Vocabulary
1.New European payments regulation has the potential to shake up the banks
shake up:to make changes in the way that a company is organized so that it is more effective or successful徹底調整，重組，改革（組織，機構，行業）
Eg:A new managing director?was brought in to shake up the company.
2.Klarna：is a Swedishe-commercecompany that provides payment services for online storefronts. Their core service is to assume stores' claims for payments and handle customer payments, thus eliminating the risk for seller and buyer.
Link:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klarna
3.mortgage：noun(alsoinformal?home ?loan)a legal agreement by which a bank or similar organization lends you money to buy a house, etc, and you pay the money back over a particular number of years; the sum of money that you borrow按揭（由銀行等提供房產抵押借款）；按揭貸款
Eg：to apply for/take out/pay off a mortgage申請╱取得╱還清抵押貸款
4.predetermined：happening or developing in a particular way because of things that have existed, happened, or been decided before預定的，預先確定的，預先決定的
Eg：The?department has exceeded its predetermined level of?spending.
5.overdrawn：having taken more money out of your bank account than you have in it已透支；有透支
Eg：I'm overdrawn by ￡100.我透支了 100 英鎊。
6.nudge：to push sb/sth gently or gradually in a particular direction（朝某方向）輕推，漸漸推動
Eg：He nudged the ball past the goalie and into the net.他輕松地將球推過守門員，送入網中。
7.dire：very serious極其嚴重的；危急的
Eg：living in dire poverty生活赤貧◆dire warnings/threats嚴重的警告╱威脅◆Such action may havedire consequences.這種行為可能產生嚴重后果。
8.unscathed：未受傷的；未受損害的 If you areunscathedafter a dangerous experience, you have not been injured or harmed by it.【搭配模式】：ADJ after v
Eg：Tony emergedunscathedapart from a severely bruised finger...托尼除了一根手指嚴重淤青外沒有受到其他傷害。
9..Fintech companies are beginning tomounta challenge, most?conspicuously?in the online-payments industry in northern Europe...
mount: [動詞 + 名詞短語] to organize and begin sth 準備；安排；組織開展 【 synonyms 】:arrangeE.g. to mount a protest/campaign/an exhibition 發起抗議 / 運動；舉辦展覽
conspicuous: easy to see or notice; likely to attract attention 易見的；明顯的；惹人注意的 【派生詞】conspicuously顯著地 E.g. Women were conspicuously absent from the planning committee 引人注意的是，規劃委員會里沒有一個女性委員
10.sofort: online bank transfer . https://www.sofort.com/eng-INT/buyer/sb/overview/
iDEAL:? Online payments service https://www.ideal.nl/en/
11.overwhelming:very great or very strong; so powerful that you cannot resist it or decide how to react巨大的；壓倒性的；無法抗拒的
Eg:The evidence against him was overwhelming.對他不利的證據確鑿，無法抵賴。
12.resilient:able to feel better quickly after sth unpleasant such as shock, injury, etc.可迅速恢復的；有適應力的
Eg:He'll get over —young people are amazingly resilient.他會克服的，年輕人的適應力驚人。
13.incumbent：a person who has an official position在職者；現任者
Eg：thepresent incumbentof the White House現任美國總統
14.PSD2：（Payments services directive2): PSD2 is the second Payment Services Directive, designed by the countries of the European Union. It could revolutionise the payments industry, affecting everything from the way we pay online, to what information we see when making a payment. (Related links: https://transferwise.com/gb/blog/what-is-psd2)， adopted in 2015
【延伸】來看看PSD2的前身：PSD：is anEU Directive, administered by theEuropean Commission (Directorate General Internal Market)to regulate payment services andpayment service providersthroughout theEuropean Union(EU) andEuropean Economic Area(EEA). The Directive's purpose was to increase pan-European competition and participation in the payments industry also from non-banks, and to provide for a level playing field by harmonizing consumer protection and the rights and obligations for payment providers and users. （Only be applied within the European Economic Area)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payment_Services_Directive
15.kick-start：使快速重新啟動;使…重新開始Tokick-starta process that has stopped working or progressing is to take a course of action that will quickly start it going again.
Eg：?The President has chosen tokick-startthe economy by slashing interest rates.總統選擇通過大幅降低利率來重新拉動經濟增長。
16.explicit：of a statement or piece of writing陳述或文章)clear and easy to understand清楚明白的；易于理解的
Eg：He gave me very very explicit directions on how to get there.他清楚地向我說明了去那兒的路線。
17.They could become more?integrated into the internet-browsing experience—?enabling,
Integrate into：to combine two or more things so that they work together; to combine with sth else in this way（使）合并，成為一體
Eg：These programs will integrate with your existing software.這些程序會和你原有的軟件整合起來。 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
18.wave through：to give permission or approval for something immediately and often without checking or considering it properly
Eg：Most ?countries have waved the legislation through.
