一、動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)
（一）一般體
一般體中的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)分別表示現(xiàn)在、過去的經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作或狀態(tài); 一般將來時(shí)表示將來某一時(shí)刻的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài), 或?qū)砟骋欢螘r(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài); 過去將來時(shí)表示從過去某一時(shí)間看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。所謂一般體, 表示既不“進(jìn)行”, 又不“完成”。
We have meals three times a day.
我們一日吃三餐。(現(xiàn)在的習(xí)慣)
He is always ready to help others.
他總是樂于助人。(現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài))
When I was a boy, I often went to play in that park.
我小時(shí)候常去那個(gè)公園玩。(過去的習(xí)慣)
1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
(1)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的構(gòu)成
1)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)主要用動(dòng)詞的原形表示, 如果主語(yǔ)為第三人稱單數(shù), 則一般在動(dòng)詞原形后加?s 或?es, 其變化規(guī)則如下表所示:
2)be 的變化:am, is, are。
3)have 的變化:has, have。
(2)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)除了可以表示現(xiàn)在的經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)外, 還可表示:
1)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示客觀真理、科學(xué)事實(shí)及自然現(xiàn)象。此用法即使出現(xiàn)在過去語(yǔ)境中, 也用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
The sun rises in the east. 太陽(yáng)從東方升起。
2)用于here, there 開頭的倒裝句中, 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。
There goes the bell. 鈴響了。
Here comes the bus. 公共汽車來了。
2. 一般過去時(shí)
(1)一般過去時(shí)的構(gòu)成
1)一般過去時(shí)用動(dòng)詞的過去式表示, 其規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化方法如下表所示:
2)was 用于第一、三人稱單數(shù), were 用于其他人稱。
3)注意以元音字母加y 結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞, 直接加?ed。如:play→played。
(2)一般過去時(shí)的用法
一般過去時(shí)除了可以表示過去經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)外, 還可表示:
1)want, hope, think, intend 等動(dòng)詞的一般過去時(shí)往往表示“過去原……”之意。
I thought he was an honest man. 我原以為他是個(gè)老實(shí)人。
He didn't intend to hurt you. 他沒打算傷害你。
2)wonder 的一般過去時(shí)有時(shí)也可表示現(xiàn)在的行為, 但口氣要比用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)更加委婉、客氣。
I wondered if you could do me a favour.
我不知道你能否幫我一個(gè)忙。
3)used to + 動(dòng)詞原形, 表示過去的習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作而現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不再發(fā)生了。
We used to spend our vacation in the mountains.
我們以前常常在山里度假。(暗示現(xiàn)在不再在山里度假了)
3. 一般將來時(shí)
(1)一般將來時(shí)的構(gòu)成
1)shall + 動(dòng)詞原形(第一人稱)
2)will + 動(dòng)詞原形(各種人稱)
(2)一般將來時(shí)的用法
一般將來時(shí)除了可以表示將來的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)外, 還可表示:
1)will + 動(dòng)詞原形
①will 可用來表示事物的固有屬性或必然趨勢(shì)。
Fish will die without water. 離開水, 魚就會(huì)死。
②will 表示將來, 有時(shí)含偶然性、臨時(shí)性決定的意思。
—Do you know Mr. Smith has come to our town?
—No. I will go and visit him right now.
———你知道史密斯先生來我們鎮(zhèn)了嗎?
———不知道。我現(xiàn)在就去看他。
2)be going to + 動(dòng)詞原形
“be going to + 動(dòng)詞原形”多用在口語(yǔ)中, 表示“計(jì)劃、打算要做某事”, 此外, be going to 還可表示根據(jù)現(xiàn)在的跡象對(duì)未來進(jìn)行推斷。
He is going to speak on TV this evening.
他今晚要在電視上講話。
Look at the dark clouds. It is going to rain.
看這些烏云, 要下雨了。
注意:was going to 還可表示“過去本打算做某事, 但未做”的意思。
—Tom, you didn't come to the party last night?
—I was going to, but I suddenly remembered I had homeworkto do.
———湯姆, 你昨天晚上沒來參加聚會(huì)嗎?
