《Learning How to Learn: Powerful mental tools to help you master tough subjects》是UCSB在Coursera上開放的一門熱門公開課，介紹如何學習方法論。
下面翻譯一下課程介紹的學習十大好習慣和壞習慣。
摘錄：《數字思維：如何在攻克數學和科學》，by Barbara Oakley, Penguin, July, 2014拷貝自網絡
翻譯：Fei
Ten Rules of Good Studying學習的十個好習慣
1.?Use recall.?
After you read a page, look away and recall the main ideas. Highlight very little, and never highlight anything you haven't put in your mind first by recalling. Try recalling main ideas when you are walking to class or in a different room from where you originally learned it. An ability to recall-to generate the ideas from inside yourself-is one of the key indicators of good learning.
回想。
當你讀完一頁的時候，抬起頭，望向遠方，回憶剛剛所讀的主要內容。在回想時，強化你記住的少部分內容，而非那些你尚未記住的東西。你可以在去上課的路上或者在不同的教室回想你所學到的主要觀點。具備回想的能力—即從你的腦中自發地生成想法—是好學習習慣的關鍵指標。
2. Test yourself.?
On everything. All the time. Flash cards are your friend.
自我測驗。
針對任何內容，在任何時間，都可以進行自我測驗。利用卡片進行自我測驗是非常有效的。
3. Chunk your problems.?
Chunking is understanding and practicing with a problem solution so that it can all come to mind in a flash. After you solve a problem, rehearse it. Make sure you can solve it cold-every step. Pretend it's a song and learn to play it over and over again in your mind, so the information combines into one smooth chunk you can pull up whenever you want.
把問題組塊。
組塊(Chunk)是指將若干較小單位聯合而成熟悉的、較大的單位的信息加工。通過對某一個問題求解方法進行理解和練習，使自己能夠馬上想起整個求解方法的全部內容。確保你可以完全掌握求解過程的每一步。假如這是一首歌，學著去在大腦中一遍又一遍地練習，這樣信息就會聯合為一個連續的意元/組塊。而且，你可以隨時將整個信息提取出來(想起整個解決方案)。
4. Space your repetition.?
Spread out your learning in any subject a little every day, just like an athlete. Your brain is like a muscle-it can handle only a limited amount of exercise on one subject at a time.
分時分段進行學習。
就像運動一樣，對于任何主題/科目，每天只學習一小部分內容。因為大腦就像肌肉，一次只能就一個主題/科目進行有限數量的練習。
5. Alternate different problem-solving techniques during your practice.?
Never practice too long at any one session using only one problem-solving technique-after a while, you are just mimicking what you did on the previous problem. Mix it up and work on different types of problems. This teaches you both how and when to use a technique. (Books generally are not set up this way, so you'll need to do this on your own.) After every assignment and test, go over your errors, make sure you understand why you made them, and then rework your solutions. To study most effectively, handwrite (don't type) a problem on one side of a flash card and the solution on the other. (Handwriting builds stronger neural structures in memory than typing.) You might also photograph the card if you want to load it into a study app on your smartphone. Quiz yourself randomly on different types of problems. Another way to do this is to randomly flip through your book, pick out a problem, and see whether you can solve it cold.
在練習過程中交替使用不同的問題求解方法。
永遠不要在某一個任務中只使用一種問題求解方法，因為這樣的話，過一段時間之后，你不過是在模仿求解前一個問題所做的事情。應該把問題混在一起，同時做不同類型的問題。這不僅能教你如何使用某一種方法，還會教你應該何時使用該方法。(書籍通常不是這樣設定的，因此你需要自己去做這件事。)在每一次作業和測試結束后，檢查你的錯誤，確保你弄懂為什么犯錯，然后重新求解。為了最為有效地學習，可以把問題寫(不要打印)在記憶卡的一側，把答案寫在另一側。(與打印相比，手寫能夠在記憶中構建更為強健的神經結構。)你還可以對卡片拍照，然后加載到手機中的學習APP中。然后隨機地對自己提問不同類型的問題。或者，你可以隨機翻閱書籍，找一個問題，看看自己是否能夠完全正確地解答它。
6. Take breaks.?
It is common to be unable to solve problems or figure out concepts in math or science the first time you encounter them. This is why a little study every day is much better than a lot of studying all at once. When you get frustrated with a math or science problem, take a break so that another part of your mind can take over and work in the background.
