Punishment ?N.
一、釋義
1）A sanction--such as a fine, penalty, confinement, or loss of property, right, or privilege--assessed against a person who has violated the law.
2) Family law. A negative disciplinary action administered to a minor child by a parent.
刑罰 ?指國家懲罰犯罪的一種強制方法，它使犯罪人遭受一定痛苦和剝奪，并對犯罪人及其犯罪行為予以否定性評價。
二、詞組精選
corporal punishment ? 身體罰
Physical punishment; punishment that is inflicted on the body (including imprisonment).
指施于肉體使之感受痛苦的刑罰或觸發(fā)方法，區(qū)別于財產(chǎn)刑或罰金。
cruel and unusual punishment ?酷刑
Punishment that is torturous, degrading, inhuman, grossly disproportionate to the crime in question, or otherwise shocking to the moral sense of the community.
指過度的、非人道的、殘酷野蠻的刑罰。在美國憲法中，酷刑指國家中從未存在的或已經(jīng)廢除的刑罰種類，而不包括罰金刑或者監(jiān)禁刑。
cumulative punishment ? 累計刑罰
Punishment that increases in severity when a person is convicted of the same offense more than once.
對慣犯或再犯所判處的較重的刑罰。它是對罪犯的多個罪行連續(xù)作出判決合并執(zhí)行，而非數(shù)罪并罰。
double punishment ? 重復懲罰
Two forms of punishment levied for the same wrongful act or for different offense that arise from one act.
對同一犯罪行為給予兩次或兩次以上的懲罰。這是違背禁止雙重追溯原則的。
excessive punishment ? 量刑畸重
Punishment that is not justified by the gravity of the offense or the defendant's criminal record.
指所判處之刑或罰金與被告人罪行的嚴重程度或有罪記錄不相稱。
infamous punishment ? ?恥辱犯
Punishment by imprisonment, usu. in a penitentiary.
適用于重罪犯，而非輕罪犯。在200年前，恥辱刑包括死刑、絞刑、枷刑、烙刑、鞭笞刑、服苦役及截耳。殖民時期，鞭笞刑和枷刑不被認為是恥辱刑，但現(xiàn)代可能被認為是恥辱刑。
nonjudicial punishment ? 非司法性懲罰
A procedure under which a commanding office levies punishment against a minor offender who is subject to the Uniform ?Code of Military Justice.
由《統(tǒng)一軍事審判法典》特別授權軍隊指揮官有權對其下屬的輕微違法行為直接處以懲罰，而無需由軍事法庭予以審判。
reformative punishment ?改造性懲罰
Punishment intended to change the character of the offender.
指目的在于改造罪犯的一種懲罰方法。
(來源：Black's Law Dictionary，《元照英美法詞典》，《英漢法律用語詞典》）
