Cognitive Science Glossary 認知科學詞匯表
Paul Thagard 保羅-薩加德
This is the glossary from P. Thagard, Mind: Introduction to Cognitive Science, second edition, MIT Press, 2005.
這個詞匯表來自保羅-薩加德《心智：認知科學導論》， 第二版， 麻省理工學院出版社，2005。
Note: Words in italics have their own entries in the glossary.
注：斜體文字在詞匯表中有自己的條目。
Abduction Reasoning that generates hypotheses to explain puzzling facts.
不明推論式/假設性推理 用生成假設推理來解釋令人費解的事實。
induction 和 abduction 的區別是什么？ - 知乎
Abduction (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
ACT “Adaptive Control of Thought” – A computational theory of thinking developed by John Anderson.
ACT “Adaptive Control of Thought（思維自適應控制）” 的縮寫——約翰·安德森提出的思維計算理論。
Affective computing Study of computing technology that relates to, arises from, or deliberately influences emotions.
情感計算 涉及、源于或故意影響（deliberately influences）情感的計算技術研究
Algorithm A step-by-step procedure for solving a problem.
算法 逐步解決某個問題的過程。
Amygdala Almond-shaped part of the brain involved in emotions such as fear.
杏仁核 腦內的杏仁狀部分，與恐懼等情感有關。
Analogy Mental process that makes connections between relations in two sets of objects.
類比 對兩組物體的關系建立聯系的心理過程。
Anthropology The study of the origins, distribution, social relations, and cultureof human beings.
人類學 研究人類的起源、分布、社會關系和文化的（學科）。
Artificial intelligence The study of how computers can be programmed to perceive, reason, and act.
人工智能 研究如何編制程序使計算機可以感知、推理和行動。
Backprogagation Learning algorithm in feedforward networks that adjusts the strengths of the links between neurons.
反向傳播 調整神經元之間連接強度的前饋網絡學習算法。
Bayesian network A directed graph that that can be used to reason with probabilistic information.
貝葉斯網絡 可利用概率信息來推理的有向圖（directed graph）。
Case-based reasoning Reasoning by analogy.
基于案例的推理? 通過類比來推理。
Chaos Property of a dynamic system that it is highly sensitive to small changes.
混沌 對小變化非常敏感的動態系統特性。
Cognitive grammar Approach to linguistics that rejects the traditional separation of syntax and semantics.
認知語法 語言學的方法，拒絕傳統的語法和語義分離。
Cognitive science The interdisciplinary study of mind and intelligence.
認知科學 綜合研究心智與智力。
Coma State of deep unconsciousness caused by disease or injury.
昏迷 由疾病或受傷引起的深度無意識狀態。
Computation Physical process with states that represent states of another system and with transitions between states that amount to operations on the representations.
計算 操作心理表征的物理過程，帶有表示另一個系統狀態的狀態以及狀態之間的轉換。
Concept *Mental representation* of a class of objects or events that belong together, usually corresponding to a word.
概念* 對同一類事物或事件的心理表征*，通常對應于一個詞。
Conceptual change Process in which concepts acquire new meaning.
概念轉變 概念獲得新意義的過程。
Conceptual combination Process in which new concepts are constructed by joining or juxtaposing old ones.
概念組合 通過加入或排列舊概念形成新概念的過程。
Connectionism Approach to cognitive science that models thinking by artificialneural networks.
聯結主義 受人工神經網絡模型啟發形成的認知科學方法。
Consciousness Mental state involving attention, awareness, and qualitative experience.
意識 涉及注意、知覺（awareness）和質性體驗的心理狀態。
Cortex Outer layer of the brain, responsible for many higher cognitive functions.
皮質 負責許多高級認知功能的大腦外層。
CRUM The Computational-Representational Understanding of Mind: the hypothesis that thinking is performed by computations operating onrepresentations.
CRUM 心智的表征計算（Computational-Representational）解釋：假設思維是由表征計算實現的。
Culture The way of life of a society, including beliefs and behaviors.
文化 一個社會的信仰和行為等生活方式。
Data structure An organization of information in a computer program.
