android基礎面試題中經常出現一道題目就是：
一個app中能夠創建多少個application 、 activity？
通過上一篇
《android context詳解》中知道一個app應該只能創建一個application和多個activity。
并且每個activity繼承自context 并且對應一個ContextImpl.
那么今天我們一起來分析一下app啟動過程中context構建的過程！
app啟動創建ActivityThread類實例并且調用main方法：
public static void main(String[] args) {
...
ActivityThread thread = new ActivityThread();
thread.attach(false);
...
}
這里我們發現在方法體中我們創建了一個ActivityThread對象并執行了attach方法：
private void attach(boolean system) {
sCurrentActivityThread = this;
mSystemThread = system;
if (!system) {
ViewRootImpl.addFirstDrawHandler(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
ensureJitEnabled();
}
});
android.ddm.DdmHandleAppName.setAppName("<pre-initialized>",
UserHandle.myUserId());
RuntimeInit.setApplicationObject(mAppThread.asBinder());
final IActivityManager mgr = ActivityManagerNative.getDefault();
try {
mgr.attachApplication(mAppThread);
} catch (RemoteException ex) {
// Ignore
}
// Watch for getting close to heap limit.
BinderInternal.addGcWatcher(new Runnable() {
@Override public void run() {
if (!mSomeActivitiesChanged) {
return;
}
Runtime runtime = Runtime.getRuntime();
long dalvikMax = runtime.maxMemory();
long dalvikUsed = runtime.totalMemory() - runtime.freeMemory();
if (dalvikUsed > ((3*dalvikMax)/4)) {
if (DEBUG_MEMORY_TRIM) Slog.d(TAG, "Dalvik max=" + (dalvikMax/1024)
+ " total=" + (runtime.totalMemory()/1024)
+ " used=" + (dalvikUsed/1024));
mSomeActivitiesChanged = false;
try {
mgr.releaseSomeActivities(mAppThread);
} catch (RemoteException e) {
}
}
}
});
} else {
...
}
}
這里看一下重點實現，我們可以發現在方法體中調用了ActivityManagerNative.getDefault().attachApplication(mAppThread)
看過android 啟動源碼分析的童鞋應該知道這里就是一個Binder進程間通訊，其實上執行的是ActivityManagerService.attachApplication方法，具體的可以參考前幾篇文章的介紹，好吧，既然這樣我們看一下ActivityManagerService.attachApplication方法的具體實現。
@Override
public final void attachApplication(IApplicationThread thread) {
synchronized (this) {
int callingPid = Binder.getCallingPid();
final long origId = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
attachApplicationLocked(thread, callingPid);
Binder.restoreCallingIdentity(origId);
}
}
然后這里面又調用了attachApplicationLocked方法：
private final boolean attachApplicationLocked(IApplicationThread thread, int pid) {
...
thread.bindApplication(processName, appInfo, providers, app.instrumentationClass, profilerInfo, app.instrumentationArguments, app.instrumentationWatcher,
app.instrumentationUiAutomationConnection, testMode, enableOpenGlTrace, isRestrictedBackupMode || !normalMode, app.persistent, new Configuration(mConfiguration), app.compat,
getCommonServicesLocked(app.isolated),
mCoreSettingsObserver.getCoreSettingsLocked());
...
可以看到這里面又調用了IApplication.bindApplication，從方法名稱中我們可以看出這里應該是綁定Application的方法，跟上面的ActivityManangerNative類似的，前面幾篇文章中我們已經做過介紹，IApplicationThread是ActivityThread中ApplicationThread binder對象的客戶端，所以這里最終調用的是ApplicationThread的bindApplication方法，既然這樣，我們來看一下ApplicationThread的bindApplication的實現：
public final void bindApplication(String processName, ApplicationInfo appInfo,
List<ProviderInfo> providers, ComponentName instrumentationName,
ProfilerInfo profilerInfo, Bundle instrumentationArgs,
IInstrumentationWatcher instrumentationWatcher,
IUiAutomationConnection instrumentationUiConnection, int debugMode,
boolean enableOpenGlTrace, boolean isRestrictedBackupMode, boolean persistent,
Configuration config, CompatibilityInfo compatInfo, Map<String, IBinder> services,
Bundle coreSettings) {
if (services != null) {
// Setup the service cache in the ServiceManager
ServiceManager.initServiceCache(services);
}
setCoreSettings(coreSettings);
/*
* Two possible indications that this package could be
* sharing its runtime with other packages:
*
* 1.) the sharedUserId attribute is set in the manifest,
* indicating a request to share a VM with other
* packages with the same sharedUserId.