———我本打算要來的, 但是我突然記起來我有作業(yè)要做。
3)be about to + 動(dòng)詞原形/be on the point of + 動(dòng)名詞“be about to + 動(dòng)詞原形”及“be on the point of + 動(dòng)名詞”表示“立即的將來(immediate future)”, 因此, 這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)不與表示將來的具體時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用, 但可以和并列連詞when(=and at that time)引出的分句連用。
The train is about to start. 火車就要開了。
The plane is on the point of taking off.
飛機(jī)馬上就要起飛了。
4)有些動(dòng)詞如come, go, arrive, leave, begin, start 等, 其現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示按計(jì)劃、安排近期將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
I'm leaving for Beijing next month. 下個(gè)月我要去北京。
5)某些動(dòng)詞的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可以表示計(jì)劃、安排將要做的事情, 這種用法常常用于火車時(shí)刻、飛機(jī)時(shí)刻、電影開演、作息安排等時(shí)刻表上。
We must hurry up. The first class begins at 8 o'clock.
我們必須快點(diǎn)。第一節(jié)課將在8 點(diǎn)開始。
6)be to + 動(dòng)詞原形
①表示“按計(jì)劃或安排要做的事”。
When are you to leave for home?
你什么時(shí)候回家?
She is to get married next month.
她將于下個(gè)月結(jié)婚。
The Queen is to visit Japan in a week's time.
女王將于一周后訪問日本。
這種結(jié)構(gòu)也可用于過去時(shí)。was/were to do sth. 表示曾經(jīng)計(jì)劃要做的事, 但不表明計(jì)劃是否被執(zhí)行, 或表示命運(yùn)(即命中注定要發(fā)生的事); was/were to have done sth. 表示未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的計(jì)劃。
I felt nervous because I was soon to leave home for the first time. 我感到緊張, 因?yàn)槲液芸炀鸵状坞x開家了。
They said goodbye, little knowing that they were never to meet again. 他們告了別, 一點(diǎn)也沒想到以后再也不會(huì)見面了。
We were to have told you, but you were not in.
我們本來想告訴你的, 但是你不在家。
②表示“應(yīng)該”, 相當(dāng)于should, ought to。
You are to report it to the police. 你應(yīng)該報(bào)警。
What is to be done? 應(yīng)該怎么辦呢?
③表示“想, 打算”, 相當(dāng)于intend, want。
If we are to be there before ten, we'll have to go now.
如果我們要在10 點(diǎn)前到那兒, 我們現(xiàn)在就得走。
4. 過去將來時(shí)
(1)過去將來時(shí)的構(gòu)成
should/would + 動(dòng)詞原形
(2)過去將來時(shí)的用法
過去將來時(shí)表示從過去某一時(shí)間看將要發(fā)生的事情。
He said he would be here at eight o'clock.
他說他將在八點(diǎn)鐘到這里。
(二)進(jìn)行體(表格未列出)
1. 進(jìn)行體的構(gòu)成
(1)考綱對(duì)進(jìn)行體所要求掌握的時(shí)態(tài)包括:現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)、將來進(jìn)行時(shí), 它們的形式分別為:
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí):am/is/are + 現(xiàn)在分詞
過去進(jìn)行時(shí):was/were + 現(xiàn)在分詞
將來進(jìn)行時(shí):will/shall + be + 現(xiàn)在分詞
(2)現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成形式:
2. 進(jìn)行體的用法
(1)進(jìn)行體表示某一時(shí)刻或階段內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài), 具有暫時(shí)性和未完成性的特點(diǎn)。
I don't really work here; I am just helping out until the new secretary arrives.
我并不在這里上班, 我只是來幫忙, 直到新秘書來了(我就走)。(暫時(shí)性)
(2)表示某階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或發(fā)生的事, 雖然當(dāng)時(shí)動(dòng)作不一定正在進(jìn)行, 常與these days, this week 等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。
We are making model planes these days.
這些天我們?cè)谧鲲w機(jī)模型。(此時(shí)此刻不一定在做)
(3)表示反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作, 往往含有贊賞、厭惡、遺憾等情緒, 常與always, continually, constantly, forever, all the time 等連用。
He is always thinking of others first. 他總是先想到他人。
He is always making the same mistake. 他總是犯同樣的錯(cuò)誤。
(4) 有些動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行體可以表示將來。(見一般將來時(shí)的用法)
(5)有些動(dòng)詞不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài), 常見的有:
1)感覺類:look, smell, feel, sound, taste, see, hear 等。
The soup tastes good. (不可說:The soup is tasting good.)
