寫作原因:跨進程通信的實現(xiàn)和理解是Android進階中重要的一環(huán)。下面博主分享IPC一些相關(guān)知識、操作及自己在學(xué)習(xí)IPC過程中的一些理解。這一章使用Messenger實現(xiàn)跨進程通信,其中bindService基礎(chǔ)部分參見Android IPC機制(一)——綁定Service實現(xiàn)本地通信。
跨進程簡介
在介紹使用Messenger跨進程通信之前先要了解以下問題:為什么需要跨進程通信?只有有了需求才有學(xué)習(xí)的價值。我個人將不同進程簡單的理解為不同的應(yīng)用程序(當(dāng)然也有例外,比如可以在同一個應(yīng)用程序中開啟兩個或多個進程)。由于進程之間不能像線程一樣共享內(nèi)存,所以數(shù)據(jù)通信不能像線程一般進行。在Android中可以使用bundle,廣播,Messenger,AIDL和Socket進行跨進程通信。本章利用Messenger分別進行單應(yīng)用程序多進程單向通信和多應(yīng)用程序多進程雙向通信的實現(xiàn)。
Messenger介紹
Messenger是通過使用Message來實現(xiàn)跨進程通信,一次實現(xiàn)一個請求的方式,這是它的優(yōu)點也是缺點。其底層實現(xiàn)為AIDL(下章我將闡述)。Messenger的優(yōu)點是:基于Message,方便使用;支持回調(diào)的方式,也就是服務(wù)端處理完成長任務(wù)可以和客戶端交互;不需要編寫aidl文件。
Messenger使用流程如下(轉(zhuǎn)載):
單應(yīng)用程序多進程單向通信
先介紹一下Android中單應(yīng)用程序開啟多進程的方法,實際上只要在mainfests中的你想開啟新進程的組件的XML中添加<android:progress = ":remote(可以自定義)">
或者<android:progress = "包.remote(可以自定義)">
就行。如:
<service android:name=".CustomService" android:process=":remote"/>
這樣就把Service放在新的線程中運行了。
Service實現(xiàn)
下面是服務(wù)端的代碼實現(xiàn),具體思路是:創(chuàng)建一個Handler對象用來處理客戶端發(fā)送來的消息,再創(chuàng)建一個Messenger對象將上面的Handler對象作為參數(shù)傳入,這樣我們就獲得了一個信使。下面就是通過getBinder()把這個信使創(chuàng)建的Binder對象返回給客戶端(一旦客戶端拿到這個Binder,又可以將它還原為Messenger)。Handler中處理信息為:當(dāng)?shù)玫降腗essage的what值為MSG_SAY_HELLO時輸出Toast。
public class CustomService extends Service{
static final int MSG_SAY_HELLO = 1;
//實現(xiàn)一個能夠處理接收信息的Handler
class IncomingHandler extends Handler{
@Override
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
super.handleMessage(msg);
switch(msg.what){
case MSG_SAY_HELLO:
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),"hello!",Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
break;
default:
super.handleMessage(msg);
}
}
}
//被客戶端接收的Messenger對象
final Messenger messenger = new Messenger(new IncomingHandler());
@Override
public IBinder onBind(Intent intent) {
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),"binding!",Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
return messenger.getBinder();
}
}
Activity實現(xiàn)
在客戶端中我們應(yīng)該做的是:拿到服務(wù)端傳來的Messenger對象(在ServiceConnection中取得,具體參見上一篇文章),然后創(chuàng)建一個Message對象,為Message寫入數(shù)據(jù),注意Message中的what要與服務(wù)端中Handler對象中的what一致。使用該Messenger通過send()將Message發(fā)送給服務(wù)端,這樣就可以實現(xiàn)客戶端與服務(wù)端的單向通信了。具體代碼如下:
public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
private Button mBtStart;
private Messenger messenger = null;
private boolean mBound;
private TextView mTvMsg;
private ServiceConnection serviceConnection = new ServiceConnection() {
@Override
public void onServiceConnected(ComponentName name, IBinder service) {
messenger = new Messenger(service);
mBound = true;
}
@Override
public void onServiceDisconnected(ComponentName name) {
messenger = null;
mBound = false;
}
};
public void sayHello(View v){
if(!mBound) return;
Message msg = Message.obtain(null,CustomService.MSG_SAY_HELLO,0,0);
try{
messenger.send(msg);
}catch (RemoteException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
mBtStart = (Button) findViewById(R.id.bt_start);
mTvMsg = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.tv_msg);
mBtStart.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
Intent intent = new Intent(MainActivity.this,CustomService.class);
bindService(new Intent(MainActivity.this,CustomService.class),serviceConnection, Context.BIND_AUTO_CREATE);
}
});
}
@Override
protected void onStop() {
super.onStop();
// Unbind from the service
if (mBound) {
unbindService(serviceConnection);
mBound = false;
}
}
}
以上過程一開始理解可能會有些抽象,多動手才能加深理解。
多應(yīng)用程序多進程雙向通信
仍然以Activity和Service通信為例,不過這次我們需要新建兩個Module(ClientApp和ServiceApp),ClientApp中就一個Activity,ServiceApp中一個Service(關(guān)于沒有Activity的App的啟動方式自行百度)。這樣就是兩個應(yīng)用程序兩個進程的情況了。下面開始分析這種情況下的Messenger的用法:
Service實現(xiàn)
依然是先從Service開始。大致思路與上面的Service的創(chuàng)建類似,但又一點不同的是,這次我們需要新建一個clientMessenger來實現(xiàn)Service向客戶端發(fā)送Message操作。在Service的Handler中有這樣一段代碼,
clientMessenger = msg.replyTo;//這個Message是在客戶端中創(chuàng)建的
if(clientMessenger!=null){
Message msgToClient = Message.obtain();
msgToClient.what = SEND_MESSAGE_CODE;
Bundle bundle = new Bundle();
bundle.putString("msg","客戶端,我接收到你的消息了,這是我回應(yīng)給你的,看到了嗎?");
msgToClient.setData(bundle);
try {
clientMessenger.send(msgToClient);
} catch (RemoteException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
