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第二部分?句法

考點二十一表語從句

[if !supportLists]一、[endif]定義

在句中作表語的從句叫做表語從句。

二、引導表語從句的關聯詞的種類

(1)從屬連詞that。在從句中不做成分。

The trouble is that I have lost his address.

The reason was that he was late for school.

(2)從屬連詞whether,as,as if。

He looked just as he had looked ten years before.

The question is whether they will be able to help us. ???????????????????

注：從屬連詞if一般不用來引導表語從句，但as if卻可引導表語從句。

注：能跟表語從句的謂語動詞一般為系動詞be, seem, look，sound等。如：

He looked just as he had looked ten years before. ????????????????????????

It sounds as if someone is knocking at the door. ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????(3)連接代詞who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever在表語從句中做主語、賓語等。

The problem is who we can get to replace her. ???問題是我們能找到誰去替換她呢。

That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. ?那就是她今晨上了閣樓干的。 ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

(4)連接副詞where, when, how, why。

What I wonder is when he left. 我想知道他是何時離開的。

This is where they once lived. 這就是他們曾經住過的地方。 ??????????????????????????That is why he didn't come here. ????????????????????????????????????

The question is how he did it.??

(5)連詞because可引導表語從句。

That's because he didn't understand me. 那是因為他沒有理解我.(That's because...強調原因)

That's why he got angry with me.那正是他對我生氣的原因。(That's why...強調結果)

(6)在一些表示“建議、勸說、命令”的名詞后面的表語從句中，謂語動詞用虛擬語氣。should+動詞原形表示，should可省略。如：

My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 我的建議是我們明天一早就出發。

考點二十二同位語從句

一、同位語從句在句中的位置

1. 一般情況下同位語從句跟在某些名詞（如news，idea，fact，promise，hope，message等）的后面，用以說明該名詞所表達的具體內容。

The news that our women volleyball team had won the championship?encouraged us all greatly.

I've come from Mr Wang with a message that he won't be able to see you this afternoon.

2. 有時同位語從句可以不緊跟在它所說明的名詞后，而被別的詞語隔開，在語法上叫做分隔式同位語從句。

The thought came to her that maybe she had left the door open when she left home.

The story goes that he failed in the College Entrance Examinations again.

二、同位語從句連接詞的選用

在英語中，引導同位語從句的詞通常有連詞（that，who，whether），連接副詞（how，when，where）等。

They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.

The question who should do the work requires consideration.

We haven't yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.

【注意】在名詞doubt“懷疑”后的同位語從句用whether連接；在no doubt“不懷疑”之后的同位語從句用that連接。例如：

We have some doubt whether they can complete the task on time.

There is no doubt that Zhang Wei will keep his promise.

◆ that引導的同位語從句

有些名詞的后面可以接that引導的同位語從句，這些名詞有advice，announcement，argument，belief，claim，conclusion，decision，evidence，explanation，fact，feeling，hope，idea，impression，information，knowledge，message，news，opinion，order，probability，promise，proposal，remark，reply，report，saying，statement，suggestion，thought，treat，warning，wish，word。

We came to the decision that we must act at once.

He made a proposal that the meeting be postpone.

◆ whether引導的同位語從句（不可用if）

He hasn't made the decision whether he will go there.

I have small doubt whether he is suitable for the job.

考點二十三定語從句

一、定語從句的定義

在復合句中，修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語從句。被定語從句所修飾的詞叫先行詞。引導定語從句的詞叫關系詞。關系詞包括關系代詞who(賓格whom,所有格whose),that, which 和關系副詞where, when, why 等。

[if !supportLists]二、[endif]定語從句的種類

定語從句可以分為限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句。

1.限定性定語從句：它是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的定語，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意義。

The man that wears a red hat is my uncle. ?

2.非限定性定語從句：它只是對先行詞作附加補充說明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚完整。書寫時往往用逗號分開。非限定性定語從句一般不用that 引導，而且不可以省略關系詞。

The old woman, who lives on her own, has a cat for company.

Beijing, which is the capital city of China, is a very beautiful city.

[if !supportLists]三、[endif]關系代詞的用法

在定語從句中，關系代詞起著連接主句與從句，指代先行詞和在從句中作句子成分的三重作用。關系代詞的選用取決于主句中的先行詞以及關系代詞在從句中作何種成分。

（一）關系代詞who, whom 的用法

1.who 可以代替人（即它的先行詞必須是人），在從句中擔任主語，往往也可以代替在從句中擔任賓格的whom，但它的前面不能有介詞，如果帶介詞則必須用賓格whom，即“介詞+whom”.