*
* 2.) the application element of the manifest has an
* attribute specifying a non-default process name,
* indicating the desire to run in another packages VM.
*
* If sharing is enabled we do not have a unique application
* in a process and therefore cannot rely on the package
* name inside the runtime.
*/
IPackageManager pm = getPackageManager();
android.content.pm.PackageInfo pi = null;
try {
pi = pm.getPackageInfo(appInfo.packageName, 0, UserHandle.myUserId());
} catch (RemoteException e) {
}
if (pi != null) {
boolean sharedUserIdSet = (pi.sharedUserId != null);
boolean processNameNotDefault =
(pi.applicationInfo != null &&
!appInfo.packageName.equals(pi.applicationInfo.processName));
boolean sharable = (sharedUserIdSet || processNameNotDefault);
// Tell the VMRuntime about the application, unless it is shared
// inside a process.
if (!sharable) {
VMRuntime.registerAppInfo(appInfo.packageName, appInfo.dataDir,
appInfo.processName);
}
}
AppBindData data = new AppBindData();
data.processName = processName;
data.appInfo = appInfo;
data.providers = providers;
data.instrumentationName = instrumentationName;
data.instrumentationArgs = instrumentationArgs;
data.instrumentationWatcher = instrumentationWatcher;
data.instrumentationUiAutomationConnection = instrumentationUiConnection;
data.debugMode = debugMode;
data.enableOpenGlTrace = enableOpenGlTrace;
data.restrictedBackupMode = isRestrictedBackupMode;
data.persistent = persistent;
data.config = config;
data.compatInfo = compatInfo;
data.initProfilerInfo = profilerInfo;
sendMessage(H.BIND_APPLICATION, data);
}
好吧，最后調用了ActivityThread.sendMessage()…
private void sendMessage(int what, Object obj) {
sendMessage(what, obj, 0, 0, false);
}
然后我們看一下其sendMessage的重載方法：
private void sendMessage(int what, Object obj, int arg1, int arg2, boolean async) {
if (DEBUG_MESSAGES) Slog.v(
TAG, "SCHEDULE " + what + " " + mH.codeToString(what)
+ ": " + arg1 + " / " + obj);
Message msg = Message.obtain();
msg.what = what;
msg.obj = obj;
msg.arg1 = arg1;
msg.arg2 = arg2;
if (async) {
msg.setAsynchronous(true);
}
mH.sendMessage(msg);
}
可以發現這里調用了mH的sendMessage方法，最后通過Handler的異步消息機制被mH的handleMessage方法處理，然后根據Message.what選擇處理分支，最終調用了ActivityThread的handleBindApplication方法。
private void handleBindApplication(AppBindData data) {
...
// 創建Instrumentation
if (data.instrumentationName != null) {
InstrumentationInfo ii = null;
try {
ii = appContext.getPackageManager().
