Some people think that there's a TED Talk formula:
"Give a talk on a round, red rug."
"Share a childhood story."
"Divulge a personal secret."
"End with an inspiring call to action."
有人認(rèn)為TED演講有一個固定模式：
“站在一塊圓形的紅地毯上。”
“分享童年的經(jīng)歷。”
“分享個人的秘密。”
“最后號召大家行動起來。”
No. That's not how to think of a TED Talk. In fact, if you overuse thosedevices, you're just going to come across as clichéd or emotionallymanipulative.But there is one thing that all great TED Talks have in common, and Iwould like to share that thing with you.
不是的。我們不該這么來看待TED演講。實際上，如果濫用這些手法，只會給人留下陳詞濫調(diào)或者心靈雞湯的感覺。但所有優(yōu)秀的TED演講確實有一個共同點，這也是我想和各位分享的。
Because over the past 12 years, I've had a ringside seat, listening tomany hundreds of amazing TED speakers, like these. I've helped them preparetheir talks for prime time, and learned directly from them their secrets ofwhat makes for a great talk.
因為12年來我一直坐在場邊,聆聽了數(shù)百位演講者精彩演講，比如他們。我協(xié)助他們準(zhǔn)備演講，在黃金時段播出，也從他們那里學(xué)到了做一場精彩演講的秘訣。
And even though these speakers and their topics all seem completelydifferent, they actually do have one key common ingredient. And it's this: Yournumber one task as a speaker is to transfer into your listeners' minds anextraordinary gift -- a strange and beautiful object that we call an idea.
盡管這些演講者和他們的演講主題都各不相同，但有一個關(guān)鍵點是相同的。那就是：作為演講者最重要的任務(wù)是送給你的聽眾一件特別的禮物——它神奇而美麗，我們稱之為“想法”。
Let me show you what I mean. Here's Haley. She is about to give a TED Talkand frankly, she's terrified.
下面我來解釋一下。這是海利。她將要進(jìn)行一個TED演講,坦白說，她很緊張。
(Video) Presenter: Haley Van Dyck!
(Applause)
Over the course of 18 minutes, 1,200 people, many of whom have never seeneach other before, are finding that their brains are starting to sync withHaley's brain and with each other. They're literally beginning to exhibit thesame brain-wave patterns. And I don't just mean they're feeling the sameemotions. There's something even more startling happening.
（視頻）主持人：海利·范·戴克！
（掌聲）
在18分鐘的演講過程中，此前互不相識的1200名聽眾發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的思維漸漸與海利同步，與其他人同步。甚至可以說，他們的腦電波都開始同步。他們當(dāng)時不僅感受相同。還有更令人吃驚的事在發(fā)生。
Let's take a look inside Haley's brain for a moment. There are billions ofinterconnected neurons in an impossible tangle. But look here, right here -- afew million of them are linked to each other in a way which represents a singleidea. And incredibly, this exact pattern is being recreated in real time insidethe minds of everyone listening. That's right; in just a few minutes, a patterninvolving millions of neurons is being teleported into 1,200 minds, just bypeople listening to a voice and watching a face.
讓我們到海利的大腦中看一看。數(shù)十億神經(jīng)元相互連接，互相纏繞。但是看這里，其中幾百萬個神經(jīng)元連接在一起，形成了一個想法。難以置信的是，同樣的連接方式，也同時在每一位聽眾的腦海中出現(xiàn)了。是的，幾分鐘內(nèi)，這種包含幾百萬神經(jīng)元的特殊連接模式僅僅通過聽和看，就傳遞進(jìn)了1200個大腦之中。
But wait -- what is an idea anyway? Well, you can think of it as a patternof information that helps you understand and navigate the world. Ideas come inall shapes and sizes, from the complex and analytical to the simple andaesthetic.
那么，到底什么是想法呢？你可以理解為是一種信息的組合，能幫你理解和探索這個世界。想法是多種多樣的，有的復(fù)雜，有的簡單，有的理性，有的感性。
Here are just a few examples shared from the TED stage. Sir Ken Robinson-- creativity is key to our kids' future.
(Video) Sir Ken Robinson: My contention is that creativity now is asimportant in education as literacy, and we should treat it with the samestatus.
