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Making it, better
制造，力求完美
Foxconn, a Taiwanese contract manufacturer which employs over 1m workers on the mainland, is sometimes represented as a low-tech sweatshop; in fact, it holds international patents in areas ranging from electrical machinery to computing to audio-video technology. It is expanding its Shenzhen facility to support rapid prototyping by Apple’s new R&D centre in the city. Its joint venture with Japan’s Sharp is investing $8.8bn in Guangzhou to make advanced liquid-crystal displays. It is also developing industrial robotics in Shenzhen.
臺灣合同制造商富士康公司在內地雇工超過100萬人，有時會被描繪成低技術血汗工廠的代表。富士康公司擁有許多國際專利，涵蓋了從電子機械到計算再到音頻視頻技術。目前位于深圳的工廠正在擴建，用于支持蘋果公司新的深圳研發中心進行快速成型。它與日本夏普的合資企業在廣州投資8.8億美元制造先進的液晶顯示器。它還在深圳開發工業機器人。
BGI, formerly known as the Beijing Genomics Institute, moved to Shenzhen to get away from northern bureaucrats. Seven years ago it was declared a “DNA superpower” byNature, a science journal, after it bought so many genome-sequencing machines that it ended up owning more than half the world’stotal. It is due to go public shortly.
原名北京華大基因研究所的華大基因，為擺脫北方的官僚主義而搬遷到深圳。7年前，華大基因購買了大量的基因測序機器，最終擁有的機器數量占世界總數的一半以上，因而被科學期刊《自然》雜志稱為“DNA超級力量”。華大基因將于近期上市。
Mindray, a devices firm with $1bn in global sales, is developing new technologies for ventilators, digital operating rooms and surgical robots. The firm’s experience of managing both American and Chinese researchers is revealing. Its researchers in Silicon Valley are not just tutoring their counterparts in Shenzhen, it turns out, but also learning from them. Cheng Minghe, the firm’s president, observes that Westerners produce high-quality research but take a long time over it, whereas the locals are better at speedy development of new kit.
全球銷售額約10億美金的醫療設備企業邁瑞正致力于研發呼吸機、數字化手術室和外科手術機器人。公司在管理美國和中國研究員方面的經驗引人深思。身在硅谷的邁瑞的研究員不僅指導深圳的同行，事實證明，他們也在向深圳學習。公司總裁程明和發現，西方人的高質量研究耗時更長，而本地人則更善于迅速開發新的組件。
Huawei spends more on R&D than Apple does. The privately held Shenzhen firm made its name as a telecoms-equipment vendor, but is now a big force in smartphones and cloud computing too. Its revenues for 2016 are estimated at 520bn yuan, a 32% increase on a year earlier. It devotes an impressive 15% of its revenues and 82,000 of its 180,000 employees to R&D.
華為公司在研發領域的投入比蘋果公司更多。這家深圳的私營企業過去作為電信設備供應商而聞名，如今在智能手機和云計算方面也實力雄厚。2016年的年收入約5200億元，同比增長32%。它將年收入的15%用于研發，18萬員工中有8.2萬是研發人員，這一點令人印象深刻。
Huawei is innovating as it is globalising. Dieter Ernst of the East-West Centre, an American think-tank, praises the company for creating a “global innovation network” of the sort that only Western multinational companies used to have, with more than two dozen R&D centres the world over and a number of collaborative hubs run with leading multinationals and universities.
華為全球擴張的過程也是一個創新的過程，美國智庫東西方中心的迪特·厄恩斯特盛贊華為是一家創造“全球創新網絡”的公司，而全球創新網絡過去只有西方擴過企業才擁有，目前華為在世界各地已有20多家研發中心并與頂尖的跨國企業和大學建立了合作樞紐。
This has paid dividends. Huawei is one of the world’s most prolific generators of high-quality international patents. Along with Sweden’s Ericsson it is at the forefront of 5G, which will replace the current 4G networks for mobile telephony. Its narrow-band internet-of-things protocol, a cheap and low-energy way to connect machines to the cloud, was recently approved as a global standard.
付出就有回報。華為是世界上擁有最多高質量國際專利的公司之一。與瑞典的愛立信公司一樣，處于5G技術的前沿，5G將為取代目前移動電話的4G網絡，其窄帶物聯網協議——一種廉價而低能耗地將機器聯系到云端的方式，最近被批準為國際標準。
Another way Shenzhen is rewriting the rules is by embracing open innovation. In the West, corporate innovation has generally been a secretive, top-down affair. Many factories in the city started by making clever imitations of Western goods, which led foreigners to dismiss the locals as mere copycats. That was a mistake. David Li of Shenzhen’s Open Innovation Lab argues that the copycats have since morphed into a powerful ecosystem of collaborative, fast-learning suppliers and factories. “Anybody can come to Shenzhen with an idea and get it prototyped, tested, made and put on the market at a decent price,” he says. Silicon Valley is obsessed with rich-world problems, he thinks, but China’s open innovators work on affordable solutions for the masses on everything from health care to pollution to banking.