getInstrumentationInfo(data.instrumentationName, 0);
} catch (PackageManager.NameNotFoundException e) {
}
if (ii == null) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Unable to find instrumentation info for: "
+ data.instrumentationName);
}
mInstrumentationPackageName = ii.packageName;
mInstrumentationAppDir = ii.sourceDir;
mInstrumentationSplitAppDirs = ii.splitSourceDirs;
mInstrumentationLibDir = ii.nativeLibraryDir;
mInstrumentedAppDir = data.info.getAppDir();
mInstrumentedSplitAppDirs = data.info.getSplitAppDirs();
mInstrumentedLibDir = data.info.getLibDir();
ApplicationInfo instrApp = new ApplicationInfo();
instrApp.packageName = ii.packageName;
instrApp.sourceDir = ii.sourceDir;
instrApp.publicSourceDir = ii.publicSourceDir;
instrApp.splitSourceDirs = ii.splitSourceDirs;
instrApp.splitPublicSourceDirs = ii.splitPublicSourceDirs;
instrApp.dataDir = ii.dataDir;
instrApp.nativeLibraryDir = ii.nativeLibraryDir;
LoadedApk pi = getPackageInfo(instrApp, data.compatInfo,
appContext.getClassLoader(), false, true, false);
ContextImpl instrContext = ContextImpl.createAppContext(this, pi);
try {
java.lang.ClassLoader cl = instrContext.getClassLoader();
mInstrumentation = (Instrumentation)
cl.loadClass(data.instrumentationName.getClassName()).newInstance();
} catch (Exception e) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Unable to instantiate instrumentation "
+ data.instrumentationName + ": " + e.toString(), e);
}
mInstrumentation.init(this, instrContext, appContext,
new ComponentName(ii.packageName, ii.name), data.instrumentationWatcher,
data.instrumentationUiAutomationConnection);
if (mProfiler.profileFile != null && !ii.handleProfiling
&& mProfiler.profileFd == null) {
mProfiler.handlingProfiling = true;
File file = new File(mProfiler.profileFile);
file.getParentFile().mkdirs();
Debug.startMethodTracing(file.toString(), 8 * 1024 * 1024);
}
} else {
mInstrumentation = new Instrumentation();
}
...
/ If the app is being launched for full backup or restore, bring it up in
// a restricted environment with the base application class.
Application app = data.info.makeApplication(data.restrictedBackupMode, null);
mInitialApplication = app;
...
try {
mInstrumentation.onCreate(data.instrumentationArgs);
}
catch (Exception e) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Exception thrown in onCreate() of "
+ data.instrumentationName + ": " + e.toString(), e);
}
try {
mInstrumentation.callApplicationOnCreate(app);
} catch (Exception e) {
if (!mInstrumentation.onException(app, e)) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Unable to create application " + app.getClass().getName()
+ ": " + e.toString(), e);
}
}
} finally {
StrictMode.setThreadPolicy(savedPolicy);
}
}
這個方法的方法體比較長，我們挑重點的看，可以看到方法體中系統通過反射機制創建了Instrumentation對象，并執行了init方法，執行了Insrtumentation對象的初始化。然后我們調用了LockedApk.makeApplication方法創建了Application對象，我們來看一下其具體的實現邏輯：
public Application makeApplication(boolean forceDefaultAppClass,
Instrumentation instrumentation) {
if (mApplication != null) {
return mApplication;
}
Application app = null;
String appClass = mApplicationInfo.className;
if (forceDefaultAppClass || (appClass == null)) {
appClass = "android.app.Application";
}
try {
java.lang.ClassLoader cl = getClassLoader();
if (!mPackageName.equals("android")) {
initializeJavaContextClassLoader();
}
ContextImpl appContext = ContextImpl.createAppContext(mActivityThread, this);
app = mActivityThread.mInstrumentation.newApplication(
cl, appClass, appContext);
appContext.setOuterContext(app);
} catch (Exception e) {
if (!mActivityThread.mInstrumentation.onException(app, e)) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Unable to instantiate application " + appClass
+ ": " + e.toString(), e);
}
}
mActivityThread.mAllApplications.add(app);
mApplication = app;
if (instrumentation != null) {
try {
instrumentation.callApplicationOnCreate(app);
} catch (Exception e) {
if (!instrumentation.onException(app, e)) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Unable to create application " + app.getClass().getName()
+ ": " + e.toString(), e);
}
}
}
// Rewrite the R 'constants' for all library apks.