上面代碼用來接收到客戶端發(fā)送來的數(shù)據(jù)后向客戶端發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)作出回應(yīng)。注意這里的clientMessenger = msg.replyTo;
,是指從客戶端中取出與msg一道捆綁過來的clientMessenger對象。利用clientMessenger就可以實現(xiàn)向Activity中返回數(shù)據(jù)了。
詳細(xì)代碼如下:
public class MyService extends Service {
private static final int RECEIVE_MESSAGE_CODE = 0x0001;
private static final int SEND_MESSAGE_CODE = 0x0002;
private Messenger clientMessenger = null;
private Messenger serviceMessenger = new Messenger(new ServiceHandler());
@Override
public IBinder onBind(Intent intent) {
return serviceMessenger.getBinder();
}
@Override
public void onCreate() {
super.onCreate();
}
@Override
public void onDestroy() {
super.onDestroy();
clientMessenger = null;
}
private class ServiceHandler extends Handler{
@Override
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
super.handleMessage(msg);
if(msg.what == RECEIVE_MESSAGE_CODE){
Bundle data = msg.getData();
if(data != null){
String str = data.getString("msg");
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),"Service:I received the message:"+str,Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
clientMessenger = msg.replyTo;//這個Message是在客戶端中創(chuàng)建的
if(clientMessenger!=null){
Message msgToClient = Message.obtain();
msgToClient.what = SEND_MESSAGE_CODE;
Bundle bundle = new Bundle();
bundle.putString("msg","客戶端,我接收到你的消息了,這是我回應(yīng)給你的,看到了嗎?");
msgToClient.setData(bundle);
try {
clientMessenger.send(msgToClient);
} catch (RemoteException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
}
}
Activity實現(xiàn):
Activity中主要是實現(xiàn)綁定發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)和解除綁定兩大塊功能。綁定先發(fā)送顯式Intent(5.0以上不支持隱式啟動Service,具體操作見下面的啟動過程)綁定Service,當(dāng)綁定成功后獲取Messenger對象并使用該對象發(fā)送Message對象msg給Service,具體操作與上面的一樣。這里有一點不一樣的是,為了能夠使得Service能獲得clientMessenger,我們必須手動將msg與clientMessenger關(guān)聯(lián),即:msg.replyTo = clientMessenger;
。這樣Service在獲得Activity發(fā)送過來的Message的同時也可以取到clientMessenger。而clientMessenger必須先創(chuàng)建出來,方法與單向獲取時一致。
詳細(xì)代碼如下:
public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity{
private Button mBtBind;
private Button mBtUnBind;
private TextView mTvMsg;
private static final int SEND_MESSAGE_CODE = 0x0001;
private static final int RECEIVE_MESSAGE_CODE = 0x0002;
private boolean isBound = false;
private String SERVICE_ACTION = "com.example.serviceapp.MyService";
private Messenger serviceMessenger = null;
private Messenger clientMessenger = new Messenger(new ClientHandler());
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
mBtBind = (Button) findViewById(R.id.bt_bind);
mBtUnBind = (Button) findViewById(R.id.bt_unbind);
mTvMsg = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.tv_msg);
mBtUnBind.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
if(isBound){
unbindService(serviceConnection);
}
}
});
mBtBind.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
if(!isBound){
Intent intent = new Intent();
intent.setAction(SERVICE_ACTION);
intent.addCategory(Intent.CATEGORY_DEFAULT);
PackageManager pm = getPackageManager();
ResolveInfo info = pm.resolveService(intent,0);
if(info != null){
String packageName = info.serviceInfo.packageName;
String serviceName = info.serviceInfo.name;
ComponentName componentName = new ComponentName(packageName,serviceName);
intent.setComponent(componentName);
bindService(intent,serviceConnection,BIND_AUTO_CREATE);
}
}
}
});
}
private ServiceConnection serviceConnection = new ServiceConnection() {
@Override
public void onServiceConnected(ComponentName name, IBinder service) {
serviceMessenger = new Messenger(service);
isBound = true;
Message msg = Message.obtain();
msg.what = SEND_MESSAGE_CODE;
Bundle data = new Bundle();
data.putString("msg","你好,MyService,我是客戶端");
msg.setData(data);
msg.replyTo = clientMessenger;
try {
serviceMessenger.send(msg);
} catch (RemoteException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
@Override
public void onServiceDisconnected(ComponentName name) {
serviceMessenger = null;
isBound = false;
}
};
private class ClientHandler extends Handler{
@Override
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
super.handleMessage(msg);
if(msg.what == RECEIVE_MESSAGE_CODE){
Bundle data = msg.getData();
if(data != null){
String str = data.getString("msg");
mTvMsg.setText(str);
}
}
}
}
}
總結(jié)
這一塊理解起來可能比較吃力,所以希望讀者多加嘗試,為后面的AIDL跨通信方式學(xué)習(xí)做準(zhǔn)備。