一、WebView
view=(WebView) findViewById(R.id.webView1);
view.setWebViewClient(new WebViewClient(){
@Override
public boolean shouldOverrideUrlLoading(WebView view, String url) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
view.loadUrl(url); ??//根據(jù)傳入的參數(shù)再去加載新的網(wǎng)頁(yè)
return true; ????????//表示當(dāng)前WebView可以處理打開(kāi)新網(wǎng)頁(yè)的請(qǐng)求,不用借助系統(tǒng)瀏覽器
}
});
view.loadUrl("http://www.baidu.com");
訪問(wèn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)是需要聲明權(quán)限的:
二、使用HTTP協(xié)議訪問(wèn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)
在Android中發(fā)送http請(qǐng)求有兩種方法:HttpURLConnection和HttpClient。
1、使用HttpURLConnection
首先,獲取訪問(wèn)地址的URL;
然后,利用該url實(shí)例的openConnection()方法獲取HttpURLConnection實(shí)例;
之后,利用HttpURLConnection實(shí)例,可以設(shè)置HTTP請(qǐng)求所使用的方法,主要有兩種,GET和POST,分別是請(qǐng)求數(shù)據(jù)和提交數(shù)據(jù);
之后,可以進(jìn)行一些自由的設(shè)置,比如設(shè)置連接超時(shí)時(shí)間、請(qǐng)求超時(shí)時(shí)間等;
最后,調(diào)用getInputStream()方法即可獲得服務(wù)器傳輸過(guò)來(lái)的輸入流了。可以對(duì)該輸入流進(jìn)行讀取。
讀取完之后,需要關(guān)閉HTTP連接,調(diào)用disconnect()方法。
當(dāng)然,也需要在AndroidManifest.xml中注冊(cè)。
url = new URL("http://www.baidu.com");
HttpURLConnection connection=(HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
connection.setRequestMethod("GET");
connection.setReadTimeout(8000);
connection.setConnectTimeout(8000);
InputStream inputStream=connection.getInputStream();
主程序如下:
public class MainActivity extends Activity {
Button send;
TextView textView;
public static final int REQUEST=0;
private Handler handler=new Handler()
{
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
super.handleMessage(msg);
switch (msg.what) {
case REQUEST:
String responce=msg.obj.toString();
textView.setText(responce);
break;
default:
break;
}
}
};
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
send=(Button) findViewById(R.id.send);
textView=(TextView) findViewById(R.id.text);
send.setOnClickListener(new OnClickListener() {
public void onClick(View v) {
SendRequest();
}
});
}
public void SendRequest()
{
//打開(kāi)一個(gè)子線程用于請(qǐng)求網(wǎng)頁(yè)
new Thread(new Runnable() {
public void run() {
HttpURLConnection connection=null;
BufferedReader reader;
URL url;
try {
url = new URL("http://www.baidu.com");
connection=(HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
connection.setRequestMethod("GET");
connection.setReadTimeout(8000);
connection.setConnectTimeout(8000);
InputStream inputStream=connection.getInputStream();
InputStreamReader inputStreamReader=new InputStreamReader(inputStream);
reader=new BufferedReader(inputStreamReader);
StringBuilder builder=new StringBuilder();
String line="";
while((line=reader.readLine())!=null)
{
builder.append(line);
}
Message ?message=new Message();
message.what=REQUEST;
message.obj=builder;
handler.sendMessage(message);
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
finally
{
if(connection!=null)connection.disconnect();
}
}
}).start();
}
…….
