恪守之前的四步驟便可掌握分析閱讀的第一步: what a book is about and to outline its structure 這本書講的是什么并且梳理出書中的結構。
進入分析閱讀第二步，便是需要讀者明白作者說的是什么，讀者要和讀的這本書的作者心心相印。
For a term is the basic element of communicable knowledge.
因為術語是交流知識的基礎元素。
首先，我們要明白術語和單詞的區別。
If the author uses a word in one meaning, and the reader reads it in another, words have passed between them, but they have not come to terms.
如果作者用一個單詞表達一種意思，但是讀者領悟成別的意思了。盡管他們之間通過文字連接著，但是讀者不會明白作者真正想表達地意思。
It is necessary for the two parties to use the same words with the same things, in short, to come to terms. When that happens, communication happens, the miracle of two minds with but a single thought.
作者和讀者使用相同的單詞表達同一個意思是非常有必要的，這便叫做術語。當這一步發生了，就產生了交流，作者和讀者之間便會產生奇妙的共識。
A term can be defined as an unambiguous word. That is not quite accurate, for strictly there are no unambiguous words. What we should have said is that a term is a word used unambiguously.
術語可以被定義作不模糊的文字。但是這么說并不準確，因為嚴格來講，世上本沒有含義完全清楚的表達。所以我們更習慣稱術語為清楚準確地使用某種文字。
Terms occur only in the process of communication. They occur when a writer tries to avoid ambiguity and a reader helps him by trying to follow his use of words.
人們在交流的過程中會產生特定的術語。作者在創作時候避免使用表意含糊不清的文字，讀者借助這些文字順藤摸瓜理解作者的表達。
We can think of terms as a skilled use of words for the sake of communicating knowledge.
我們把為了交流知識而應用術語當做是一種經驗豐富的用詞技能。
下面來介紹一下如何分析閱讀an expository work/a work of science（科學著作）：
Rule 5 Find the important words and through them come to terms with the author.
學會找關鍵詞并理解作者要說明的事情
需要兩小步(two steps)
A step dealing with the language as such, and a step beyond the language to the thought that lies behind it.
第一步找到關鍵詞，第二步要透過語言理解作者表達的內容。
The only thing to do therefore, in expository works, is to make the best of language as it is, and the only way to do that is to use language as skillfully as possible when you want to convey, or to receive, knowledge.
科學文獻的撰寫需要運用最精煉清楚的語言。當讀者需要去探索知識時候，也要盡可能嫻熟地使用語言這門工具。
Because language is imperfect as a medium for conveying knowledge, it also functions as an obstacle to communication. The rules of interpretive reading are directed to overcoming than obstacle. We can expect a good writer to do his best to reach us through the barrier language inevitably sets up, but we cannot expect him to do the job all by himself. We must meet him halfway. We, as readers, must try to tunnel through from our side of the barrier. The likelihood of a meeting of minds through language depends on the willingness of both reader and writer to work together.
其實語言并不是探索知識的一個完美媒介，它也有交流功能方面的缺陷。解譯閱讀的規則將指引我們跨越這一屏障。我們可以期盼一個優秀的作者盡全力帶領我們跨越障礙，卻不能指望事事都依賴他。我們必須在半路與他相遇。作為讀者的我們也得努力從我們這邊的障礙越過去。作者和讀者都得懷著堅定的信念，共同從各自的起點努力，才有可能一起產生愉悅的思想共鳴。
除此之外，讀者還需要解決語法和邏輯上的問題
The grammatical aspect is the one that deals with words. The logical step deals with their meanings.
語法梳言語，邏輯解意蘊。
The main point is that one word can be the vehicle for many terms, and one term can be expressed by many words.
其精髓便是，一字可多義，一種含義也有數不清的表達。
那么，問題來了，如何尋找關鍵詞呢？關鍵詞是啥？作者又說了：
He is using it in a definitely special sense when he discusses the theory of causation.
當他需要闡述某種具體原理的原因時候，他需要運用有一種被定義的特殊表達，就是關鍵詞。
當我們閱讀現代書籍時候，我們需要知道現代人常用語。所以閱讀現代書是最簡單的，因為這些用語都是我們每天在用的，但是想要讀懂一本外國著作，還是沒那么容易，你需要搞明白歪果仁咋說話、咋用詞。所以，若想看懂一本古籍是很難的，因為我們大多數人都不清楚那時候的人習慣表達用語。
The most important words are those that give you trouble.
最重要的詞是我們不懂的。
那么，什么是我們不懂的詞呢？
可能是作者在書中重點引用的詞(quotation marks)或者是斜體字(italics)，作者已經給你做好了標記，可能這部分理解起來會有難度。
The trouble with most readers is that they simply do not pay enough attention to words to locate their difficulties. They fail to distinguish the words that they do not understand sufficiently from those they do.
困擾大多數讀者的是他們并不關注那些有難度的詞匯。他們無法分辨什么是他們理解不到位的詞匯。
那么問題又來了，怎么知道你不懂的單詞的含義呢？
You have to discover the meaning of a word you do not understand by using the meanings of all the other words in the context that you do understand.
你可以聯系上下文內容來推測你不認識的單詞。
A word in place is a term.
詞被運用在合適的位置來表達恰當的意思，就是術語。
To use a word ambiguously is to use it in several senses without distinguishing or relating their meanings.
模糊用詞便是指一個詞能代表很多意思，作者在運用時也不加以區分。
You should not forget that one word can represent several terms. One way to remember this is to distinguish between the author’s vocabulary and his terminology. If you make a list in one colum of the important words, and in another of their important meanings, you will see the relation between the vocabulary and the terminology.
不要忘記一詞可多義。有一種可以牢記它的好方法是區分作者的用詞和專業術語。一列列出你覺得重要的單詞，另一列寫出這些單詞對應的意思，你就會發現二者之間的區別。
This is important, of course. If you supposed that every time an author changed his words, he was shifting his terms, you would make as great an error as to suppose that every time he used the same words, the terms remained the same.
如果每次作者一換表達讀者就覺得作者在改變說法，那么讀者就犯了一個嚴重的錯誤，因為如果作者不換用詞的話，那么讀者又會覺得他想表達的意思也不變。
當然，一個單詞肯定不如一組短語表達得清楚，作者為了讓讀者理解得更透徹，一般更喜歡運用短語表達，因為一個單詞表達的含義往往是無限的，但是由幾個單詞構成的短語在表達上具有提供限制的優勢。舉例，reading for enlightenment.(啟發式閱讀)作者為了讓讀者理解得更明白，就這樣說the process of passing from understanding less to understanding more by the operation of your mind upon a book.(通過閱讀來增長智慧)