經常休息。
在數學和科學領域，當你第一次遇到某一個問題或概念時，可能無法解答或理解。這是很正常的。這也是為什么每天學習一點兒比一次學習很多東西要好得多的原因。當你對某一個數學或科學問題感到失望或厭倦的時候，休息一下，這樣你大腦中的其他部分會接管這一問題或概念，并在潛意識中運轉。
7. Use explanatory questioning and simple analogies.
Whenever you are struggling with a concept, think to yourself, How can I explain this so that a ten-year-old could understand it? Using an analogy really helps, like saying that the flow of electricity is like the flow of water. Don't just think your explanation-say it out loud or put it in writing. The additional effort of speaking and writing allows you to more deeply encode (that is, convert into neural memory structures) what you are learning.
使用解釋和簡單的類比。
當你疲于應付一個概念時，問一下自己，如何能把它給一個10歲兒童解釋清楚?比喻確實有幫助，比如你可以說電流就像水流。不過不要僅僅在腦子里想，要大聲說出來，或寫下來。通過努力去說或寫，可以把你所學的東西更進行更深入的編碼(即轉換成神經內存結構)。
8. Focus.?
Turn off all interrupting beeps and alarms on your phone and computer, and then turn on a timer for twenty-five minutes. Focus intently for those twenty-five minutes and try to work as diligently as you can. After the timer goes off, give yourself a small, fun reward. A few of these sessions in a day can really move your studies forward. Try to set up times and places where studying-not glancing at your computer or phone-is just something you naturally do.
專注。
關閉手機和電腦上所有的消息提醒，然后打開一個25分鐘的定時器。在25分鐘內，心無旁騖，完全專注，盡可能努力地工作。計時器結束后，給自己一個小的、好玩的獎勵。(注:每一個25分鐘的專注工作可以認為是一個會話session。)每天進行幾次這樣的會話，可以實實在在地推進你的學習。而設置合適的的學習時間和場所——確保不會暼到你的電腦或手機——是輕而易舉的事情。
9. Eat your frogs first (注:Do your worst task first thing in the morning.).?
Do the hardest thing earliest in the day, when you are fresh.
先難后易。
在一天中最清醒的早晨，把最難的任務解決。
10. Make a mental contrast.?
Imagine where you've come from and contrast that with the dream of where your studies will take you. Post a picture or words in your workspace to remind you of your dream. Look at that when you find your motivation lagging. This work will pay off both for you and those you love!
勿忘初心。
想想你從哪里來，學習又會將你帶到哪里去。在工作空間貼一張圖或一段文字，提醒你你的夢想。當你感覺自己缺少動力的時候，就看一看它。這會讓你重新燃起激情，取得成功!
Ten Rules of Bad Studying 學習的十個壞習慣
Avoid these techniques-they can waste your time even while they fool you into thinking you're learning!
避免以下這些學習方法。它們會浪費你的時間，甚至欺騙你，讓你以為你在學習!
1. Passive rereading-sitting passively and running your eyes back over a page.?
Unless you can prove that the material is moving into your brain by recalling the main ideas without looking at the page, rereading is a waste of time.
消極地重復閱讀—消極地坐著，眼睛盯著同一個頁面來回看。
除非你能在不看這一頁的情況下，在腦中回想起主要內容，以證明頁面上的材料/信息都進入了你的大腦，否則重復閱讀只是在浪費時間。
2. Letting highlights overwhelm you.?
Highlighting your text can fool your mind into thinking you are putting something in your brain, when all you're really doing is moving your hand. A little highlighting here and there is okay-sometimes it can be helpful in flagging important points. But if you are using highlighting as a memory tool, make sure that what you mark is also going into your brain.