SparseArray<String> packageIdentifiers = getAssets(mActivityThread)
.getAssignedPackageIdentifiers();
final int N = packageIdentifiers.size();
for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
final int id = packageIdentifiers.keyAt(i);
if (id == 0x01 || id == 0x7f) {
continue;
}
rewriteRValues(getClassLoader(), packageIdentifiers.valueAt(i), id);
}
return app;
}
可以發現這里也是以反射的機制創建了Application對象，并創建了一個ContextImpl對象，并將Application與ContextImpl建立關聯。。。
繼續回到我們的ActivityThread的handleBindApplication方法，在創建了Application對象之后我們調用了Instrumentation的onCreate方法，然后調用了Instrumentation的callApplicationOnCreate方法，我們來看一下其具體實現：
public void callApplicationOnCreate(Application app) {
app.onCreate();
}
這樣我們整個Application的創建執行流程就講解完了。
總結：應用啟動創建Instrumentation-》然后通過反射創建Application并且創建ContextImpl實例與Application關聯。
使用Application具有context的功能。
接下來我們來看一下Acitivty中的Context創建流程，大家都知道我們Activity的具體創建過程是在ActivityThread的performLaunchActivity。
private Activity performLaunchActivity(ActivityClientRecord r, Intent customIntent) {
...
Activity activity = null;
try {
java.lang.ClassLoader cl = r.packageInfo.getClassLoader();
activity = mInstrumentation.newActivity(
cl, component.getClassName(), r.intent);
StrictMode.incrementExpectedActivityCount(activity.getClass());
r.intent.setExtrasClassLoader(cl);
r.intent.prepareToEnterProcess();
if (r.state != null) {
r.state.setClassLoader(cl);
}
} catch (Exception e) {
if (!mInstrumentation.onException(activity, e)) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Unable to instantiate activity " + component
+ ": " + e.toString(), e);
}
}
try {
Application app = r.packageInfo.makeApplication(false, mInstrumentation);
...
if (activity != null) {
Context appContext = createBaseContextForActivity(r, activity);
CharSequence title = r.activityInfo.loadLabel(appContext.getPackageManager());
Configuration config = new Configuration(mCompatConfiguration);
if (DEBUG_CONFIGURATION) Slog.v(TAG, "Launching activity "
+ r.activityInfo.name + " with config " + config);
activity.attach(appContext, this, getInstrumentation(), r.token,
r.ident, app, r.intent, r.activityInfo, title, r.parent,
r.embeddedID, r.lastNonConfigurationInstances, config,
r.referrer, r.voiceInteractor);
if (customIntent != null) {
activity.mIntent = customIntent;
}
r.lastNonConfigurationInstances = null;
activity.mStartedActivity = false;
int theme = r.activityInfo.getThemeResource();
if (theme != 0) {
activity.setTheme(theme);
}
activity.mCalled = false;
if (r.isPersistable()) {
mInstrumentation.callActivityOnCreate(activity, r.state, r.persistentState);
} else {
mInstrumentation.callActivityOnCreate(activity, r.state);
}
if (!activity.mCalled) {
throw new SuperNotCalledException(
"Activity " + r.intent.getComponent().toShortString() +
" did not call through to super.onCreate()");
}
r.activity = activity;
r.stopped = true;
if (!r.activity.mFinished) {
activity.performStart();
r.stopped = false;
}
if (!r.activity.mFinished) {
if (r.isPersistable()) {
if (r.state != null || r.persistentState != null) {
mInstrumentation.callActivityOnRestoreInstanceState(activity, r.state,
r.persistentState);
}
} else if (r.state != null) {
mInstrumentation.callActivityOnRestoreInstanceState(activity, r.state);
}
}
...
