句型結(jié)構(gòu)（非主干）

——，S+V+O

主干前的成分常表原因或目的

• 狀語從句：When I was young, I could play football.
• 介詞結(jié)構(gòu)：On Sunday morning, we go to school.
• 分詞結(jié)構(gòu)：Finishing my homework, Istart to watch TV.
  • Sentenced to death, he went to prison.
  • 非主干中省略的主語與謂語的關(guān)系，被動用V-ed，主動用V-ing
• 獨立主格：He finishing his homework, I start to watch TV
  • 公式：(with) + n./pron. (不同于主干主語)+分詞
  • 由于前后主語不一致，故非主干成分的主語也要保留
• 副詞：Surprisingly, he is still alive.

S，——V+O

• 狀語從句：I, when I was young, could play football.
• 介詞結(jié)構(gòu)：We, on sunday moring, go to school.
• 分詞結(jié)構(gòu)：I, finishing my homework, start to watch TV.
• 獨立主格：I, he finishing his homework, start to watch TV.
• 副詞：He, surprisingly, is still alive.
• 定語從句：Shanghai, which is a moving city is my home town.
• 名詞結(jié)構(gòu)：Shanghai, a moving city is my hometown.

后兩種非主干成分存在主要是為了修飾前面的名詞。

S+V+O，——

后面的非主干成分常表示結(jié)果或目的

• 狀語從句 I could play football, when I was young.
• 介詞結(jié)構(gòu)：We go to school, on sunday morning.
• 分詞結(jié)構(gòu)：I start to watch TV, finishing my homework.
• 獨立主格：I start to watch TV, he finishing his homework.
• 副詞：He is still alive, surprisingly.
• 定語從句：I love Shanghai, which is a moving city.
• 名詞結(jié)構(gòu)：I love Shanghai, a moving city.

Passage I

In the last half of the nineteenth, "capital" and "labour" were enlarging and perfecting their rival organisations on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers.

The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional elements and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.

這種改變，通過聘用大量專業(yè)人員，滿足了新時代的技術(shù)要求，避免了效率的下滑，而這種下滑普遍破壞了家族企業(yè)在元氣滿滿的創(chuàng)始人之后的第二代和第三代的財富。

• meet - met：過去式與過去分詞一致時，要考慮到底是過去式還是分詞。過去式作謂語表示一般過去時，過去分詞作非謂語表示被動關(guān)系。

• by 引導(dǎo)的定語從句

  • 作定語修飾名詞
  • 作狀語修飾動作——翻到前面

• and: 從后向前找相同的成分

• that后不完整的定語從句修飾誰？

  • 定從不能跨越謂語動詞修飾
  • 長定從翻譯時：一分為二，還原成兩個句子，再把指代的內(nèi)容再說一遍

The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business.

鐵路公司雖然是為了股東利益而管理的私營企業(yè)，但與舊式家族企業(yè)不同。

Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an elements in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detachedfrom the responsible management of business.

如此大規(guī)模、不人道的資本和工業(yè)操縱，大大增加了股東作為一種階級的人數(shù)和重要性，而這種階級在國際生活中代表了不負(fù)責(zé)任的財富，這些財富脫離了土地和土地所有者的責(zé)任，幾乎完全脫離了企業(yè)的責(zé)任管理。

Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large "comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their order to the management.

像XX這樣的城鎮(zhèn)涌現(xiàn)了大量舒適群體，這群人憑著他們的收入已經(jīng)退休了，而且除了收取股息和偶爾出席一下股東大會向管理部門發(fā)出命令，與企業(yè)其他成員也沒有任何關(guān)系。

The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good.

這些所謂的股東雖然持有企業(yè)的股份，卻對企業(yè)雇傭的員工的生活、想法或需要沒有任何了解，所以他們在資本和員工的關(guān)系間的影響力并不高。

The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the man and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away.

運營公司的付費經(jīng)理人和員工以及他們的需求有更直接的聯(lián)系，但即使是他，也很少對工人有熟悉的個人了解，然而這些知識在如今已經(jīng)消失的舊家族企業(yè)的父權(quán)制下時是經(jīng)常掌握的。