這湯嘗起來不錯(cuò)。
Your hands feel cold. (不可說:Your hands are feeling cold.)
你的手摸起來很涼。
2)情感類:like, love, prefer, admire, hate, fear, adore 等。
I love my dad and mum. (不可說:I am loving my dad and mum.) 我愛爸爸媽媽。
3)心態(tài)類:wish, hope, want, need, believe, understand, agree, know, remember, forget 等。
I don't believe my eyes. (不可說:I am not believing my eyes.)
我不相信我的眼睛。
4)存在狀態(tài)類:appear, lie(位于), remain, belong, have 等。
Those books belong to Mr. Li. (不可說: Those books are belonging to Mr. Li.)那些書是李先生的。
(三)完成體
1. 完成體的構(gòu)成
(1)考綱對(duì)完成體所要求掌握的時(shí)態(tài)包括:現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過去完成時(shí)、將來完成時(shí)。其形式分別為:
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):have/has + 過去分詞
過去完成時(shí):had + 過去分詞
將來完成時(shí):will/shall have done
(2)規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去分詞的構(gòu)成方法同過去式的構(gòu)成方法, 詳見一般過去時(shí)部分“規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化方法”。
(3)不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去式和過去分詞構(gòu)成詳見“附錄二”
2. 完成體的用法
(1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
1)表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作開始于過去, 持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(也許還將持續(xù)下去)。表示從過去延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)有:lately, recently, in the last/past few days/years(在過去的幾天/年里), since then, up to now, so far(至今)等。
In the past few years, great changes have taken place in my hometown. 在過去的幾年里, 我的家鄉(xiāng)發(fā)生了巨大變化。
He has written 8 books so far.
到目前為止, 他已經(jīng)寫了8 本書了。
2)表示發(fā)生在過去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響, 注意這時(shí)說話者說話的重心在過去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響上。常用的狀語(yǔ)有:already, just(剛剛), yet, before 等。
He has turned off the light. (=The light is off now.)
他已經(jīng)關(guān)掉燈了。
The concert has started. (=The concert is on now.)
音樂會(huì)已經(jīng)開始了。
I have already seen the film. (=I know the film now.)
我已經(jīng)看過那部電影了。
3)在“最高級(jí) + 名詞”或“It/This is + the first/second... time”之后的定語(yǔ)從句中, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
This is the first time(that)I have come here.
這是我第一次來這里。
This is the best tea(that) I have ever drunk.
這是我喝過的最好的茶了。
4)瞬間動(dòng)詞又叫非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞、終止性動(dòng)詞。瞬間動(dòng)詞可以用于完成時(shí)態(tài), 但不可以接表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ); 若要接表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ), 需要做一些相應(yīng)的變換。瞬間動(dòng)詞的否定式可以接表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)。
(x)He has come to Beijing since last year.
(√)He has lived in Beijing since last year.
(x)He has joined the army for 3 years.
(√)He has served in the army for 3 years.
(√)He joined the army 3 years ago.
(√)He has been a soldier for 3 years.
(√)It is 3 years since he joined the army.
(√)He has joined the army.
常見的瞬間動(dòng)詞(詞組)有:come, go, get to/reach/arrive at/in, leave, buy, sell, open, close, get up, join/take part in, begin/start, return/give, borrow/lend, become/turn, bring/take, die, finish/end, receive/hear from, marry, break, lose, jump 等。
部分非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞(短語(yǔ))和延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞(短語(yǔ))的轉(zhuǎn)換:
買buy—have
借borrow—keep
結(jié)婚get married—be married
認(rèn)識(shí)get to know—know
離開leave—be away
回來come back—be back
生病fall ill—be ill
死亡die—be dead
關(guān)閉turn off—be off
打開turn on—be on
動(dòng)身leave for—be off to
變成become—be
返回return—be back
開始begin—be on
睡覺go to bed—sleep
穿put on—have on/wear
來/去come/go—be in/away
參加join—be a member of
感冒take/get/catch a cold—have a cold
入睡go to sleep—be asleep
到達(dá)get to/arrive in(at)/reach—be in
(2)過去完成時(shí)
1)一件事情發(fā)生在過去, 而另外一件事情先于它發(fā)生(即表“過去的過去”), 那么發(fā)生在前的動(dòng)詞要用過去完成時(shí)。
She had learned some English before she came to the institute.