太多標注。
高亮標注文字會欺騙你，讓你以為你正把東西存入你的大腦，然而你所做的其實只是在移動你的手。在文本上做少量高亮標準是可以的——它有時可以幫助標記重點。但是，如果你將高亮標注作為記憶的方法，一定要確保你標記的內容也進入了你的大腦。
3. Merely glancing at a problem's solution and thinking you know how to do it.?
This is one of the worst errors students make while studying. You need to be able to solve a problem step-by-step, without looking at the solution.
不要盯著一個問題的答案看，然后以為你知道該怎么做。
這是學生在學習時犯的最糟糕的錯誤。你需要能夠在不看答案的情況下，一步一步地求解問題。
4. Waiting until the last minute to study.?
Would you cram at the last minute if you were practicing for a track meet? Your brain is like a muscle-it can handle only a limited amount of exercise on one subject at a time.
臨時抱佛腳。
如果你是在為田徑運動會鍛煉，你會臨時抱佛腳么(最后一刻才開始練習么)?因為大腦就像肌肉，一次只能就一個主題/科目進行有限數量的練習。
5. Repeatedly solving problems of the same type that you already know how to solve.?
If you just sit around solving similar problems during your practice, you're not actually preparing for a test-it's like preparing for a big basketball game by just practicing your dribbling.
反復解答(你已經知道求解方法的)同一類問題。
如果你在練習過程中，只是坐在那里解決類似的問題，你實際上并不是在為考試做準備——這就像你要為籃球賽做準備時，卻只在練習運球。
6. Letting study sessions with friends turn into chat sessions.?
Checking your problem solving with friends, and quizzing one another on what you know, can make learning more enjoyable, expose flaws in your thinking, and deepen your learning. But if your joint study sessions turn to fun before the work is done, you're wasting your time and should find another study group.
把學習小組變成聊天小組。
和你的朋友互相批改答案，針對各自所知道的內容互相提問，可以讓學習更有趣，發現你想法上的缺陷，加深對學習內容的理解。但是，如果你的學習小組在完成學習任務前就開始娛樂，那么你就是在浪費時間，并且應該換一個學習小組。
7. Neglecting to read the textbook before you start working problems.?
Would you dive into a pool before you knew how to swim? The textbook is your swimming instructor-it guides you toward the answers. You will flounder and waste your time if you don't bother to read it. Before you begin to read, however, take a quick glance over the chapter or section to get a sense of what it's about.
不讀課本就開始回答問題。
你會在不知道如何游泳的情況下就跳入泳池么?課本就相當于你的游泳教練—它引導你找出答案。如果不閱讀教材，你可能會陷入困境，并且浪費時間。不過，在開始閱讀前，掃讀一下章節名以便了解相關章節是在關于什么的。
8. Not checking with your instructors or classmates to clear up points of confusion.
Professors are used to lost students coming in for guidance-it's our job to help you. The students we worry about are the ones who don't come in. Don't be one of those students.
不和老師或同學進行討論以理清困惑點。
教授是用來給有疑問的學生進行指導——幫助學生就是教授的工作。教授擔心的是那些有疑問卻不來討論的學生。不要做這種學生。
9. Thinking you can learn deeply when you are being constantly distracted.?
Every tiny pull toward an instant message or conversation means you have less brain power to devote to learning. Every tug of interrupted attention pulls out tiny neural roots before they can grow.
認為心煩意亂時還能深入學習。
每發送一條訊息或短信，都意味著你可以投入到學習中的大腦能量變少了。每一個干擾都會阻礙神經連接的生成(記憶的本質是在大腦中形成新的神經連接)。
10. Not getting enough sleep.?
Your brain pieces together problem-solving techniques when you sleep, and it also practices and repeats whatever you put in mind before you go to sleep. Prolonged fatigue allows toxins to build up in the brain that disrupt the neural connections you need to think quickly and well. If you don't get a good sleep before a test, NOTHING ELSE YOU HAVE DONE WILL MATTER.
睡眠不足。
當你睡覺的時候，大腦會將問題與解法進行整合，并且會練習和重復你睡前記住的所有東西。過度疲勞會在腦內產生毒素。這些毒素會擾亂和中斷神經元之間的連接，使你無法敏銳的思考。如果你在考試前沒有一個好的睡眠，那么你(為考試或學習)做的其他任何事情都沒有意義了。
