What to call the time of life between work and old age?
我們應該怎么稱呼即將成為老年人又不工作的這一個人生階段
To get the most out of longer lives, a new age category is needed為了最大限度地延長壽命，需要一個新的年齡類別。
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WHAT do you call someone who is over 65 but not yet elderly? This stage of life, between work and decrepitude, lacks a name. “Geriactives” errs too much on the side of senescence. “Sunsetters” and “nightcappers” risk being patronising. Perhaps “Nyppies” (Not Yet Past It) or “Owls” (Older, Working Less, Still earning) ring truer.65歲以上但看起來依然的人你應該怎么稱呼？ 在工作和衰老中間的一個階段缺少一個名字 “geriactives”錯在讓人感覺太老。“sunsetters”和“nightcappers”看起來太年輕。 也許“nyppies”（尚未過去）或“owls”（年紀大、工作少，還是收入）更真實。
Branding an age category might sound like a frivolous exercise. But life stages are primarily social constructs, and history shows that their emergence can trigger deep changes in attitudes. Such change is needed if the questions that swirl around rising longevity are to get a fitting answer.也許給年齡分類聽起來像是一種無聊的行為。 但生命階段主要是社會結構，歷史表明，它們的出現會引發態度的深刻變化。 如果關于如何長壽的問題要得到一個恰當的答案，新的分類出現是必要的。
End of Generation zzz
Before 1800 no country in the world had an average life expectancy at birth beyond 40. Today there is not a country that does not. Since 1900, more years have been added to human life than in the rest of history combined, initially by reducing child mortality and lately by stretching lifespans. Longevity is one of humanity’s great accomplishments.在1800之前，世界上沒有一個國家出生時的平均預期壽命超過40歲。今天，沒有一個國家不這樣做。自1900年以來人類壽命的增加超過了歷史上的總和，最初由降低兒童死亡率，最近通過延伸生命長度。長壽是人類的偉大成就之一。
Yet it is seen as one of society’s great headaches. The problem lies in the increasing dependency of the old on the young. By 2100, the ratio of 65-plussers to “working-age” people will triple. As the world greys, growth, tax revenues and workforces will decline while spending on pensions and health care will increase. So, at least, goes the orthodoxy.然而，壽命增長同樣是一個讓人頭痛的問題。問題在于老年人對年輕人的依賴性越來越強。在2100年大于65歲的人數將是在工作年齡內的人的三倍。隨著世界上普遍的老齡化，稅收和勞動力將會減少但是養老金和醫療保險花費將會增長。
Doom-mongers tend to miss a bigger point, however. Those extra years of life are predominantly healthy ones. Five of the additional six years that a British boy born in 2015 can expect to live, compared with one born in 1990, will be healthy, according to the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, at the University of Washington. Too many governments and firms fail to recognise this fact, instead lumping all the extra years in the damning category of 65 and over. This binary way of thinking, seeing retirement as a cliff edge over which workers and consumers suddenly tumble, bears little relation to the real world. It also encourages unimaginative policy, whereby the retirement age is occasionally moved as lifespans lengthen.然而，末日論者往往錯過一個關鍵點。增長的壽命是健康有勞動力的。華盛頓大學健康評估與評估研究所的數據認為，與1990年出生的英國出生的男孩相比，在2015出生的英國男孩更多的6年壽命中，將會有5年是健康的。太多的政府和企業并沒有認識到這一事實，相反的，把所有的增長的壽命都歸于65歲以上的類別中。這種二元思維方式，把退休看作是工人和消費者突然轉變的懸崖邊緣，還是一種與現實世界沒有多大關系的轉變。它還催生缺乏想象力的政策出現，退休年齡會隨著壽命延長而變動。
A more radical approach would start by acknowledging that, in the rich world at least, many of the old are still young. As this week’s special report argues, they want to work, but more flexibly. They want to spend money, too. In western Europe the over-60s will account for 59% of consumption growth in cities between now and 2030, says McKinsey, a consultancy.至少在富裕國家，一種更激進的做法是承認許多老年人仍然年輕。正如本周的特別報告所言，他們想工作，但更靈活。他們也想花錢。麥肯錫的顧問說，在歐洲西部的60歲以上的老人將為現在到2030的城市消費增長貢獻59%。
Declaring a new stage of life could help change perceptions. It has done so before. Today’s conception of childhood emerged in the 19th century, paving the way for child-protection laws and a golden age of children’s literature. Spotty, awkward 15-year-olds predated the 1940s, but only then did mystified adults coin the label “teenagers”, fuelling all sorts of products and services, from bobby socks to the music industry. In 1944 Life wrote that “American businessmen, many of whom have teen-age daughters, have only recently begun to realise that teen-agers make up a big and special market.” By the mid-1960s both Time and Newsweek had splashed “The Teen-Agers” on their covers.明確生命中的新階段有助于改變觀念。以前這樣做過。今天的兒童觀出現在十九世紀，為兒童保護法和兒童文學的黃金時代鋪平了道路。在20世紀40年代，15歲的孩子比較尷尬，但是當困惑的成年人創造青年人這一個標簽之后，引爆了整個相關產品和服務，從襪子到音樂市場，。在1944年的《生活》中寫道：“美國的商人，他們中的很多人都有十幾歲的女兒，最近才開始意識到青少年是一個非常大而特殊的市場。”到20世紀60年代中期，《新聞周刊》和《時代周刊》封面上都出現了青少年。
Marking out youthful old age as a distinct phase of life might have a similar effect, prodding employers and policymakers to think differently about how to keep the young old active. As life becomes longer, the word “retirement”, which literally means withdrawal to a place of seclusion, has become misleading. At 65 you are not clapped out, but pre-tired. So, as they embark on the next stage, here’s to all those pre-tirees.把較年輕的老年作為生命的一個明顯的階段，可能會產生類似的效果，促使雇主和政策制定者對如何保持較年輕的老年人的活力有不同的想法。隨著生命變得越來越長，“退休”這個詞的字面意思是“撤退到一個隱蔽的地方”，已成為一種誤導。65歲時，你并沒有被踢出，而是有點累了。所以，當開始下一階段生命的時候，做好心理準備。
swirl [sw??l]
n. 漩渦；打旋；渦狀形;vi. 盤繞；打旋；眩暈；大口喝酒;vt. 使成漩渦
longevity [l?n'd?ev?t?]
