定涉及例句。
一旦引入例句,你在本文中需要閱讀的內容肯定很多,因為邵教授一定會通過足夠數量的正確例句來總結單詞用法。
2. 相關搭配
一個單詞可能會有:
1) 多種用法和搭配(比如動詞搭配不同的介詞),
2) 不同用法之間有聯系和差異,
這些都會講到。
3. 易混淆詞比較
既然用于雅思/托福寫作,學生肯定會糾結——
用這個詞,還是用它的近義詞?
所以本文在講解單詞的時候,還要對比易混淆詞。
4. 常見錯法
既然邵教授批改了數以萬計的學生英語作文,那肯定知道學生在使用單詞的時候容易犯什么錯。所以,還會順便講解錯誤的用法。
因此,這篇很長的文章其實只講5個單詞的用法。
這5個單詞,是從考官范文中提煉出來的。
如果你能掌握,你就
劍橋雅思10 Test 1
It is important for children to learn the difference between right and wrong at an early age. Punishment is necessary to help them learn this distinction. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion? ?What sort of punishment should parents and teachers be allowed to use to teach good behavior to children?
考官范文
(后文講解黑體標注的單詞)
One important stage in a child's growth is certainly the development of a conscience, which is linked to the ability to tell right from wrong. This skill comes with time and good parenting, and my firm conviction is that punishment does not have much of a role to play in this. Therefore I have to disagree almost entirely with the given statement.
To some extent the question depends on the age of the child. To punish a very young child is both wrong and foolish, as an infant will not understand what is happening or why he or she is being punished. Once the age of reason is reached however, a child can be?rewarded?for good behavior and?discouraged?from bad. This kind but firm approach will achieve more than harsh punishments, which might?entail?many negative consequences?unintended?by the parents.
To help a child learn the difference between right and wrong, teachers and parents should firstly provide good role modelling in their own behavior. After that, if sanctions are needed, the punishment should not be of a physical nature, as that merely?sends?the message that it is acceptable for larger people to hit smaller ones-an outcome which may well result in the child starting to bully others. Nor should the punishment be in any way cruel.
Rather, teachers and parents can use a variety of methods to discipline their young charges, such as detention, withdrawal of privileges, and time-out. Making the punishment fit the crime is a useful notion, which would see children being made to pick up rubbish they have dropped, clean up graffiti they have drawn, or apologise to someone they have hurt. In these ways responsibility is developed in the child, which leads to much better future behavior than does punishment.
1. reward?
1) 獎勵(n.)
我們一起看例句:
They last night offered a reward of £10,000.
They last night offered a £10,000 reward.
reward這種獎勵只能是錢嗎?
沒必要猜,去語料庫找找例句就知道。
He was given a gold?watch?as a reward for his services to the firm.
Apart from the salary, teaching children has its own particular rewards.
reward既可以是錢,也可以是錢以外的東西。
reward和哪個介詞搭配?
1)?a?reward?of?xxx
表明xxx和這個reward是等值的。
2) a reward?forsth.
表明這個reward是因為某事而發放的。
reward和什么動詞搭配?
“某人得到了獎勵”,你會用哪個動詞?
首先,你一定會想到get. 在雅思寫作備考中,我們盡量避免使用get來表達“得到”的意思(因為考鴨對這個單詞的依賴太高了,阻礙了他們積累其他詞匯)。
get可以換成其他單詞,比如gain.?
He informed Lisa of the fix after the Series in an effort to?gain?a reward.
你還可以用earn.?
He?earned?his reward for contributions to the struggle.
寫作的難度,還在于:
當你想用reward的時候,不禁想到了award,然后開始糾結:到底應該用哪一個?
A?reward?is usually something valuable, such as money.
Jim announced a reward of £ 50,000 for information.
An?award?is something such as a prize, certificate, or medal.
The only award he had ever won was the Toplady Prize for Divinity.
簡單說來,reward和award都是給人的獎勵,但是reward更實際些。
2) 結果,好處(n.)
the rewards of exercise
按照之前所講,a?reward of xxx 表明xxx和這個reward是等值的。
難道這里的獎勵,是和“身體鍛煉”等值的獎勵?
無法理解。
再看一個例子:
the rewards of lying to your boss
向你老板撒謊的結果
The rewards of improved health?(aren't always sufficient motivation.)
改善健康帶來的好處(不總是能構成足夠的動力。)
即使知道改善健康的好處,還是不去改善健康。
于是,惡心的點來了。
reward后面可以接不同動詞(of, for),而且當它接介詞of的時候,表達的意思也可能不一樣。
reward和什么動詞搭配?