她在來這個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)前已學(xué)過一些英語(yǔ)了。
He said that he had been abroad for 3 years.
他說他在國(guó)外待了3 年了。
2)表示從過去某一時(shí)間開始, 一直延續(xù)到過去的另一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作, 常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有:by/until/before/by the end of + “表過去的某一時(shí)間”。
By then he had learned English for 3 years.
到那時(shí), 他已學(xué)了3 年英語(yǔ)了。
Until then he had known nothing about it yet.
到那時(shí)為止, 他對(duì)此仍一無所知。
3)表示愿望、打算的詞, 如:hope, expect, mean, intend, want, suppose 等, 其過去完成時(shí)表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望或意圖。
I had hoped to see more of Shanghai.
我本希望在上海多看看。(但未能如愿)
I had meant to help you, but I was too busy at that moment.
我本打算幫你的, 但當(dāng)時(shí)我太忙了。
I had thought you would come the next day.
我原以為你第二天會(huì)來。
4)用于某些固定句型中:
①Hardly/Scarcely/Barely... when... 和No sooner... than... 句型中, when 和than 從句里用一般過去時(shí), 主句用過去完成時(shí), 且用倒裝, 表示“剛剛……就……”。
Hardly/No sooner had I got home when/than the rain poured down. 我剛到家, 大雨就傾盆而下。
Hardly had we started when the car got a flat tyre.
我們才剛剛開動(dòng), 汽車的輪胎就癟了。
②It was/had been + 一段時(shí)間 + since 從句。since 從句的謂語(yǔ)用過去完成時(shí)。
It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.
我們有10 年沒那么高興過了。
③That/It/This was the first/second... time + that 從句。that 從句的謂語(yǔ)要用過去完成時(shí)。
It was the third time(that)he had made the same mistake.
那是他第三次犯同樣的錯(cuò)誤了。
That was the first time that I had passed the exam.
那是我第一次考試及格。
(3)將來完成時(shí)
將來完成時(shí)表示到將來某一時(shí)間某一動(dòng)作將會(huì)完成, 常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)為“by + 將來的某個(gè)時(shí)間”。
By this time of next year, all of you will have become college students.
到明年的這個(gè)時(shí)候, 你們大家就都成為大學(xué)生了。
(四)完成進(jìn)行體
1. 考綱對(duì)完成進(jìn)行體所要求掌握的時(shí)態(tài)為現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí), 其形式為:have/has + been + doing。
2. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的組合, 因此, 它既具備現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的特征, 又具備現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的特征, 如:它具備進(jìn)行體的“未完性、暫時(shí)性、感情色彩”的特點(diǎn)。
He has been learning English for 6 years.
他學(xué)英語(yǔ)已經(jīng)6 年了。(從過去某一時(shí)間開始學(xué)英語(yǔ), 強(qiáng)調(diào)?? 到現(xiàn)在還在學(xué)??????)
It has been raining for 3 days.
已經(jīng)下了三天雨了。(強(qiáng)調(diào)說話者“抱怨”的感情色彩)
(五)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)
1. 主將從現(xiàn)
所謂“主將從現(xiàn)”, 即主句表將來(不一定為一般將來時(shí), 祈使句、“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + 動(dòng)詞原形”也可表將來), 從句(包括時(shí)間、條件、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句)用現(xiàn)在時(shí)(不一定是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí), 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)也可在這類從句中表示將來)。
Whatever you say, I will not change my mind.
無論你說什么, 我都不會(huì)改變主意。
If she is still waiting, tell her to go home.
如果她還在等, 就讓她回家。
I will go with you as soon as I have finished my work.
我干完了工作就和你一起去。
2. 含賓語(yǔ)從句的句子的時(shí)態(tài)一致問題
賓語(yǔ)從句中的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)常受主句謂語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)的制約, 如果主句謂語(yǔ)為現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)頃r(shí), 賓語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)可以不受影響。
He says his father is/was/will be a teacher.
