2021年普通高等學校招生全國統一考試D篇
原文鏈接：
https://hbr.org/2017/10/why-you-can-focus-in-a-coffee-shop-but-not-in-your-open-office
2021全國乙卷D篇文本
During an interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still think about often. Annoyed by the level of distraction(干擾) in his open office, he said, “That’s why I have a membership at the coworking space across the street —so I can focus. "His comment struck me as strange. After all, coworking spaces also typically use an open office layout (布局). But I recently came across a study that shows why his approach works.
The researchers examined various levels of noise on participants as they completed tests of creative thinking. They were randomly divided into four groups and exposed to various noise levels in the background, from total silence to 50 decibels(分貝),70 decibels, and 85decibels. The differences between most of the groups were statistically insignificant; however,the participants in the 70 decibels group—those exposed to a level of noise similar to background chatter in a coffee shop-significantly outperformed the other groups. Since the effects were small, this may suggest that our creative thinking does not differ that much in response to total silence and 85 decibels of background noise.
But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the study also suggests that the right level of background noise—not too loud and not total silence—may actually improve one’s creative thinking ability. The right level of background noise may interrupt our normal patterns of thinking just enough to allow our imaginations to wander, without making it impossible to focus. This kind of"distracted focus"appears to be the best state for working on creative tasks.
So why do so many of us hate our open offices? The problem may be that, in our offices, we can't stop ourselves from getting drawn into others’ conversations while we’re trying to focus. Indeed, the researchers found that face-to-face interactions and conversations affect the creative process, and yet a coworking space or a coffee shop provides a certain level of noise while also providing freedom from interruptions.
32. Why does the interviewer prefer a coworking space?
A. It helps him concentrate.
B. It blocks out background noise.
C. It has a pleasant atmosphere.
D. It encourages face-to-face interactions.
33. Which level of background noise may promote creative thinking ability?
A. Total silence.
B. 50 decibels.
C. 70 decibels.
D. 85 decibels.
34. What makes an open office unwelcome to many people?
A. Personal privacy unprotected.
B. Limited working space.
C. Restrictions on group discussion.
D. Constant interruptions.
35.What can we infer about the author from the text?
A. He's a news reporter. B. He’s on office manager.
C. He's a professional designer. D. He's a published writer.
答案：ACDD
解讀：
文章大意：辦公環境“噪音”對環境當中的“人的大腦”的影響。“帶入式”噪音和“非帶入式噪音”是有差別的。文本詞數：394。
本文本因為對原文進行了大量的刪減。所以可以看出刪除部分包含以文章main idea為核心的相關research, 也就是缺少了連貫的科學研究過程的闡述，且以作者第一人稱來敘述，研究并非作者親自參與，所以文章style屬于敘事體，高考當中的文本體裁趨近界定為nonfiction范疇的類科普說明文（事實上是缺少科普文所應該具備的要素的）。
文章當中有一個關鍵信息詞匯coworking space。
拓展信息：
聯合辦公（共享辦公）是一種為降低辦公室租賃成本的辦公模式，來自不同公司的個人在聯合辦公空間中共同工作，在特別設計和安排的辦公空間中共享辦公環境，彼此獨立完成各自項目。同樣的，其應該具有以下四個要素：輕服務——免費提供公共辦公空間、網絡、茶水、打印、安保服務等夠靈活——即租即用，租期靈活，領包入住分割式——一個辦公場地被劃分為許多小塊，按照自身需求尋找相應共享式——來自不同公司的個人共享一個辦公環境，更加強調空間與人之間的連接。國內的聯合辦公行業，各品牌已經開始有自己較為明晰對的定位和細分客群， 優客工場和氪空間擁有現如今國內最大的空間數量以及經營面積，主張便捷高效的辦公理念，在引入多元化投資機構的同時，已逐步完成了自身生態圈體系的搭建。
2.1第一段當中During an interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still think about often. Annoyed by the level of distraction(干擾) in his open office, he said, “That’s why I have a membership at the coworking space across the street —so I can focus. "His comment struck me as strange. After all, coworking spaces also typically use an open office layout (布局). But I recently came across a study that shows why his approach works.