數據結構 計算機程序中的信息組織。
Deduction Reasoning from premises to a conclusion such that if the premises are true then the conclusion must also be true.
演繹推理 從前提到結論的推理，如果前提是真的結論也必須是真的。
Distributed artificial intelligence Problem solving that requires communication among more than one computer, each of which possesses some intelligence.
分布式人工智能 需要多臺計算機之間進行通信來解決問題，每臺計算機都具有一定的智能。
Distributed cognition Problem solving that requires communication among more than one thinker.
分布式認知 需要多個思考者之間進行交流來解決問題。
Distributed representation *Neural networks* that use patterns of activity in multiple nodes or neurons to stand for objects or situations.
分布式表征 用多個結果或神經元的活動模式來代表對象或情況的神經網絡。
Dopamine *Neurotransmitter* involved in reward pathways in the brain.
多巴胺* 參與大腦獎賞回路的神經遞質*。
Dualism Philosophical view that the mind consists of two separate substances, soul and body.
二元論 一種哲學觀念，認為心智由靈魂和肉體這兩種不同的材料（substance）組成。
Dynamic (dynamical) system Collection of interacting objects whose changes are describable by mathematical equations.
動態（動力）系統 相互作用的對象集合，其變化可以用數學方程描述。
Electroencephalogram (EEG) Recording of electrical activity in the brain.
腦電圖（EEG） 大腦電活動的記錄。
Embodiment Property of having a body and experiencing the world by means of it.
具身 擁有肉身并通過它來體驗世界的特性。
Emotion Positive or negative mental state that combines physiological input with cognitive appraisal.
情緒 生理輸入與認知評價相結合的積極或消極的心理狀態。
Emotional intelligence Ability to deal effectively with the emotions of oneself and others.
情緒智能 有效處理自己和他人情緒的能力。
Empiricism The philosophical view that knowledge comes primarily from sensory experience.
經驗主義 知識主要來自感官經驗的哲學觀點。
Explanation schema *Mental representation* of a pattern of causal connections.
解釋圖式（schema） 因果關系模式的心理表征。
Feedforward network Artificial neural network in which the flow of activity is in one direction, from input neurons to output neurons.
前饋網絡 活動流是從輸入到輸出的單向的人工神經網絡。
Frame Data structure that represents a concept or schema.
框架 表示概念或圖式的數據結構。
Functionalism Version of materialism according to which mental states are defined by their functional relations, not by any particular kind of physical realization.
功能主義/機能主義 唯物主義（materialism ）的對立觀點（Version）*，認為精神狀態是由功能關系決定的，而不是特定類型的物理實現。譯者注：機能主義是與構造主義相對立的一個學派，機能主義認為意識是不能還原為元素的，它作為一個整體起作用，其目的在于使有機體適應其環境。
According to functionalism, mental states are identified by what they do rather than by what they are made of. Functionalism | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
What is MATERIALISM? definition of MATERIALISM (Psychology Dictionary)
Hebbian learning Process in neural networks that strengthens the association between two neurons that are simultaneously active.
赫布學習 神經網絡中增強兩個同時活躍的神經元的連接的過程。
注：Hebbian learning是基于Hebb的假說。 Donald Hebb是一個心理學家， 他在自己的書the organization of behavior 中提出來了Hebbian learning rule, 簡單通俗的講就是權值的修改正比于輸入和輸出的相關性。
赫布學習（hebbian learning） 和oja rule之間到底是什么關系？ - 知乎
Hippocampus Brain region involved in the acquisition of memories.
海馬體 參與記憶獲取的大腦區域。
Image Mental structure that is similar to what it represents.
意象（Image） 類似于所代表對象的心理結構。
What is REPRODUCTIVE IMAGE? definition of REPRODUCTIVE IMAGE (Psychology Dictionary)
Mental image which is limited to one function- evocation of sights experienced previously, involving a fairly staticrepresentation of certain objects. Compare with: anticipatory image.
REPRODUCTIVE IMAGE: "In Jean Piaget's theory of cognitivedevelopment, a reproductive image is held which is limited to evoking previous sights."