return activity;
}
Activity也是系統通過反射機制創建的，然后我們通過LockedApk.makeApplication創建一個Application，通過查看源碼我們知道若這時候LockedApk中的mApplication不為空則直接返回當前的mApplication又因為當我們創建應用進程的時候Application已經被創建，所以當創建Activity的時候這時候Application肯定不為空，所以這時候返回的就是應用進程創建的時候創建的Application，這也從側面說明了一個應用進程對應著一個Application。然后我們通過createBaseContextForActivity創建了一個ContextImpl對象。
private Context createBaseContextForActivity(ActivityClientRecord r, final Activity activity) {
int displayId = Display.DEFAULT_DISPLAY;
try {
displayId = ActivityManagerNative.getDefault().getActivityDisplayId(r.token);
} catch (RemoteException e) {
}
ContextImpl appContext = ContextImpl.createActivityContext(
this, r.packageInfo, displayId, r.overrideConfig);
appContext.setOuterContext(activity);
Context baseContext = appContext;
final DisplayManagerGlobal dm = DisplayManagerGlobal.getInstance();
// For debugging purposes, if the activity's package name contains the value of
// the "debug.use-second-display" system property as a substring, then show
// its content on a secondary display if there is one.
String pkgName = SystemProperties.get("debug.second-display.pkg");
if (pkgName != null && !pkgName.isEmpty()
&& r.packageInfo.mPackageName.contains(pkgName)) {
for (int id : dm.getDisplayIds()) {
if (id != Display.DEFAULT_DISPLAY) {
Display display =
dm.getCompatibleDisplay(id, appContext.getDisplayAdjustments(id));
baseContext = appContext.createDisplayContext(display);
break;
}
}
}
return baseContext;
}
可以發現這里創建了一個ContextImpl對象，并通過ContextImpl的setOuterContext方法，讓該ContextImpl持有了Activity的引用，繼續往下看，我們調用了activity.attach方法，查看一下該方法的實現邏輯：
final void attach(Context context, ActivityThread aThread,
Instrumentation instr, IBinder token, int ident,
Application application, Intent intent, ActivityInfo info,
CharSequence title, Activity parent, String id,
NonConfigurationInstances lastNonConfigurationInstances,
Configuration config, String referrer, IVoiceInteractor voiceInteractor) {
attachBaseContext(context);
mFragments.attachHost(null /*parent*/);
mWindow = new PhoneWindow(this);
mWindow.setCallback(this);
mWindow.setOnWindowDismissedCallback(this);
mWindow.getLayoutInflater().setPrivateFactory(this);
if (info.softInputMode != WindowManager.LayoutParams.SOFT_INPUT_STATE_UNSPECIFIED) {
mWindow.setSoftInputMode(info.softInputMode);
}
if (info.uiOptions != 0) {
mWindow.setUiOptions(info.uiOptions);
}
mUiThread = Thread.currentThread();
mMainThread = aThread;
mInstrumentation = instr;
mToken = token;
mIdent = ident;
mApplication = application;
mIntent = intent;
mReferrer = referrer;
mComponent = intent.getComponent();
mActivityInfo = info;
mTitle = title;
mParent = parent;
mEmbeddedID = id;
mLastNonConfigurationInstances = lastNonConfigurationInstances;
if (voiceInteractor != null) {
if (lastNonConfigurationInstances != null) {
mVoiceInteractor = lastNonConfigurationInstances.voiceInteractor;
} else {
mVoiceInteractor = new VoiceInteractor(voiceInteractor, this, this,
Looper.myLooper());
}
}
mWindow.setWindowManager(
(WindowManager)context.getSystemService(Context.WINDOW_SERVICE),
mToken, mComponent.flattenToString(),
(info.flags & ActivityInfo.FLAG_HARDWARE_ACCELERATED) != 0);
if (mParent != null) {
mWindow.setContainer(mParent.getWindow());
}
mWindowManager = mWindow.getWindowManager();
mCurrentConfig = config;
}
除了一下初始化操作之外，還調用了attachBaseContext方法，讓Activity持有了ContextImpl的引用，這樣就相當于Activity與ContextImpl對象相互持有了對方的引用，并且Activity是繼承與Context。
總結：應用啟動是會調用ActivityThread的performLauncherAcitivty方法；
接下來也是通過反射創建Activity并且創建ContextImpl與之相互持有；
同時activity也與mApplication保存全局為一個application對象關聯。