本段命題人對原文有一定的改編，首句起到一個引入主題的作用，但對文章整體核心信息并沒有密切的關聯性，所以篇章首句并非都是文本信息具有main idea 有提示作用的關鍵句（如很多文本解讀所述）。整體看，第一段內容屬于中式思維改編，具有一定的跳躍性，但整體信息可以理解。第一段最后兩句的轉折從信息攝入角度看，因信息不足顯得牽強。此處，命題人命制了第一題：
32. Why does the interviewer prefer a coworking space?
A. It helps him concentrate.
B. It blocks out background noise.
C. It has a pleasant atmosphere.
D. It encourages face-to-face interactions.
其實本題的信息提示點遍布全文。只要讀懂全文，回答這個問題就比較容易。但是僅僅從第一段信息來看，試題的答案的文本信息支持是不足的。而本文當中如本題題干提示題境的the interviewer的選擇僅僅在第一段中提到，因此判斷其相關性很牽強。作為考試題答案選擇A。第一段最后一句是一個過渡句，引起下文提到的研究。但是命題人改編刪減后，下文提到的研究所表述的內容和原文的核心信息發生了偏離，同時“開放辦公環境”和“聯合/共享區域辦公”的差異性沒有體現出來。使得文章主體信息發生了偏離。但是不影響做題。
2.2文本第二段：The researchers examined various levels of noise on participants as they completed tests of creative thinking. They were randomly divided into four groups and exposed to various noise levels in the background, from total silence to 50 decibels(分貝),70 decibels, and 85decibels. The differences between most of the groups were statistically insignificant; however,the participants in the 70 decibels group—those exposed to a level of noise similar to background chatter in a coffee shop-significantly outperformed the other groups. Since the effects were small, this may suggest that our creative thinking does not differ that much in response to total silence and 85 decibels of background noise.
但在70分貝噪音環境中（和咖啡廳里的噪音水平非常接近）的那一組在創造性思維測試中的表現是遠超過其它組的表現的。此外，我們的創造性思維水平在完全安靜的環境中和在85分貝的背景噪音環境中其實并沒有多大差別。此處闡述研究發現人們工作環境的噪音分貝對人們創造性思維的影響。信息直觀陳述。下一題：33. Which level of background noise may promote creative thinking ability?
Total silence. B. 50 decibels. C. 70 decibels. D. 85 decibels. 因為題干信息提示非常具體—— promote creative thinking ability，回讀文章however,the participants in the 70 decibels group—those exposed to a level of noise similar to background chatter in a coffee shop-significantly outperformed the other groups.既可以選擇答案為C。此處，從做題角度需要考生讀懂幾個關鍵數字（分貝）相關聯的信息。上句是一個復雜巨，把破折號部分去掉，理解outperform基本就可以理解此處信息點，選擇正確答案。
2.3 文本第三段和第四段
But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the study also suggests that the right level of background noise—not too loud and not total silence—may actually improve one’s creative thinking ability. The right level of background noise may interrupt our normal patterns of thinking just enough to allow our imaginations to wander, without making it impossible to focus. This kind of"distracted focus"appears to be the best state for working on creative tasks.
So why do so many of us hate our open offices? The problem may be that, in our offices, we can't stop ourselves from getting drawn into others’ conversations while we’re trying to focus. Indeed, the researchers found that face-to-face interactions and conversations affect the creative process, and yet a coworking space or a coffee shop provides a certain level of noise while also providing freedom from interruptions.
這兩段信息也是經過命題人以自己的思維模式刪減改編的。整體上已經偏離了原文所要傳遞的科學規范的邏輯思路和信息。變成了命題人自己的thoughts。所以從文章精準信息傳遞上比較欠缺嚴謹性。第三段所表達的內容基本屬于相關研究結果。屬于對“開放式辦公環境”噪音影響思維的一個研究作證，但并非是“開放式”辦公環境思維能力受干擾的直接相關因素。直接因素是：熟悉環境下人們交談等內容對聽者所引發的代入感才是真正的“干擾”。此處命題：
34. What makes an open office unwelcome to many people?
A. Personal privacy unprotected.
B. Limited working space.
C. Restrictions on group discussion.
D. Constant interruptions.
題干提示下的四個備選答案ABC三個選項在文中基本沒有出現相關信息。只有D可以被選為正確答案。此題的問題在于背離真實科學信息而設立的情境。那么這種閱讀理解以及閱讀理解考查就是虛假的理解測評。
35.What can we infer about the author from the text?
A. He's a news reporter. B. He’s on office manager.
C. He's a professional designer. D. He's a published writer.
最后一個題目設置的比較頭重腳輕，需要回到文章首句。基本就可以選擇答案了。這個題目從測試目標看效果不太理想。
總結：本文內容特色提及了關于“人腦對于噪音”的影響反應。屬于科普知識。但是文章語境涉及的是辦公環境，是學生所不熟悉的信息。與學生生活學習相關性不大。同時，此類研究并非學術界主流話題研究，非熱點話題。文章經過刪減改變后信息傳遞發生了本質變化，違背了傳遞真實信息的原則，也就是，讀者攝取的可能是不真實的信息。這是本文文本所變現的問題。本篇高考閱讀理解難度從考場答題角度來說屬于中等或中等偏下。題目設置以及干擾項并非很完整。
A few years ago, during a media interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still ponder often. Ranting about the level of distraction in his open office, he said, “That’s why I have a membership at the coworking space across the street — so I can focus.”