19.sophisticated：of a machine, system, etc.機器、體系等)clever and complicated in the way that it works or is presented復雜巧妙的；先進的；精密的
Eg：highly sophisticated?computer systems十分先進的計算機系統
20.Profitability is already threatened?by rock-bottom interest rates
rock-bottom：最低點;最低水平;低谷If something has reachedrock?bottom, it is at such a low level that it cannot go any lower.
Eg：Morale in the armed forces was atrock?bottom...軍隊的士氣極度低迷。
21..Banks'lockholdon payments serves as a handy source of income, earning European banks €128bn in 2015, around a quarter of retail banking revenue. 牢牢把控
22.Many see PSD2 as a?threat to their business models; they fear?becoming the “dumb pipes” of the financial?system.
dumb-pipe：dumb pipes:refers to a network that is used simply to transfer bytes between the customer's device and the Internet, while being completely neutral with regard to the services and applications the customer accesses, it primarily provides simple bandwidth and network speed.(相對于smart pipe ). 術語啞通道是指簡單地用于在客戶設備和因特網之間傳輸字節的網絡，而完全中立于客戶的訪問和應用程序，它主要提供簡單的寬帶和網絡速度。
23.Perhaps predictably, resistance ismanifestedas a concern about data protection: more then half of respondents to the PWC survey voiced concerns about security andliability.
manifest: to show sth clearly, especially a feeling, an attitude or a quality 表明，清楚顯示（尤指情感、態度或品質）【synonyms】demonstrate. Eg.Social tensions were manifested in the recent political crisis.最近的政治危機顯示了社會關系的緊張
liability:累贅；負累；負擔 If you say that someone or something is a liability, you mean that they cause a lot of problems or embarrassment.
24.legitimate:for which there is a fair and acceptable reason 正當合理的；合情合理的 【Synonyms】valid, justifiableE.g.It seemed a perfectly legitimate question 這似乎是完全合乎情理的問題。
25.robust:強健的;健壯的;堅固的;結實的 Someone or something that is robust is very strong or healthy.E.g. We've always specialised in making very robust, simply designed machinery. 我們一直專注于制造極為結實耐用而且設計簡單的機器
26.water down：使(提議、演講、聲明等)語氣緩和;使打折扣;削弱If something such as a proposal, speech, or statementis watered?down, it is made much weaker and less forceful, or less likely to make people angry.
Eg：Proposed legislation affecting bird-keepers has been watered?down.影響養鳥者的立法提案的措詞已經緩和一些了。
27.But?regulators have already bared their teeth:?last year German competition authorities,?citing the changes proposed in PSD2, ruled?that banks were illegally restricting customers’ online-banking activities.
bare their teeth：to show your teeth in an aggressive and threatening way（兇狠地）齜牙咧嘴
Eg：The dog bared its teeth and growled.那條狗齜牙咧嘴地低吼。
28.invoice：a list of goods that have been sold, work that has been done etc, showing what you must pay發票；（發貨或服務）費用清單
29..Familiarity,huge customer bases and low funding costs are allattributes entrantswant to gain by association, just as banks want toexploitnewcomers' technology. 熟識，龐大的客戶群和低資金成本上是新來者通過聯合想獲得的所有屬性，就像銀行想利用新來者的技術一樣。
attributes: noun. a quality or feature of sb/sth 屬性；性質；特征 E.g Patience is one of the most important attributes in a teacher.耐心是教師最重要的品質之一?
entrants: a person who has recently joined a profession, university, etc. 新職員；新生；新會員；新成員
exploit:to treat a person or situation as an opportunity to gain an advantage for yourself 利用（…為自己謀利）E.g. He exploited his father's name to get himself a job.他利用他父親的名聲為自己找到一份工作
30.confrontation:~ (with sb) | ~ (between A and B) a situation in which there is an angry disagreement between people or groups who have different opinions 對抗；對峙；沖突E.g. confrontation between employers and unions 資方與工會之間的對峙
MindMap（篤師參考）
神句神詞組（篤師講解）
1.New European payments regulation has the potential toshake up the banks.