他說他父親現(xiàn)在是/過去是/將會(huì)成為老師。
如果主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是過去時(shí), 賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般需用過去的某種時(shí)態(tài), 即一般過去時(shí)、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)、過去完成時(shí)、過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)、過去將來時(shí)、過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí)等。
I was sure he was in bed. 我確信他在床上睡覺。(be in bed與was sure 同時(shí)發(fā)生)
He thought he was working for the people. 他認(rèn)為他正在為人民工作。(表示thought 發(fā)生時(shí)work 正在進(jìn)行)
I wondered if she had got well. 我想知道她是否痊愈了。(get well 先于wondered 發(fā)生)
He wanted to know what she had been doing. 他想知道她一直在做什么。(do 從過去發(fā)生, 直至wanted 且在wanted 時(shí)還在進(jìn)行)
I hoped I'd find a job soon. 我希望我不久就會(huì)找到工作。(find 在hoped 之后發(fā)生)
I thought she'd be going by bus. 我以為她會(huì)乘公交車去。(go by bus 在thought 之后發(fā)生)
注意:
(1)當(dāng)主句為過去時(shí), 賓語(yǔ)從句有明確的表過去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí), 可不必用過去完成時(shí)而用一般過去時(shí)。
I knew he was born in 1991. 我知道他生于1991 年。
(2)當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句表達(dá)永恒的真理時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不必變?yōu)檫^去時(shí), 而繼續(xù)采用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。
This proved that the earth is round. 這證明地球是圓的。
The teacher told us that the Yangtze River originates in Qinghai. 老師告訴我們長(zhǎng)江發(fā)源于青海。
3. 含虛擬語(yǔ)氣的句子中的時(shí)態(tài)一致問題
(1) 在“would (should/ought to/could/might/needn't/would like to 等) have done sth. , but...”句型中, but 后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞需用一般過去時(shí)或過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。
He should have turned up but he had an unexpected visitor.
他本應(yīng)該到場(chǎng), 但他那里來了一個(gè)不速之客。
(2)在“But for the fact that 從句”中, that 從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)要根據(jù)后面句子謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的時(shí)間而定。
But for the fact that he is busy now, he would be here.
要不是他現(xiàn)在很忙, 他就在這里了。
But for the fact that you were ill, I would have had you print
the papers. 要不是你生病了, 我就讓你去打印這些文件了。
(3)It is time + that 從句, that 從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞需用一般過去時(shí)或should + 動(dòng)詞原形。
It is time that we went to bed.
我們?cè)撍X了。
(六)易混時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)別
1. 一般過去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法區(qū)別
一般過去時(shí)所表示的一個(gè)或一段過去時(shí)間是可以具體確定的, 與其他時(shí)間沒有牽連, 它所表示的事情純屬過去; 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)說的是現(xiàn)在的情況。比較下面幾組句子, 體會(huì)兩種時(shí)態(tài)的不同:
He served in the army from 2005 to 2010. (這是過去的一件事)
He has served in the army for 5 years. (現(xiàn)在他仍在軍中服役, 他仍然是名軍人)
He wrote many plays when he was at college. (寫劇本是他過去做的事情)
He has written many plays. (這意味著他現(xiàn)在是劇作家)
I saw Lost in Thailand last year. (看《泰囧》的時(shí)間是去年, 與現(xiàn)在無關(guān))
I have seen Lost in Thailand before. (以前看過, 強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)在知道這部電影的內(nèi)容。before“以前”是一個(gè)與現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系的時(shí)間, 而不是一個(gè)確定的與現(xiàn)在無關(guān)的過去時(shí)間)
2. 一般過去時(shí)和過去完成時(shí)的用法區(qū)別
(1)一般過去時(shí)是指過去的動(dòng)作或情況, 而過去完成時(shí)指過去的一個(gè)動(dòng)作或時(shí)間之前發(fā)生的事。
He had learned 3, 000 English words before he came to this school. 他來這個(gè)學(xué)校之前就已經(jīng)學(xué)了3, 000 個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞了。
(2)過去完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)常用by 或before 引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)或句子表示, 如by that time, by the end of, before 2010, by the time + 句子(一般過去時(shí))等。
He had finished writing the book by the end of last month.
