SUMMARY
When it comes to deliberate practice, the key word is mental representation.
A mental representation is a mental structure that corresponds to anything that the brain is thinking about. Even when the skill being practiced is primarily physical, a major factor is the development of the proper mental representations. Better mental representations lead to better performance, and it's a virtuous circle.
But the details of mental representations are different from field to field, there is no such thing as developing a general skill.The thing all mental representations have in common is that they make it possible to?process large amounts of information quickly, despite the limitations of short-term memory.
The more you study a subject, the more detailed your mental representations of it become, and the?better you get at assimilating new information. Moreover, mental representations can help us plan and learn effectively.
So what’s deliberate practice？
1.Some people have figure out the skills how to do and have established the effective training techniques.
2.Get out of the comfort zone.
3.Set specifical goals→make plans.
4.Full attention and conscious actions.
5.Feedback and modify effort.
6.Mental representation.
7.Build and modify the previous skills→eventually lead to expert performance
Ericsson also teaches us how to get close to deliberate practice when the skills being practiced are not of the appropriate field. And at the end of chapter 4，he points that TEN-THOUSAND-HOUR RULE is not really a rule.
感悟
刻意練習的核心就是心理表征，建立心理表征，可以幫助我們更高效地學習，而持續的學習可以幫我們完善心理表征。除了心理表征，和purposeful practice還有一點很不同的是，刻意練習需要一位優秀的老師，他不僅自己專業技能牛逼，教學能力也牛逼，才能用最好的方法讓你突破舒適區達到專家的水平，但是之后就要靠你自己了。然而對絕大多數人來說，這個老師很不好找，所以從一開始你就得靠自己。什么人是這方面的專家，什么樣的方法是最有效的，怎樣練習才能成功，琢磨透了這些，剩下的就是大量的長時間的練習。
我還是相信有天生的天才，但我們絕大多數都不是，那么就后天培養天才，刻意練習就是最好的方法。那些有非常好的家庭環境的孩子，能得到最優秀的老師的輔導，擁有最好的資源，這大概就是真的贏在起跑線上了。
詞匯整理
overarching
adj. [usually before noun]
? (formal) very important, because it includes or influences many things
? 非常重要的；首要的；概莫能外的
it’s hard to offer an overarching definition that is not too vague,
Every so oftenthe New York Times publishes a column called “Think Like a Doctor” by Lisa Sanders, a doctor and author.
every so often= sometimes
An inspector comes round every so often to check the safety equipment.
A doctor diagnosing a patient with a complex set of symptoms must take in a great deal of information without knowing ahead of time which is most relevant and which might be red herrings.
red herrings
an unimportant fact, idea, event, etc. that takes people's attention away from the important ones? 轉移注意力的次要事實(或想法、事件等)
If you ask someone to recall a seemingly random assortment of words verbatim
verbatim[v???be?t?m]
adverb& adjective
in exactly the same words as were used originally
一字不差地；一字不差的
[as adv.]subjects were instructed to recall the passage verbatim.
測試對象被要求一字不差地把那段話回述出來。
[as adj.]your quotations must be verbatim.
引文必須一字不差。