Induction Reasoning that introduces uncertainty.
歸納（法） 引入不確定性的推理。
Inheritance Form of inference in which information is transferred from a higher to a lower structure.
繼承 信息從高結構到低結構傳遞的推理形式。
Innate A representation or process that is genetic rather than learned.
先天的 遺傳而非習得的表現或過程（做事方法）。
Insula (insular cortex) Brain region that integrates information from many bodily senses.
島葉（島葉皮質） 整合許多身體感官信息的大腦區域。
Intentionality Property of a representation or mental state that it is about some aspect of the world.
意向性 關于世界某個方面的心理表征或心理狀態的特性。
Intentionality (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
每一心理現象都把某物作為對象而包含于自身之內，盡管方式不同。在表象活動中總有某物被表象，在判斷中總有某物被肯定或被否定，在愛中總有某物被愛，在恨中總有某物被恨，在欲望中總有某物被欲求，如此等等。這種意向性的內存在是心理現象所獨具專有的。任何物理現象都沒有類似的特征。這種意向性的內存在是心理現象所獨具專有的。任何物理現象都沒有類似的特征。由上可見，布倫塔諾的意向性學說主要是強調心理現象的特征在于和對象的關系。只有在和一個對象的關系中，和一個作為對象的某物的關系中才談得到心理活動。
Lesion Abnormal change in an organ such as the brain.
病變 大腦等器官的異常變化。
Linguistics The study of language.
語言學 語言研究。
Link Connection between two artificial neurons that enables one to influence the activity of the other.
連接 兩個人工神經元之間的連接，使一個神經元能影響另一個神經元的活動
Local representation Artificial neural network in which each node stands for a single concept or proposition.
局部表征 每個節點代表單個概念或命令的人工神經網絡。
Logic The study of valid reasoning.
邏輯 有效推理的研究。
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI and fMRI) Technique that uses magnets to produce images of the structure and function of organs.
磁共振成像（MRI和fMRI） 利用磁體產生器官的結構和功能圖像的技術
Materialism Philosophical view that minds are purely physical.
唯物主義 認為心靈純粹是物質的哲學觀點。
Meaning The content of a representation that results from its relations to other representations and the world.
意義 從自身與其它表征和世界的關系產生的表征內容。
Mechanism System of interconnected parts that produces regular changes.
機制 產生規律變化的相互連接部件（構成）的系統。
Memory Storage of information, either temporary (short-term or working memory) or permanent (long-term).
記憶 信息的存儲，包括臨時的（短期或工作記憶）和永久的（長期的）。
Mental model Mental structure that approximately stands for something in the world.
心理模型 近似代表世界上的某些東西的心理結構。
Mental representation A structure or process in the mind that stands for something.
心理表征 代表心智中某種事物的結構或過程。
Metaphor Use of language to understand and experience one kind of thing in terms of another.
隱喻 語言中用一種事物來理解或體驗另一種事物的方法。
Model Structure that approximately represents some objects or events.
模型 近似表示某些對象或事件的結構。
Multiagent system Interacting collection of computers capable of intelligent action.
多主體（代理）系統 具備智能行為的計算機交互式合集。
Neural network Interconnected group of neurons.
神經網絡? 互聯的神經元組。
Neuron Nerve cell.
神經元 神經細胞。
Neuroscience Study of the structure and functioning of brains.
神經科學 研究大腦腦結構和功能（的學科）。
Neurotransmitter Molecule that transmits nerve impulses across a synapse.
神經遞質 通過突觸傳遞神經脈沖的分子。
Parallel Process in which more than computation is performed at the same time.
并行 同時執行多個計算的過程。
Parallel constraint satisfaction Process in which a problem is solved by using a parallel algorithm to find the best assignment of values to interconnected aspects of the problem.
并行約束滿足 用一個并行算法找到問題各相互關聯部分的最佳匹配值的過程。
Parallel distributed processing Approach to cognitive science that models thinking by artificial neural networks with distributed representations.