到上個(gè)月底為止, 他已經(jīng)寫完這本書了。
3. 過去完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法區(qū)別
兩種時(shí)態(tài)都常與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用, 但現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的是延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或同現(xiàn)在有關(guān)的動(dòng)作(句中不可有表示過去特定時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)), 而過去完成時(shí)表示的是在過去某時(shí)之前已經(jīng)完成或延續(xù)到過去某時(shí)的動(dòng)作(句中可有表示過去特定時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ))。比較下面的說法:
She had been ill for a week before she came back. (“回來”發(fā)生在過去某一時(shí)間, “生病”發(fā)生在這一時(shí)間之前, 即過去的過去)
She has been ill for a week. (現(xiàn)在仍然病著)
題組訓(xùn)練 用所給動(dòng)詞的正確時(shí)態(tài)填空
①(2015 天津, 6) Jane can't attend the meeting at 3 o'clock this afternoon because she will be teaching(teach)a class at that time.
②(2014 大綱全國(guó), 32) The reports went missing in 2012 and nobody has seen (see) them since.
③(2014 北京, 22)—Hi, let's go skating.
—Sorry, I'm busy right now. I am filling (fill) in an application form for a new job.
④(2013 安徽, 24) I'm calling about the apartment you advertised (advertise) the other day. Could you tell me more
about it?
⑤(2013 浙江, 10) During the last three decades, the number of people participating in physical fitness programs has increased (increase)sharply.
⑥(2014 山東, 1) Writing out all the invitations by hand was more time?consuming than we had expected (expect).
⑦ (2014 山東, 5) They made up their mind that they would buy (buy) a new house once Larry changed jobs.
⑧(2014 浙江, 11) Sofia looked around at all the faces:she had the impression that she had seen (see) most of the guests before.
⑨(2012 湖南, 25)Close the door of fear behind you, and you will see (see)the door of faith open before you.
⑩(2012 江蘇, 32)The manager is said to have arrived back from Paris where he had met (meet)some European business partners.
二、主謂一致
主謂一致即在句子中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)必須和主語(yǔ)的數(shù)保持一致。一般可根據(jù)三個(gè)原則來確定:語(yǔ)法一致原則(主語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)決定謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù))、意義一致原則(形單意復(fù)的名詞或形復(fù)意單的名詞, 要根據(jù)其意義來決定謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù))、就近一致原則(謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于離它最近的主語(yǔ))。
(一)語(yǔ)法一致
1. 主語(yǔ)是單數(shù), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù); 主語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
The results of the research are to be published soon. 研究結(jié)果不久將被發(fā)表。
His suggestion has been accepted. 他的建議被接受了。
2. many a + 單數(shù)名詞(許多)/more than one(不止一個(gè))? + 單數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
Many a student comes into the classroom. 很多學(xué)生進(jìn)了教室。
More than one student wants to join the army. 不止一個(gè)學(xué)生想?yún)④姟?/p>
3. 復(fù)合不定代詞anyone, somebody, everything, nothing, each等作主語(yǔ), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
If anyone sees Lisa, ask her to call me. 如果有人看到Lisa, 讓她給我打個(gè)電話。
(二)意義一致
1. 形式為單數(shù)但意義為復(fù)數(shù)的police, cattle 等作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
The police have not made any arrests. 警方未逮捕任何人。
2. 表示一類人的the poor/rich/dead/injured/wounded 等作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
The rich are to help the poor. 富人應(yīng)該幫助窮人。
3. 表示某國(guó)人的總稱的the Chinese, the British, the Irish 等作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
The Chinese are hardworking. 中國(guó)人民是勤勞的。
4. 以-s 結(jié)尾但意義為單數(shù)的news, maths, physics, politics 等作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
The news is exciting. 這則消息激動(dòng)人心。
5. 單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞sheep, deer, means 等作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)與實(shí)際意義一致。
3 sheep are eating grass there. 3 只羊正在那里吃草。
A sheep is lying there. 一只羊正躺在那里。
Not every means is useful. 不是每種方法都好使。
6. 表示時(shí)間、距離、金額等的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ), 通常看作整體, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
Twenty years is a long time in one's life.
二十年在人的一生中是很長(zhǎng)的一段時(shí)間。
20, 000 dollars is not a small sum of money.