n. 長壽，長命；壽命
expectancy [?k'spekt(?)ns?; ek-]
n. 期望，期待
mortality [m??'t?l?t?]
n. 死亡數，死亡率；必死性，必死的命運
lifespan ['la?fsp?n]
n. 壽命；預期生命期限；預期使用期限
accomplishment [?'k?mpl??m(?)nt; ?'k?m-]
n. 成就；完成；技藝，技能
dependency [d?'pend(?)ns?]
n. 屬國；從屬；從屬物
decline [d?'kla?n]
n. 下降；衰退；斜面;vt. 謝絕；婉拒;vi. 下降；衰落；謝絕
orthodoxy ['??θ?d?ks?]
n. 正統；正教；正統說法
predominant [pr?'d?m?n?nt]
adj. 主要的；卓越的；支配的；有力的；有影響的
lump [l?mp]
n. 塊，塊狀；腫塊；瘤；很多；笨人;adj. 成團的；總共的;vt. 混在一起；使成塊狀；忍耐；笨重地移動;vi. 結塊;adv. 很；非常
retirement [r?'ta??m(?)nt]
n. 退休，退役
tumble ['t?mb(?)l]
n. 跌倒；翻筋斗；跌跤;vt. 使摔倒；使滾翻；弄亂;vi. 摔倒；倒塌；滾動；打滾；倉惶地行動;[ 過去式tumbled 過去分詞tumbled 現在分詞tumbling ]
unimaginative [?n?'m?d??n?t?v]
adj. 缺乏想象力的；無趣的
whereby [we?'ba?]
adv. 憑借；通過…；借以；與…一致
occasional [?'ke??(?)n(?)l]
adj. 偶然的；臨時的；特殊場合的
lengthen ['le?θ(?)n; -?kθ-]
vt. 使延長；加長;vi. 延長；變長
radical ['r?d?k(?)l]
n. 基礎；激進分子；[物化] 原子團；[數] 根數;adj. 激進的；根本的；徹底的
acknowledge [?k'n?l?d?]
vt. 承認；答謝；報償；告知已收到
consultancy [k?n's?lt(?)ns?]
n. 咨詢公司；顧問工作
perception [p?'sep?(?)n]
n. 知覺；[生理] 感覺；看法；洞察力；獲取
conception [k?n'sep?(?)n]
n. 懷孕；概念；設想；開始
emerge [?'m??d?]
vi. 浮現；擺脫；暴露
pave [pe?v]
vt. 鋪設；安排；作鋪設之用;n. (Pave)人名；(西、塞)帕韋
spotty ['sp?t?]
adj. 發疹的；多斑點的；質量不一的
awkward ['??kw?d]
adj. 尷尬的；笨拙的；棘手的；不合適的
predate [pri?'de?t]
vt. 在日期上早于（先于）
mystify ['m?st?fa?]
vt. 使神秘化；使迷惑，使困惑
fuelling ['fju?li?]
n. 油；燃料;v. 加油（fuel的ing形式）；加燃料;n. (Fuelling)人名；(英、德)菲林
youthful ['ju?θf?l; -f(?)l]
adj. 年輕的；早期的
distinct [d?'st??(k)t]
adj. 明顯的；獨特的；清楚的；有區別的
policymaker ['p?l?s?,me?k?]
n. 政策制定者；決策人
literal ['l?t(?)r(?)l]
adj. 文字的；逐字的；無夸張的
withdrawal [w?e'dr??(?)l]
n. 撤退，收回；提款；取消；退股
seclusion [s?'klu??(?)n]
n. 隔離；隱退；隱蔽的地方
embark [?m'bɑ?k; em-]
vi. 從事，著手；上船或飛機;vt. 使從事；使上船