While I fully support the backlash against open offices, the comment struck me as odd. After all, coworking spaces also typically use an open office layout.
But I recently came across a series of studies examining the effect of sound on the brain that reveals why his strategy works.
From previous research, we know that workers’ primary problem with open or cubicle-filled offices is the unwanted noise.
But new research shows that it may not be the sound itself that distracts us…it may be who is making it. In fact, some level of office banter in the background might actually benefit our ability to do creative tasks, provided we don’t get drawn into the conversation. Instead of total silence, the ideal work environment for creative work has a little bit of background noise. That’s why you might focus really well in a noisy coffee shop, but barely be able to concentrate in a noisy office.
One study, published in the Journal of Consumer Research, found that the right level of ambient noise triggers our minds to think more creatively. The researchers, led by Ravi Mehta of the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, examined various levels of noise on participants as they completed tests of creative thinking.
Participants were randomized into four groups and everyone was asked to complete a Remote Associates Test (a commonly used measurement that judges creative thinking by asking test-takers to find the relationship between a series of words that, as first glance, appear unrelated). Depending on the group, participants were exposed to various noise levels in the background, from total silence to 50 decibels, 70 decibels, and 85 decibels. The differences between most of the groups were statistically insignificant; however, the participants in the 70 decibels group (those exposed to a level of noise similar to background chatter in a coffee shop) significantly outperformed the other groups. Since the effects were small, this may suggest that our creative thinking doesn’t differ that much in response to total silence and 85 decibels of background noise — the equivalent of a loud garbage disposal or a quiet motorcycle. Since none of us presumably want to work next to a garbage disposal or motorcycle, I found this surprising.
But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the study also suggests that the right level of background noise — not too loud and not total silence — may actually boost one’s creative thinking ability. The right level of background noise may disrupt our normal patterns of thinking just enough to allow our imaginations to wander, without making it impossible to focus. This type of “distracted focus” appears to be the optimal state for working on creative tasks. As the authors write, “Getting into a relatively noisy environment may trigger the brain to think abstractly, and thus generate creative ideas.”
In another study, researchers used frontal lobe electroencephalographic (EEG) machines to study the brain waves of participants as they completed tests of creativity while exposed to various sound environments. The researchers found statistically significant changes in creativity scores and a connection between those scores and certain brain waves. As in the previous study, a certain level of white noise proved the ideal background sound for creative tasks.
So why do so many of us hate our open offices? The quiet chatter of colleagues and the gentle thrum of the HVAC should help us focus. The problem may be that, in our offices, we can’t stop ourselves from getting drawn into others’ conversations or from being interrupted while we’re trying to focus. Indeed, the EEG researchers found that face-to-face interactions, conversations, and other disruptions negatively affect the creative process. By contrast, a coworking space or a coffee shop provides a certain level of ambient noise while also providing freedom from interruptions.
Taken together, the lesson here is that the ideal space for focused work is not about freedom from noise, but about freedom from interruption. Finding a space you can hide away in, regardless of how noisy it is, may be the best strategy for making sure you get the important work done.