兩萬美元不是一筆小數(shù)目。
(三)就近一致
either... or... , neither... nor... , not only... but also... , whether... or... 在句子中連接并列主語(yǔ)的時(shí)候或者在there be 句型中, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式要和就近的主語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)保持一致。
Neither you nor I am wrong. 你和我都沒錯(cuò)。
There is a cup of tea and some apples on the table. 桌上有一杯茶和一些蘋果。
Not only the students but also the teacher wishes for a holiday.
不僅是學(xué)生, 老師也盼望假期。
(四)主謂一致的幾個(gè)難點(diǎn)
1. 并列主語(yǔ)的主謂一致
(1)兩個(gè)單數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞用and 連接, 表示兩個(gè)不同的概念時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
Steam and ice are different forms of water.
蒸汽和冰是水的不同形式。
(2)兩個(gè)單數(shù)名詞用and 連接, 表示同一人、同一物或同一個(gè)概念, 或表示不可分的整體時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)。
Trial and error is the source of our knowledge.
反復(fù)嘗試是我們獲得知識(shí)的源泉。
(3)被every, each, many a, no 等限定的名詞由and 連接作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)。
Each boy and each girl has an apple.
每個(gè)男孩和每個(gè)女孩都有一個(gè)蘋果。
Many a teacher and many a student has seen the film.
許多老師和學(xué)生都看過這部電影。
(4)一個(gè)單數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞被幾個(gè)用and 連接的并列形容詞修飾時(shí), 可以指一件事或幾件事, 這種名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 要根據(jù)意義一致的原則決定謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。
English and American literature are appealing to her.
英國(guó)文學(xué)和美國(guó)文學(xué)都對(duì)她有吸引力。
Simple and plain living is a fine quality.
簡(jiǎn)樸生活是一種優(yōu)良的品質(zhì)。
2. 單數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ), 后跟with, along with, together with, as well as, rather than, but, except 等加其他名詞時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)形式。
Dr. Smith, together with his wife, is to arrive on the evening flight. 史密斯博士及其夫人將乘夜班飛機(jī)抵達(dá)。
Nobody but one teacher and three students was in the laboratory.
只有一個(gè)老師和三個(gè)學(xué)生在實(shí)驗(yàn)室里。
3. 某些名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)的主謂一致
(1) 集體名詞family, class, crew, team, group, public, audience, crowd, government, committee 等作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式要根據(jù)主語(yǔ)所指的意義而定。當(dāng)把集體名詞作為一個(gè)整體來看待時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)形式; 如果指其中各個(gè)成員時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
The class consists of twenty-five boys and twenty girls.
這個(gè)班由25 個(gè)男生和20 個(gè)女生組成。
The class are doing experiments.
全班學(xué)生正在做實(shí)驗(yàn)。
(2)由兩部分構(gòu)成的表示物體的名詞, 如trousers, pants, jeans, compasses, glasses, shoes 等作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。但如果這類名詞前用了a pair of/two(three)... pairs of 來修飾, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)往往取決于pair 的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。
These trousers need cleaning. 這些褲子需要洗了。
This pair of trousers is mine. 這條褲子是我的。
4. 數(shù)詞與量詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)的主謂一致
(1)分?jǐn)?shù)和百分?jǐn)?shù)修飾可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式還是復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于它們所表示的意義。試比較:
Only 60 percent of the work was done yesterday.
昨天只干了60%的活。
About 20 percent of the students are absent today.
今天大約有20%的學(xué)生缺席。
(2)由“kind(form, type, sort, portion 等)of”等修飾的主語(yǔ), 其謂語(yǔ)形式取決于這些詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而不是它們后面所跟的名詞。
All kinds of difficulties have to be overcome.
必須克服各種各樣的困難。
(3)“a number of(許多)”“a variety of(各種各樣的)”和“a group of(一群, 一組)”修飾名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。但是“the number of(……的數(shù)目)”和“the variety of(……的種類)”修飾名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。試比較:
A number of students are from the south.
許多學(xué)生來自南方。
The number of students from the north is small.
來自北方的學(xué)生人數(shù)很少。
A variety of goods are on sale in the shop.
那個(gè)商店在出售各種各樣的商品。
題組訓(xùn)練 用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空
[11] No one in the department but Tom and I knows (know) that the director is going to resign.
[12] With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth are (be) being washed away each year.
[13] Such poets as Shakespeare are (be) widely read, of whose works, however, some are difficult to understand.