}
向服務(wù)器提交數(shù)據(jù):
首先,將HTTP請(qǐng)求方法改為POST;
然后,打開(kāi)輸出流。
之后,將數(shù)據(jù)以鍵值對(duì)方式輸出,數(shù)據(jù)之間用&隔開(kāi)。
connection.setRequestMethod("POST");
OutputStream outputStream=connection.getOutputStream();
DataOutputStream dataOutputStream=new DataOutputStream(outputStream);
dataOutputStream.writeBytes("username=hujun&password=123");
2、使用HttpClient
HttpClient是Apache提供的網(wǎng)絡(luò)訪問(wèn)接口。
首先,因?yàn)槭墙涌冢圆荒軐?shí)例化,通常創(chuàng)建一個(gè)DefaultHttpClient的實(shí)例:
HttpClient httpClient = new DefaultHttpClient();
(1)GET請(qǐng)求
創(chuàng)建HttpGet對(duì)象,傳入目標(biāo)網(wǎng)絡(luò)地址,然后調(diào)用HttpClient的excute()方法。
HttpGet httpGet = new HttpGet(“http://www.baidu.com”);
httpClient.excute(httpGet);
(2)POST請(qǐng)求
首先,創(chuàng)建一個(gè)HttpPost對(duì)象,傳入網(wǎng)絡(luò)目標(biāo)地址;
之后,用NameValuePair集合存放數(shù)據(jù);
之后,設(shè)置數(shù)據(jù)存放格式為utf-8,利用UrlEncodeFormEntity轉(zhuǎn)碼;
之后,將轉(zhuǎn)碼后的entity放入HttpPost對(duì)象;setEntity();
最后,調(diào)用httpClient的excute()方法即可。
//創(chuàng)建HttpPost對(duì)象
HttpPost httpPost = new HttpPost(“http://www.baidu.com”);
//放入數(shù)據(jù)
List params = new ArrayList();
params.add(new BasicNameValuePair(“username”,”hujun” ));
params.add(new BasicNameValuePair(“password”,”123” ));
//轉(zhuǎn)碼
UrlEncodeFormEntity entity = new UrlEncodeFormEntity(params,”utf-8”);
httpPost.setEntity(entity);
//執(zhí)行
httpClient.excute(httpPost);
(3)服務(wù)器返回結(jié)果
執(zhí)行excute()之后,服務(wù)器會(huì)返回一個(gè)HttpResponse對(duì)象,該對(duì)象中包含所有的返回結(jié)果。
首先,取出服務(wù)器返回的狀態(tài)碼,如果狀態(tài)碼為200,說(shuō)明響應(yīng)成功了。
HttpResponse httpResponse = httpClient.excute(httpGet/httpPost);
if(httpResponse.getStatusLine().getStatueCode()==200)
{
//執(zhí)行返回成功之后的代碼
}
之后,取出返回結(jié)果。先用getEntity()獲取HttpEntity實(shí)例,然后用EntityUtils.toString(entity,”utf-8”)將entity轉(zhuǎn)換為字符串。
public void SendClient()
{
new Thread(new Runnable() {
public void run() {
HttpClient httpClient = new DefaultHttpClient();
HttpPost httpPost = new HttpPost("http://www.baidu.com");
List params=new ArrayList();
params.add(new BasicNameValuePair("username", "hujun"));
params.add(new BasicNameValuePair("password", "123"));
try {
UrlEncodedFormEntity encodedFormEntity = new UrlEncodedFormEntity(params,"utf-8");
httpPost.setEntity(encodedFormEntity);
HttpResponse httpResponse = httpClient.execute(httpPost);
if(httpResponse.getStatusLine().getStatusCode()==200)
{
HttpEntity entity = httpResponse.getEntity();
String response = EntityUtils.toString(entity, "utf-8").toString();
Message message=new Message();
message.what=RESPONSE;
message.obj=response;
handler.sendMessage(message);
}
} catch (Exception e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}).start();
}
三、解析XML格式數(shù)據(jù)
首先,需要建立一個(gè)xml文件用于解析。在www文件夾里建立get_data.xml
1
Google Maps
1.0
2
Chrome
2.1
3
Google Play
2.3
然后,利用Android程序去解析這段xml代碼。
1、Pull解析方式
public void parseXMLwithPull(String response)
{
try {
XmlPullParserFactory factory=XmlPullParserFactory.newInstance();
XmlPullParser parser = factory.newPullParser();
parser.setInput(new StringReader(response));
int enventType=parser.getEventType();
while(enventType!=XmlPullParser.END_DOCUMENT)
{
String nodeName=parser.getName();
String id="";
String name="";
String version="";
switch (enventType) {
case XmlPullParser.START_TAG:
if("id".equals(nodeName))
{
id=parser.nextText();
}
else if("name".equals(nodeName))
{
name=parser.nextText();
}
else if("version".equals(nodeName))
{
version=parser.nextText();
}
break;
case XmlPullParser.END_TAG:
if("app".equals(nodeName))
{
Log.i("main", "id= "+id);
Log.i("main", "name= "+name);
Log.i("main", "version= "+version);
}
break;
default:
break;
}
enventType=parser.next();
}
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
2、SAX解析方式
需要構(gòu)建一個(gè)自己的ContentHandler類去解析XML
public class ContentHandler extends DefaultHandler {
private StringBuilder id;
private StringBuilder name;
private StringBuilder version;
private String nodeName;
public void startDocument() throws SAXException {
super.startDocument();
id = new StringBuilder();
name = new StringBuilder();
version = new StringBuilder();
}
public void startElement(String uri, String localName, String qName,
Attributes attributes) throws SAXException {
super.startElement(uri, localName, qName, attributes);
//記錄當(dāng)前節(jié)點(diǎn)名
nodeName = localName;
}
public void characters(char[] ch, int start, int length)
throws SAXException {
super.characters(ch, start, length);
//根據(jù)當(dāng)前節(jié)點(diǎn)名,判斷將內(nèi)容放入哪個(gè)StringBuilder中
if("id".equals(nodeName))id.append(ch, start, length);
else if("name".equals(nodeName))name.append(ch, start, length);
else if("version".equals(nodeName))version.append(ch, start, length);
}
public void endElement(String uri, String localName, String qName)
throws SAXException {
super.endElement(uri, localName, qName);
if("app".equals(nodeName))
{
Log.i("ContentHandler", "id is "+id.toString().trim());
Log.i("ContentHandler", "name is "+name.toString().trim());
Log.i("ContentHandler", "version is "+version.toString().trim());
//最后需要將StringBuilder清空
id.setLength(0);
name.setLength(0);
version.setLength(0);
}
}
public void endDocument() throws SAXException {
super.endDocument();
}
}
在MainActivity.java中:
public void parseXMLWithSAX(String response)
{
try {
SAXParserFactory factory=SAXParserFactory.newInstance();
XMLReader xmlReader=factory.newSAXParser().getXMLReader();
ContentHandler handler=new ContentHandler();
xmlReader.setContentHandler(handler);
xmlReader.parse(new InputSource(new StringReader(response)));
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
四、解析JSON格式數(shù)據(jù)
相比XML,JSON優(yōu)勢(shì)在于體積更小,在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上傳輸更省流量。但缺點(diǎn)在于語(yǔ)義性較差,不如XML直觀。
編輯get_data.json文件:
[{"id":"5","name":"hujun","version":"4.4"},
{"id":"6","name":"hujun6","version":"6.6"},
{"id":"7","name":"hujun7","version":"7.7"}]
解析JSON數(shù)據(jù)有很多方法,比如官方提供的JSONObject,也可以使用Google的開(kāi)源庫(kù)GSON。
1、JSONObject
public void parseJSONWithJSONObject(String response)
{
try {
JSONArray jsonArray=new JSONArray(response);
for (int i = 0; i < jsonArray.length(); i++) {
JSONObject jsonObject=jsonArray.getJSONObject(i);
String id=jsonObject.getString("id");
String name=jsonObject.getString("name");
String version=jsonObject.getString("version");
Log.i("main", "id= "+id);
Log.i("main", "name= "+name);
Log.i("main", "version= "+version);
}
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
private static final String JSON =