下面我舉幾個例子，都發(fā)生在TED講臺上。肯·羅賓遜爵士——創(chuàng)造力是決定孩子未來的關(guān)鍵。
（視頻）
肯·羅賓遜爵士：我認(rèn)為在教育中，培養(yǎng)創(chuàng)造力和教讀書寫字一樣重要，我們應(yīng)該同樣重視。
Elora Hardy -- building from bamboo is beautiful.
(Video)
Elora Hardy: It is growing all around us, it's strong, it's elegant, it'searthquake-resistant.
Chimamanda Adichie -- people are more than a single identity.
(Video)
Chimamanda Adichie: The single story creates stereotypes, and the problemwith stereotypes is not that they are untrue, but that they are incomplete.
伊勞拉·哈迪——竹制建筑的魅力。
（視頻）
伊勞拉·哈迪：竹子隨處可見，很牢固，很優(yōu)雅，可以抵御地震。
奇麻曼達(dá)·阿迪契——人類并不只有單一屬性。
（視頻）
奇麻曼達(dá)·阿迪契：單一的故事會導(dǎo)致片面，片面的問題并不在于它不正確，而在于它不完整。
Your mind is teeming with ideas, and not just randomly. They're carefullylinked together. Collectively they form an amazingly complex structure that isyour personal worldview. It's your brain's operating system. It's how younavigate the world. And it is built up out of millions of individual ideas.
你的大腦里充滿了各種想法，它們并不是隨機的，而是相互聯(lián)系的。它們匯集成神奇而復(fù)雜的體系，形成你的世界觀。是你大腦的操作系統(tǒng)。也是你探索世界的方式。是數(shù)百萬個想法的大集合。
So, for example, if one little component of your worldview is the ideathat kittens are adorable, then when you see this, you'll react like this. Butif another component of your worldview is the idea that leopards are dangerous,then when you see this, you'll react a little bit differently. So, it's prettyobvious why the ideas that make up your worldview are crucial. You need them tobe as reliable as possible -- a guide, to the scary but wonderful real worldout there.
比如說，你世界觀中的一小部分告訴你小貓很可愛，那么當(dāng)你看到小貓時，你就會撫摸它。而另一部分告訴你美洲豹很危險，那么當(dāng)你看見它時，你可能會撒腿就跑。所以顯而易見，這些想法對于塑造你的世界觀至關(guān)重要。它們就像一名值得信賴的向?qū)В瑤湍銘?yīng)對這個美妙卻又危險的世界。
Now, different people's worldviews can be dramatically different. Forexample, how does your worldview react when you see this image:
(Video) Dalia Mogahed: What do you think when you look at me? "Awoman of faith," "an expert," maybe even "a sister"?Or "oppressed," "brainwashed," "a terrorist"?
不同人的世界觀截然不同。舉個例子，你對下面的視頻會有什么反應(yīng)？
（視頻）
達(dá)利亞·莫佳德：你看到我的時候你在想什么？“有信仰的女人”，“專家”甚至是“姐姐”？或者“受壓迫的”，“被洗腦的”還是“恐怖分子”？
Whatever your answer, there are millions of people out there who wouldreact very differently. So that's why ideas really matter. If communicatedproperly, they're capable of changing, forever, how someone thinks about theworld, and shaping their actions both now and well into the future. Ideas arethe most powerful force shaping human culture.
無論你的答案是什么，成千上萬的人，就會有成千上萬種答案。正因為此，想法才非常重要。通過正確的交流，想法可以永遠(yuǎn)地改變一個人的世界觀，影響他們現(xiàn)在和未來的的行為。想法是塑造人類文化最強大的力量。
So if you accept that your number one task as a speaker is to build anidea inside the minds of your audience, here are four guidelines for how youshould go about that task:
如果你認(rèn)同，演講者最重要的任務(wù)是提出一個想法，并讓聽眾認(rèn)同，那么這里有四條原則你可以遵循：
One, limit your talk to just one major idea. Ideas are complex things; youneed to slash back your content so that you can focus on the single idea you'remost passionate about, and give yourself a chance to explain that one thingproperly. You have to give context, share examples, make it vivid. So pick oneidea, and make it the through-line running through your entire talk, so thateverything you say links back to it in some way.