比如,收獲某事帶來的好處(結果),你會用哪個動詞?
沒必要猜,去語料庫找找例句就知道。
Starberman is?reaping?the rewards of a loyal relationship with Stephon Marbury.
Workers could then?enjoy?more of the rewards of China's past investment.
所以,答案是reap或者enjoy.
reward和什么形容詞搭配?
比如,你想表達好處(結果)很棒,你會用哪個形容詞?
沒必要猜,去語料庫找找例句就知道。
This campaign may have been ugly, but the rewards of victory on Tuesday are?huge.
所以,答案是huge. 其實,big/enormous也行。
再惡心你一下,請問下句中的reward是獎勵還是后果的意思?
He'll get his reward before long.
答案是:后果
(沒有上下文的情況下,你理解為獎勵也可以)
3) 回報,獎勵(v.)
我們一起看例句:
In competition judges rewarded him for taking the chance.
因為某事而獎勵某人,表達是reward sb.?for?(doing) sth.
如果想表達,以某種方式獎勵某人,你會用哪個介詞?
沒必要猜,去語料庫找找例句就知道。
Perry rewarded him for his initiative?by?making him captain of Spitfire.
She rewarded me?with?a smile.
所以,以某種方式獎勵,
1) 如果這種方式包含動詞,需要用by來連接;
2) 如果這種方式不包含動詞,需要用with來連接。
(為什么作文里邊介詞滿篇錯?因為你對介詞一無所知!)
我們可以確定:reward作動詞,賓語可以是人。
He was rewarded for his services.
reward作動詞,賓語有可能是物嗎?
His services were rewarded.是正確的句子。
所以,reward的賓語,可以是獲得獎勵的人,也可以是這個人所做的事。
當然,得到這個獎勵的都是人。
其他正確的例句:
Their generosity will be rewarded.
他們的慷慨,會有回報的。
reward這個詞,我就講到這里。
本意不是為了惡心人,覺得惡心,是因為你還不習慣一件事兒——原來單詞的用法這么復雜。
英語好的考鴨,你看ta一寫就對了。這么多惡心的介詞,ta總能選出對的那個。
但是,讓ta講解reward的用法,ta多半講不出來,雖然其實ta知道。
本系列文章的講解,核心的目的其實并不是讓學生記下來某個單詞的全部用法,而是要給學生建立一個意識:
單詞的用法是非常復雜的,如果不了解用法就亂用,很可能導致寫出錯誤的英語表達。
不具備這個意思,是很多覺得自己雅思寫作賊6的考鴨,分數卻不高的原因。
其實也不是每個單詞都這么惡心,本文接下來的單詞其實還好。
2. discourage
1) 使……灰心喪氣
Making so little progress after so much effort discouraged us.
Don't let this setback discourage you.
2) 阻止,勸……不要
She wants to discourage him?from?marrying the girl.
The rain discouraged us?from?going out.
My adviser discouraged me?from?applying to big universities.
通過以上例句,考鴨能夠總結出來的就是:
discourage sb. from doing sth.
想要備考雅思寫作,這遠遠不夠。
discourage的主語只能是人嗎?
當然不是,主語可以是事物,比如上面句子中的Making so little progress, setback, rain.
discourage的賓語只能是人嗎?
沒必要猜,去語料庫找找例句就知道。
The policy may discourage risky?behavior.
I believe the state should do everything it can to discourage this kind of?violence.
discourage的賓語可以是事物。
類似地,encourage的主語和賓語,都可以是人或者事物。
于是,我們應該清楚一點:
有些單詞常用,也特別好用,正是因為它們可以和各種單詞搭配使用。
3. entail
涉及,要求,引起
The investment entailed a high?risk.
這項投資涉及高風險。
This task entails careful?thought.
這項任務要求你仔細思考。
This project will entail a lot of?work.
這個項目包含很多工作。
entail不容易使用。
它在例句中的意思,雖然能夠和漢語對應起來,但是這些語義也有差異。
邵教授介紹一個簡單的方法,讓考鴨會用這個詞。
例句中的risk, thought, work都是抽象名詞。
所以,在我們沒有時間充分了解一個單詞的全部用法和使用場景的情況下,我們可以通過一定量(太少了不行)的例句總結一套簡化的用法——
entail的賓語是抽象名詞。
(這句話的意思不是“所有抽象名詞,都可以作entail的賓語”)
entail可以接動詞嗎?