Jim?is a person who always has novel ideas.

The person who/whom you just talked to is Mr. Depp.

The person to whom you just talked is Mr. Depp.

（二）關系代詞whose 的用法

關系代詞whose 是關系代詞who 的所有格形式，它既可以代人，也可以代物。當whose 代物時，相當于of which。

Do you know Peter whose father happens to be working in your company?

The tourist wanted to book a room whose window faces south.

=The tourist wanted to book a room the window of which faces south.

=The tourist wanted to book a room . The room’s window faces south.

（三）關系代詞that, which 的用法

（1）在限定性定語從句中指代物時，which 和that 一般可通用。

The new house that/which I has just bought is about six miles away.

（2）限定性定語從句中只用that 而不用which 的情況。

?????????A）先行詞有形容詞最高級修飾時

This is the best way that has been used against pollution.

?????????B) 先行詞有序數詞修飾時

This is the third time that they have met.

?????????C)主句已有疑問詞who 或which 時

Which of the cars that are in front of the hotel belongs to you?

?????????D) 先行詞既有人又有物時

He talked about the schools and teachers that he had visited.

?????????E) 先行詞為all, much, few, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none 等不定代詞時

It’s easy to do the repair. All that you need is a hammer and some nails.

四、關系副詞的用法（where, when, why）

關系副詞在從句中均做狀語，所以具體選用什么關系副詞，主要取決于關系副詞在從句中充當什么類型的狀語。

（一）關系副詞where 的用法

由關系副詞where引導的定語從句，其先行詞主要是表示地點的名詞，如building, city, room等，where 在從句中作地點狀語。

The hotel where we stayed was very clean.= The hotel (that/which) we stayed at was very clean.

（二）關系副詞when 的用法

由when引導的定語從句，其先行詞主要是表示時間的名詞，如 time, day, date,等，when 在從句中作時間狀語。

I’ll never forget the time when we first met in London .

=I’ll never forget the time during which we first met in London.

（三）關系副詞why 的用法

由why 引導的定語從句，常用在先行詞reason 后面，why 在句中作原因狀語。

The reason why I got a job was that I worked hard.

五、關系代詞和關系副詞引導的定語從句的區別

如果關系詞在從句中制作主語或賓語，就是關系代詞；如果關系詞在定語從句中做狀語，就是關系副詞。例句比較：

This is the college (that/which) I visited.

This is the college where I studied three years ago.

考點二十四獨立主格

一、獨立主格結構的構成

（1）邏輯主語 +現在分詞

The moon appearing，they decided to go on with their journey.

（2）邏輯主語 +過去分詞

The job finished, we went home.

（3）邏輯主語 +不定式

His mother to come tonight,?he is busy preparing the dinner.

（4）邏輯主語+形容詞或副詞

He turned to me, his eyes sleepy.

The music on, ?I can’t focus my mind on the work.

（5）邏輯主語+ 名詞

Many people come to visit the city, most of them foreigners.

（6）邏輯主語+介詞短語

A girl came in, book in hand.

（7）There being +名詞（代詞）

There being no bus, we had to walk home.

（8）It being +名詞（代詞）

It being Christmas, the government offices were closed.

（9）with/without復合結構

“with/without復合結構”是指“with +賓語（名詞或代詞）+ 非謂語動詞（分詞、不定式）、介詞短語、形容詞或副詞等”所構成的一種介詞短語。

With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy. （with + 賓語 +形容詞）

With her sister out, she had to stay at home alone. （with + 賓語 +副詞） ????

He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. ??（with + 賓語 +介詞短語） ?????????????

With his homework done, Peter went out to play. ?（with + 賓語 +過去分詞） ??

二、獨立主格結構的功能

①作時間狀語（相當于一個時間狀語從句）

My shoes removed, I entered the ancient temple.(=After my shoes were removed)

②作條件狀語（相當于一個條件狀語從句）

Weather permitting, we are going to have a picnic tomorrow. (If weather permits)

③作原因狀語（相當于一個原因狀語從句）

All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs.(=As all our savings were gone) ?

④作伴隨狀語

He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head. (= and his hands were crossed under his head)

⑤作補充說明

A hunter came in, his face red with cold. (= and his face was red with cold)