并行分布式處理 用分布式表示人工神經網絡進行思維建模的認知科學方法。
Philosophy Study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, existence, and morality.
哲學 研究知識、存在和道德的基本性質。
Positron emission tomography (PET) Technique that uses radioactive isotopes to produces images of the chemical function of organs such as blood flow in the brain.
正電子發射斷層顯像（PET） 利用放射性同位素產生器官的化學功能的圖像，比如大腦中的血液流動。
Prefrontal cortex Area of the brain at the front of the front of the cortex, responsible for the highest cognitive functions such as reasoning.
前額葉皮層 大腦皮層前部的區域，負責推理等最高的認知功能。
Production Rule: a representation of the form IF something THEN something.
產生式規則 對如果某物則某物形式的一種表示。
Psychology Study of the minds of humans and other animals.
心理學 研究人類和其它動物的心智。
Rationalism The philosophical view that knowledge comes primarily by reasoning that is independent of sensory experience.
唯理論 認為知識主要來源于獨立于感官經驗的推理的哲學觀念。
Recurrent network *Neural network* in which the output of some neurons feeds back via intervening connections to become input to them.
遞歸網絡 部分神經元的輸出通過干預連接反饋到輸入的神經網絡。
Relaxation Process in which an artificial neural network reaches a state of stable activations.
松馳 人工神經網絡達到穩定激活狀態的過程。
Representation A structure or activity that stands for something.
表征 代表某種事物的結構或活動。
Robot Machine capable of performing complex physical acts similar to ones done by humans.
機器人 能夠執行與人類類似的復雜物理行為的機器。
Rule A mental representation of the form IF something THEN something.
規則 如果某物則某物的心理表征。
Schema A mental representation of a class of objects, events, or practices.
圖式 對一類事物、事件或實踐的心理表征。
Search A computational process of looking for or carrying out a sequence of actions that lead to desired states.
搜索 尋找或執行導致期望狀態的動作序列的計算過程。
Situated action Action that results from being embedded in a physical or social world.
情境作用 嵌入在物理或社會世界中的行為。
SOAR “State, Operator, And Result” – A computational theory of thinking developed by Allen Newell and others.
SORA“狀態、操作者和結果”——Allen Newell等人提出的計算思維理論。
Social cognition Study of how people think about each other.
社會認知 研究人們對彼此的看法。
Social epistemology Study of social practices that encourage or inhibit the development of knowledge.
社會認識論 研究鼓勵或抑制知識發展的社會實踐。
Somatic marker Brain signal corresponding to states of the body relevant toemotions.
軀體標記 與情緒相關的身體狀態對應的腦信號。
Source analog Set of objects, properties, and relations that suggests conclusions about a target analog.
源模擬 得出目標模擬結論的對象、屬性和關系集。
Spike train Firing pattern of a neuron, consisting of a sequence of firing episodes.
神經放電序列 由一系列放電事件組成的神經元放電模式。
Spreading activation Computational process in which the activity of one structure leads to the activity of an associated structure.
激活擴散 一個結構的激活導致相關結構激活的計算過程。
Syllogism Kind of deduction in which the premises and conclusions have forms such as “All A are B” and “No A are B”.
三段論 一種演繹推理，前提和結論的形式類似“所有A都是B”和“沒有A是B”
Synapse Space in which a signal passes from one neuron to another.
突觸 信號從一個神經元傳遞到另外一個神經元的地方。
Target analog Set of objects, properties, and relations that can be learned about by comparison to a source analog.
目標模擬 與源模擬相比，可以學習的對象、屬性和關系集。
Theory Set of hypotheses that explain observations.
理論 解釋觀察資料的一套假說。
Thought experiment Use of the imagination to investigate nature.
思維實驗 利用想像力來研究自然。
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex The bottom-middle part of the prefrontal cortex.
腹內側前額皮質 前額葉皮層的中下部。
Whorf hypothesis Conjecture that language determines how we perceive and think about the world.
沃爾夫假說 猜想語言決定我們對世界的感知和思考。
——完結（部分翻譯有待商榷，歡迎留言提出您的意見）——