新的歐洲支付條例很有可能要徹底重組銀行的架構。
【新出臺的歐洲支付法規有可能會給銀行業帶來巨大沖擊。
Shake up 一般指帶來重大改變,Gambition is shaking up the way we study/Technology
is shaking up every industry that we can conceive of.】
2.European rules willopen the door to a host of innovative servicesthat analyze transactions. 歐洲法規將為分析交易相關的創新服務敞開大門。
【歐洲法規將給交易分析相關的創新服務帶來更多機遇。
to give someone new opportunities (sometimes + for )The success of that film
opened new doors for him.(sometimes + to )Early results show that thenew system would open doors to disadvantaged people.】
3.Customers?need barely ever interact with their bank. 客戶幾乎不再需要與他們的銀行打交道。
【客戶幾乎都不需要通過銀行。
如果這邊一定把interact翻成與銀行互動,就略顯死板了。大家都習慣了互聯網金融，那很多事情就不需要通過銀行啦~】
4.European?retail banking has beenremarkably unscathed by technology-driven disruption.
歐洲零售銀行明顯在技術驅動干擾活動中毫發無損。
【技術帶來的變革對歐洲零售銀行業產生的影響微乎其微。
歐洲零售銀行業幾乎并沒有受到技術變革的影響。
兩句一個意思，第二句形式上更吻合原句，但第一句通過化被動為主動，突出了核心信息remarkably unscathed幾乎毫發無傷。所以，翻譯并沒有完美的答案，只能無限接近而已~】
5.Fintech companies are beginning tomount a challenge, mostconspicuouslyin the online-payments industry in northern Europe. But theirreach is more limitedelsewhere in Europe.。 金融科技公司們正開始發起一場挑戰，主要致力于歐洲北方的線上支付這塊產業。但他們在歐洲其他地區很難發揮影響力。【互聯網金融公司已經開始發起挑戰，尤其是在北歐線上支付領域。但對歐洲其他地區的影響則要小得多。我要提醒大家的是最后那里的reach,用作名詞時候和influence一個意思,用來表達影響的范圍，簡短好用，建議化作積極儲備。Eg.Victory is now out of her reach. /The company has now overtaken IBM in terms ofsize and reach./Such matters are beyond the reach of the law.】
6.Regulators,however, are about totransform the landscape. 然而，監管者們正要改變這種局面。【然而，監管部門即將改變這一現狀。
landscape原意是風景，景色，地貌，此處也是暗喻的用法，衍生為局面，局勢。所以哦，衍生意思和原意都有一定聯系，大家稍加聯想，便不難理解哦。這種用法非常非常普遍，建議內化。Recent electoral shocks have shaken the
European political landscape.最近的選舉風波震動了歐洲政壇。】
7.Banks’ lockhold on payments serves as ahandy sourceof income.銀行業緊緊控住付款服務這一最方便的收入來源。【牢牢把控支付領域使得銀行輕而易舉就能賺錢。后面的handy這一形容詞值得重視，表示就在手邊，方便容易，唾手可得，聯想它的原形hand好好體會一下。Eg. Always keep a first-aid kit handy.跟前要常備急救箱/handy little tool好用小工具】
8.Resistance ismanifestedas a concern about data protection.Suchconcerns are legitimatebut also, argue fintech supporters,offer a convenient excuse forbanks toblock competition.阻力主要表現為對數據保護的擔憂。這種擔憂是合法的卻也為銀行阻礙競爭提供了一個合適托辭，金融科技支持者辯論道。【抗拒源自對數據保護的擔憂，這是合情合理的。但互聯網金融的支持者們認為，這也是銀行抵制競爭的絕佳借口。】
9.Yet for all their complaints, customers still trust banks with their money. 盡管抱怨連天，客戶在資金上還是相信銀行。【For all表示盡管，雖然，等于despite.Eg. For all its clarity of style, the book isnot easy to read】
神詞組:【篤師講解】
become overdrawn: 變得透支【透支】
nudge them to save more 促使他們節約些【鼓勵他們增加儲蓄】
have easy access to:容易進入【便于……】
kick-start competition:推動競爭【引發競爭】
give explicit consent 給予明確準許【明確同意】
one-click bank transfer:一鍵銀行轉帳
low-value payments:小額度的付款【小額支付】
tighten up security:加強安全
guide them toward:引導他們走向
rich data:龐大數據【豐富的數據】
leave them in a weaker position: 陷他們于劣勢位置【使他們處于不利地位】
robust data-protection system: 穩固數據保護系統【強大的數據保護系統】
insured against losses from fraud:投保欺詐損失【投保以防欺詐造成的損失】
perfect on paper: 完美計劃【理論完美！暗示實際操作起來可能困難重重。】
team up with:聯手合作【與….合作】
exploit newcomers technology:利用新參與者的技術【利用后來者的技術】