"wjr({\"id\":\"35\",\"list\":{\"wjr1\":{\"dengji\":\"2\",\"diming\":\"北京市\(zhòng)",\"daima\":\"110000000000\",\"zidi\":2},\"wjr2\":{\"dengji\":\"2\",\"diming\":\"天津市\(zhòng)",\"daima\":\"120000000000\",\"zidi\":2}}})";
String response=JSON;
response=response.substring(4);
JSONObject province=new JSONObject(response);
JSONObject list=province.getJSONObject("list");
for (int i = 1; i < list.length()+1; i++) {
Log.i("main", list.getJSONObject("wjr"+i).getString("diming"));
Log.i("main", list.getJSONObject("wjr"+i).getString("daima"));
}
2、GSON
首先需要一個(gè)Gsonjar包,放在lib中。
GSON可以將一段JSON格式的數(shù)據(jù),自動(dòng)映射為一個(gè)對(duì)象。
比如一段JSON格式數(shù)據(jù)如下:
{"id":"5","name":"hujun","version":"4.4"}
利用GSON可以將上面的JSON格式直接映射為一個(gè)對(duì)象。fromJson()接收兩個(gè)參數(shù):JSON數(shù)據(jù)和需要映射的類。
Gson gson = new Gson();
Person person = gson.fromJson(jsonData,Person.class);
如果需要解析一段JSON數(shù)組,需要用TypeToken將期望解析的數(shù)據(jù)傳入到fromJson()中。
五、網(wǎng)絡(luò)編程最佳實(shí)踐——java的回調(diào)機(jī)制
將通用的網(wǎng)絡(luò)操作提取到一個(gè)通用的類里,并提供一個(gè)靜態(tài)方法。
但網(wǎng)絡(luò)操作是耗時(shí)操作,因此需要將其放在一個(gè)子線程中進(jìn)行。
由于在子線程中進(jìn)行,在主程序中調(diào)用這個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)操作類時(shí),服務(wù)器還沒(méi)有來(lái)得及響應(yīng),這個(gè)方法就結(jié)束了,根本來(lái)不及返回?cái)?shù)據(jù)。
因此,需要利用java的回調(diào)機(jī)制。
java的回調(diào)機(jī)制:
(1)首先,需要定義一個(gè)接口;
public interface HttpCallBackListner {
void onFinish(String response);
void onError(Exception e);
}
onFinish()方法表示當(dāng)服務(wù)器成功響應(yīng)請(qǐng)求時(shí)調(diào)用,參數(shù)是服務(wù)器的響應(yīng)。
onError()表示網(wǎng)絡(luò)出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤時(shí)調(diào)用,參數(shù)是錯(cuò)誤信息。
(2)然后,將接口以參數(shù)形式,放到網(wǎng)絡(luò)操作的通用類中;
public class HttpUtil {
public static void sendHttpRequest(final String address,final HttpCallBackListner listner)
{
new Thread(new Runnable() {
HttpURLConnection connection=null;
public void run() {
try {
URL url = new URL(address);
connection = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
connection.setRequestMethod("GET");
connection.setReadTimeout(8000);
connection.setConnectTimeout(8000);
connection.setDoInput(true);
connection.setDoOutput(true);
InputStream inputStream=connection.getInputStream();
InputStreamReader inputStreamReader=new InputStreamReader(inputStream);
BufferedReader bufferedReader=new BufferedReader(inputStreamReader);
StringBuilder builder=new StringBuilder();
String line="";
while((line=bufferedReader.readLine())!=null)
{
builder.append(line);
}
//讀取服務(wù)器響應(yīng)數(shù)據(jù)成功,則調(diào)用onFinish()方法
if(listner!=null)
{
listner.onFinish(builder.toString());
}
} catch (Exception e) {
//網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)發(fā)送錯(cuò)誤,調(diào)用onError()方法
if(listner!=null)
{
listner.onError(e);
}
}
finally
{
if(connection!=null)connection.disconnect();
}
}
}).start();
}
}
(3)最后,在調(diào)用sendHttpRequest()方法出,重寫(xiě)HttpCallBackListener接口中的方法。
HttpUtil.sendHttpRequest("http://www.baidu.com", new HttpCallBackListner() {
public void onFinish(String response) {
//在這里處理服務(wù)器返回的結(jié)果
}
public void onError(Exception e) {
//在這里處理網(wǎng)絡(luò)出錯(cuò)
}
});
這樣就可以利用回調(diào)機(jī)制,將響應(yīng)數(shù)據(jù)成功的返回給調(diào)用方了。需要注意,onFinish()和onError()方法都是在子線程中運(yùn)行的,因此不能在其中執(zhí)行UI操作,需要用Handler的sendMessage異步處理機(jī)制。
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