Word & Expression
1.in a nutshell?? 簡而言之
原文：This is naive practice in a nutshell.
E-E:to state the main facts about sth in a short clear way.
2.well-defined 表述清楚的
原文：If you’re a weekend golfer and you want to decrease your handicap by five strokes, that’s fine for an overall purpose, but it is not a well-defined, specific goal that can be used effectively for your practice.
E-E:clearly stated or described;easy to see or understand
3.holler (因為興奮，生氣）大聲吼叫
原文：Now, not everyone will focus by hollering and pounding on a table, but Steve’s performance illustrates a key insight from the study of effective practice.
E-E:to shout very loudly,especially because you are angry,excited (AmE)
4.desultory a.漫無目的的，無條理的
原文：Instead, the student’s words seem to imply a rather desultory attempt at practice, with no effort to do more than what was already easy for him.
E-E:done without any particular plan or purpose
5.pep talk (非正式）打雞血的話
原文：Before I read the thirty-nine-digit string, he gave himself an excited pep talk, seemingly conscious of nothing but the approaching task: “We have a big day here! . ..
E-E:a short speech intended to encourage sb to work harder, win a game etc
中文感悟
1.purposeful practice & naive practive
Purposeful practice has several characteristics that set it apart from what we might call “naive practice,” which is essentially just doing something repeatedly, and expecting that the repetition alone will improve one’s performance.
刻意訓練（有目的的訓練）有以下四個特征，下面會一一解釋：well-defined，specific goals；focused；feedbacks；get out of one‘s comfort zone。而所謂“不帶目的”的學習只是在做機械重復，一旦成為肌肉記憶，大腦的思考便開始停止，也就進入我們所謂的瓶頸期。在之前讀過的一本書Mindfulness，文章里分析大多數人缺乏洞察力主要是因為“習慣”，習慣成自然，當認為一切就是如此時，其實就是創造力受限的表現！擺脫mindless，從審視自己的行為開始！我為什么練習？我應該從哪里突破？換種方式會得到什么反饋？這種方式做的很順手了，是不是還有其他方式？
2.well-defined and specific goal
Our hypothetical music student would have been much more successful with a practice goal something like this: “Play the piece all the way through at the proper speed without a mistake three times in a row.”Without such a goal, there was no way to judge whether the practice session had been a success.
做事須有目的，否則方向在哪？就像加入讀書會，也是帶有目的而來，想學好英文，想通過英語的視角發現世界！而達到這個目的需要的是無時無刻的練習。