深圳改寫規則的另一個方法是擁抱開放式創新。在西方，公司創新通常是遮遮掩掩、自上而下的事。而這座城市的許多工廠靠巧妙地模仿西方產品起家，西方人僅僅將這些本地企業視為山寨商。這是一個錯誤。深圳開放創新實驗室的李大維辯解道山寨商已經演變為一個由善于合作、快速學習的供應商和工廠組成的強大的生態系統。他說，“任何人都可以帶著想法來深圳，制作原型、進行測試、制造產品，并以合理的價格投放市場”。他認為，硅谷癡迷于解決富裕世界的問題，但是中國的開放創新者為普羅大眾提供了一種負擔得起的解決方案，涵蓋了從醫療保健到污染治理再到銀行業務的方方面面。
Mr Li says the already frenetic pace of Chinese innovation is speeding up further. Dealmaking used to involve long banquets and vast quantities ofbaijiu, a local firewater. Now introductions are made at the flick of a finger on WeChat, a remarkable messaging and payments app with more than 800m users. As soon as a WeChat group is formed, there is little need for phone calls or meetings. Tencent, the internet and online-gaming giant that invented WeChat, is also based in Shenzhen. Worth some $250bn, it is one of Asia’s most valuable firms. Its snazzy and green new headquarters in Nanshan towers over a modern neighbourhood of startups, incubators and funky coffee shops.
李先生說中國已然狂熱的創新還在快馬加鞭。談生意在過去意味著一場接一場的宴請及一杯接一杯的白酒。現在只需要指尖輕點微信，就可以引薦某人。（微信是著名的實施聯絡和支付應用，約有8000萬的用戶）。一旦有了微信群，就不再需要電話和會議了。騰訊，互聯網和在線游戲巨頭、微信的發明者，同樣也是一家在深圳起家的公司。市值約2500萬億美元的騰訊公司是亞洲最具價值的企業之一，它位于南山區的新總部新穎而又綠色，聳立于由初創企業、孵化器和時尚咖啡館組成的現代社區之間。
One of Shenzhen’s most daring startups, Royole, is expanding its output of an extraordinary product: the world’s thinnest foldable full-colour touchscreen display. Liu Zihong, a mainlander, earned his doctorate in electrical engineering at Stanford University, where he dreamt of radical new ways for machines and humans to interact. When he started Royole, he says, he knew it had to be based in Shenzhen. Getting from early-stage research to manufactured product would require a massive amount of what he calls integrated innovation: “Materials, process, device design, circuit design—all needed to be innovated…if you changed one material, you had to change the process.” His team had to develop entirely new materials and factory tools, including custom-built robots, to make his screens, accumulating over 600 patents along the way. He insists this could not have been done even in Silicon Valley, because California cannot match Shenzhen’s ecosystem of “makers”.
深圳最大膽的創業公司之一柔宇正擴大生產一款卓越的產品：世界上最薄的折疊式全彩觸摸屏。劉自鴻是中國內地人，在斯坦福大學獲得電氣工程的博士學位，在那里他夢想著機器和人類互動的全新途徑。當他成立了柔宇公司，他說柔宇必須而且只能立足于深圳。從早期研究到生產產品需要大量的他稱之為綜合創新的元素“材料、工藝、設備設計、電路設計，所有的一切都需要創新。如果你改變了一種材料，你就得改工藝。”為了生產屏幕，他的團隊需要開發出一整套新的材料和包括定制機器人在內的工廠工具，并在生產過程中積累了600多項專利。他堅稱這些在硅谷都難以實現，因為深圳“制造者”的生態系統是加州無可比擬的。
With $280m in venture-capital investment, Royole is valued at $3bn. It is investing $1.8bn to build a heavily automated factory and integrated R&D complex which should propel sales past $3bn. But Mr Liu has even grander ambitions. He thinks his screens could be deployed more widely, in places such as cups, clothes, desks, even walls. “Last year the display industry was worth $150bn,” he says, “but flexible displays will double that.”
柔宇獲得了2.8億美元的風險投資，估值約30億美元。它將18億美元用于建設高度自動化工廠和集成研發園區，預計將推動銷售額超過30億美元。但劉先生有更大的抱負。在他看來，他屏幕的應用范圍可以更加廣泛，如杯子、衣服、書桌甚至是墻面。他說，“去年，顯示產業的產值約1500億美元，柔性屏將使它翻一番。”