如果能,后面的動詞用不定式,還是V-ing?
沒必要猜,去語料庫找找例句就知道。
What we are doing entails?watching?specific parts of those games.
His daily routine entails?driving?some 130 miles through prime ringneck country.
It also entails?picking?up business skills that were lost during the Maoist era.
Implanting human stem cells in animals inevitably entails?creating?chimeras.
entail可以接動詞,動詞需要變成V-ing形式。
entail可以接賓語從句嗎?
沒必要猜,去語料庫找找例句就知道。
Gibraltar adopted the 1844 British Naturalisation Act which entailed?that?any woman would lose her nationality and adopt that of her husband.
This entailed?that?none of their gametes would pass on to the next generation.
entail可以接賓語從句。
很多考鴨其實會問:有必要問那些問題嗎?有必要確認這些問題的答案嗎?
考鴨在雅思作文中出現的一類常見錯:
自創單詞用法。
他們認為:因為某個動詞可以接賓語從句,所以英語中所有動詞都可以接賓語從句。
于是,拿到任何一個動詞,都不假思索地在自己需要的時候接上賓語從句。
這種邏輯,是錯誤的,因為英語中很多動詞都無法接賓語從句。
舉個例子,前面的動詞discourage就不能接賓語從句。
“為什么不能?”
“因為英語母語者都不這么用。”
4. intend
1) 計劃
計劃做某事,是intend to do sth.還是intend doing sth.?
沒必要猜,去語料庫找找例句就知道。
We intend to go.?
They intend going.?
所以,兩種都行。
計劃做一件事,intend that (賓語從句)可以嗎?
沒必要猜,去語料庫找找例句就知道。
I intended?that?you would go as well.
intend的賓語,可以是名詞(不是動名詞,也不是不定式,也不是賓語從句)嗎?
沒必要猜,去語料庫找找例句就知道。
I intended no harm.
我沒打算傷害你。
He intended no offence.
我無意冒犯。
上句變成被動句,得到:
No offence was intended.
這是一個正確的句子。
2) 被計劃/設計來
A whisk is intended to beat eggs.
This scheme is intended to help.
于是,我們總結出句式sth. is intended to do sth.某物被設計來做某事。
這種句式,有主動句嗎?
沒必要猜,去語料庫找找例句就知道。
Shostakovich did not intend it to be a comfortable listening experience.
相應地,
His remarks were intended?to be?a compliment.也是正確的。
我們可以把to be換成一個介詞:
His remarks were intended?as?a compliment.
be intended后面只能跟to do sht.或者as嗎?
沒必要猜,去語料庫找找例句就知道。
That shot was intended?for?the President.
那一槍計劃是要射總統。
The fund intended?for?emergency use only.
這項資金,計劃僅用于緊急情況。
This money is intended?for?the development of the tourist industry.
這錢是計劃用來發展旅游業的。
如果你想使用并用對這個單詞,你需要從上邊的句子中提煉一些東西出來。
intend的主語是人還是物?
是人!
intend的賓語是人還是物?
是事/物!
只要你能把握上面兩個問題的答案,intend就不會用錯了。
注意
顯然,上面的例句無法概括intend的全部用法。但是,以上例句已經非常多了。
邵教授不建議學生通過一兩個例句確定單詞的用法,但是只要例句數量夠大,即使總結出來的用法不全面,也足夠應對雅思/托福寫作考試和寫論文了。
5. send
我們直接看例句:
send goods by plane 運輸
sent troops into the Middle East 派遣
send a message by radio 發送
送朋友一個禮物,動詞用哪個?
send my friend a gift
不對。這指的是買禮物,寄送給朋友,而不是“贈送”。
buy?my friend a gift才是正確的。
以下兩句是一個意思嗎?
1) She sends her children to college.
2) She sends her children to the college.
1) 她讓她的孩子上大學(幫助孩子達到成績,提供經濟支持等)。
2) 她送她的孩子去學校(孩子讀的是大學)。
本系列文章,除了講解單詞的用法,還會講解學生對單詞的錯誤理解和使用。
結語
1) 如果你用查例句的方式查單詞,你會發現單詞真正的用法。
2) 如果你能像上面那樣對自己提問,并自己找例句確定單詞的用法,你能掌握單詞的用法。
3) 如果你能通過例句和單詞的英文語義來區分不同單詞,你能在關鍵時候選對單詞。
4) 如果你能在日常寫作中懷疑自己所寫可能有錯,你便能真正一點一點進步。