第一，讓你的演講主題明確。想法是復(fù)雜的，你要避免長篇大論，專注于最讓你激動不已的那個想法，并想辦法把它解釋清楚。你需要解釋背景，舉例說明，娓娓道來。所以只挑選一個想法，讓它貫穿你的整個演講，讓你講的所有內(nèi)容都能與之呼應(yīng)。
Two, give your listeners a reason to care. Before you can start buildingthings inside the minds of your audience, you have to get their permission towelcome you in. And the main tool to achieve that? Curiosity. Stir youraudience's curiosity. Use intriguing, provocative questions to identify whysomething doesn't make sense and needs explaining. If you can reveal adisconnection in someone's worldview, they'll feel the need to bridge thatknowledge gap. And once you've sparked that desire, it will be so much easierto start building your idea.
第二，吸引你的聽眾。在你將自己的想法灌輸給觀眾之前，你必須得到他們的允許。那主要手段是什么呢？好奇心。勾起觀眾的好奇心。提一些耐人尋味，引人入勝的問題讓大家發(fā)現(xiàn)有些事情不合理，需要解釋。如果你讓某人發(fā)現(xiàn)，他的世界觀里有空白，他們就會想把這缺口補上。一旦你勾起他們的求知欲，灌輸你的想法就容易多了。
Three, build your idea, piece by piece, out of concepts that your audiencealready understands. You use the power of language to weave together conceptsthat already exist in your listeners' minds -- but not your language, theirlanguage. You start where they are. The speakers often forget that many of theterms and concepts they live with are completely unfamiliar to their audiences.Now, metaphors can play a crucial role in showing how the pieces fit together, becausethey reveal the desired shape of the pattern, based on an idea that thelistener already understands.
第三，構(gòu)筑你的想法，一步一步來，要使用觀眾已經(jīng)了解的概念。用語言的力量，把觀眾腦海中已經(jīng)存在的概念重新整合——不過要用觀眾能懂的語言。你要讓他們跟上你的節(jié)奏。演講者經(jīng)常會忘記，自己每天接觸的術(shù)語和概念，在觀眾們眼中可能就是天書。因此，善用比喻非常重要，因為比喻是用聽眾已經(jīng)了解的概念，來勾畫缺失的那一塊知識拼圖。
For example, when Jennifer Kahn wanted to explain the incredible newbiotechnology called CRISPR, she said, "It's as if, for the first time,you had a word processor to edit DNA. CRISPR allows you to cut and pastegenetic information really easily." Now, a vivid explanation like thatdelivers a satisfying aha moment as it snaps into place in our minds. It'simportant, therefore, to test your talk on trusted friends, and find out whichparts they get confused by.
比如，當(dāng)珍妮弗·卡恩想解釋一種叫做CRISPR的最前端的生物技術(shù)時，她說：“這項技術(shù)，就像你第一次擁有了一臺可以編輯DNA的文字處理機一樣。CRISPR能讓你十分輕松的剪切和粘貼基因組信息。”就這樣，一個生動的描述，讓我們恍然大悟，并且深深地印在了我們的腦海里。在信任的朋友面前試講一下是很關(guān)鍵的，你可以找出他們聽不懂的地方（加以修改）。
Four, here's the final tip: Make your idea worth sharing. By that I mean,ask yourself the question: "Who does this idea benefit?" And I needyou to be honest with the answer. If the idea only serves you or yourorganization, then, I'm sorry to say, it's probably not worth sharing. Theaudience will see right through you. But if you believe that the idea has thepotential to brighten up someone else's day or change someone else's perspectivefor the better or inspire someone to do something differently, then you havethe core ingredient to a truly great talk, one that can be a gift to them andto all of us.
第四條，也是最后一條：確定你的想法值得分享。我的意思是，捫心自問：“這個想法對誰有好處？”你需要實事求是。如果這個想法只服務(wù)于你或者你的組織，那么對不起，它也許不值得分享。觀眾也馬上能發(fā)現(xiàn)這一點。但如果你認(rèn)為自己的想法有可能照亮他人的人生，或者改善他人的觀點，或者激勵他人去改變，那么你就擁有了一篇精彩演講的核心元素，所有人都會因此受益。