原文翻譯：
相信很多人都有這樣的感受：在很吵的咖啡廳能夠非常專注地工作，但在開放式的辦公室卻很難做到專注。究竟為什么會出現這種現象呢？研究表明，適當水平的環境噪音能激發我們的思維進行更有創造性地思考。讓我們在工作中分心的可能并不是噪音本身，而是是誰制造的這些聲音。在開放式的辦公室，我們通常無法阻止自己被其他人的談話內容所吸引和帶入，或是當我們想集中注意力時卻經常被其他人打斷和打擾。適合專注工作的理想工作環境并不是沒有一點噪音的安靜環境，而是一種不會受到他人打斷和干擾的環境。
幾年前，有一位媒體記者朋友針對我剛出版的一本新書對我做了一次專訪，專訪期間，這位媒體記者說的一段讓我至今都經常思考的話。他說，他所在的開放式辦公環境的噪音讓他非常容易分心，對此他已經忍無可忍，于是他在公司辦公樓街對面的一個聯合辦公空間辦了一個會員，他在那里能更加專注地工作。
開放式的辦公環境的各種噪音容易讓人分心，對于這一點我非常認同，也深有體會。但是這位記者朋友說到的聯合辦公空間能夠讓他更加專注地工作，這一點卻讓我很難理解。畢竟聯合辦公空間通常采用的也是開放式的辦公布局。
但是最近當我看了一系列研究聲音對大腦的影響方面的文章后，我才開始理解為什么我的那位媒體朋友為了能專注地工作而選擇在聯合辦公空間工作而不愿在自己的開放式辦公室工作。
根據之前的研究，我們知道，開放式辦公環境讓大家最頭疼的一個問題就是有各種大家不想聽到的噪音。
但是最新的研究發現，讓我們在工作中分心的可能并不是聲音本身，而是是誰制造的這些聲音。實際上，適度的辦公室幽默和閑言笑語對我們完成一些創造性的工作是有幫助的，只要我們自己不被這種閑言笑語帶進去就行。適合創造性工作的理想工作環境其實并不是那種一點噪音都沒有的絕對安靜的環境，而是有那種有適度水平的背景噪音的環境。這也是為什么你能夠在一個有點吵的咖啡廳里專注工作，而在一個嘈雜的辦公室里卻很難集中精力工作。
《消費者研究周刊》發布的一份研究報告顯示，適當水平的環境噪音能激發我們的思維進行更有創造性地思考。伊利諾伊大學香檳分校的Ravi Mehta教授帶領一些研究人員做了這樣一項研究：研究了不同水平的噪音是如何影響那些正在進行創造性思維測試的研究對象的。
研究對象被隨機分為四組，每個人都被要求完成一項遠距離聯想測試（注：研究創造力問題的一種測驗方法。通常，提供幾個相隔較遠的詞組，猜測它們共同的關聯詞。如，“鹽 、 深 、 沫”，它的關聯詞是“海”。創造性思考是將聯想得來的元素重新整合的過程。新結合的元素相互之間聯想的距離越遠，這個思維的過程或問題的解決就更有創造力。有創造力的人的聯想不同于一般人。有創造力的人他們有廣泛的聯想，一個元素可以與許多其他元素連接；而一般人的元素連接則比較少）。以組為單位，我們會為研究對象在測試過程中設置不同水平的噪音，從完全的靜音到50分貝、70分貝和85分貝的噪音。大部分分組之間的差異其實并不是太大，但在70分貝噪音環境中（和咖啡廳里的噪音水平非常接近）的那一組在創造性思維測試中的表現是遠超過其它組的表現的。此外，我們的創造性思維水平在完全安靜的環境中和在85分貝的背景噪音環境中其實并沒有多大差別。
因為在70分貝的噪音環境中的那一組的研究對象在創造性思維測試中的表現明顯好于其它組，因此研究認為，恰當水平的背景噪音（噪音不是太大，也不太過安靜）實際上是有助于提高一個人的創造性思維能力的。恰當水平的背景噪音可能會打亂我們正常的思維模式，使我們的想象力得以漫游，但又不至于會讓我們無法集中注意力。這種“分心式的專注”能夠讓我們以最佳狀態完成創造性任務。正如作者所寫的的那樣：“在一個相對嘈雜的環境中可能會刺激我們的大腦進行更加抽象性地思考，從而產生創造性的想法。”
在另一項研究中，當研究對象在不同水平的噪音環境下完成創造性思維測試的時候，研究人員使用額葉腦電圖（EEG）機器來研究研究對象的腦電波。研究人員發現，研究對象的創造性思維的表現分數在不同噪音環境下的變化是非常大的，同時還發現這個分數與特定的腦電波是有緊密聯系的。和此前的研究結果一樣，一定水平的白噪音環境是完成創造性任務的理想環境。
所以問題來了：為什么我們中的大部分人都討厭在開放式的辦公室里辦公呢？同事們之間小聲安靜的交談和空調系統制造的柔和聲音應該是能幫助我們集中注意力的。但問題是，在我們所處的開放式辦公室里，我們通常無法阻止自己被其他人的談話內容所吸引和帶入，或是當我們想集中注意力時卻經常被其他人打斷和打擾。事實上，腦電圖研究人員發現，面對面的交流、交談和其他干擾會對人們的創造性工作過程產生負面影響。相比之下，聯合辦公空間或咖啡館提供了一定程度的陌生環境噪音，同時也能讓自己免受他人的打擾，不會有人在你努力集中注意力工作的時候走過來打斷你、干擾你。
總的來說，我們通過上述這些研究成果學到的是：適合專注工作的理想工作環境并不是沒有一點噪音都沒有的決定安靜的環境，而是一種不會受到他人打斷和干擾的環境。因此，找到一個你可以沉浸進去專注工作的環境，不管這個環境有多嘈雜，這才是確保你能完成重要工作的最佳策略。
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