長篇巨制！！建議收藏起來慢慢看~
細(xì)節(jié)閱讀是最為常見的一種閱讀題型了，但是它在四級考試中又有獨特之處。本文將從整體概況，題材體裁，出題特點，答題程序和答案特點五個部分對細(xì)節(jié)閱讀做出剖析，同時會引用歷年真題給出例證，仔細(xì)學(xué)習(xí)后自會對這種題型有著全新的理解和更好的把握。
一、整體概況
細(xì)節(jié)閱讀一共2篇，字?jǐn)?shù)大概都在350左右，分段情況不太好說，大多在5段以上（幾乎沒有平時模擬題里出現(xiàn)的兩段或三段的情況）。想必是為了響應(yīng)題目的分配問題。
每篇閱讀包括5個小題，一共10個小題，占了總分的20%，所以每一個小題都是雙倍分值，710分滿分的話，這一個小題就占了14.2分。所以，細(xì)節(jié)閱讀的分值占比和聽力里的短文聽力是一致的。
大家都知道，四個題型當(dāng)中聽力和閱讀各占了35%，加在一起就是70%，這其中，單是短文聽力和細(xì)節(jié)閱讀就占了整體的40%，所以可以這樣講，四級考試成敗在于聽力和閱讀，而聽力和閱讀各自的關(guān)鍵又在于短文聽力和細(xì)節(jié)閱讀。
二、體裁題材
就體裁和題材來看，文章大都是論述文，話題都是不同領(lǐng)域的研究和調(diào)查。
回憶近兩年的題目，分別涉及的是老年夫妻婚姻研究、叫錯名字原因調(diào)查、女性領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力研究、各國身高調(diào)查、涂鴉的社會實驗、線上抑郁癥研究和貓的研究等等。
一般學(xué)生看到這種文章類型很容易露怯甚至畏懼。但是其實大可不必，因為這種文章由于本身的特點反而更好把握。
學(xué)術(shù)性文章的特點大科普：
1.首段一般為主題段，概括文章主旨
2.每段的首句一般為該段的主題句，統(tǒng)領(lǐng)該段的方向和內(nèi)容
3.行文語言規(guī)范，邏輯嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，很少歧義和委婉
基于這些特質(zhì)，導(dǎo)致文章思路和內(nèi)容很好把握，有利于尋找答案。反倒是大家都很喜聞樂見的文學(xué)性、創(chuàng)造性的文章，更加難以理解，更加容易產(chǎn)生誤讀。
三、出題特點
大學(xué)英語四級考試中，細(xì)節(jié)閱讀的出題主要都是細(xì)節(jié)題類型，不乏推理題類型，而幾乎很少出現(xiàn)很多人津津樂道的古怪類型。（比方說猜測詞義，比方說主旨題，比方說單句釋義和否定提問等等）
1.?先說細(xì)節(jié)題，一般都是以特殊疑問詞what或why等引導(dǎo)出的。常見的提問方式一般都是：
What does…suggest to…/What is…advice
What is the reason for…
Why…
What account for…
What is important/essential/crucial/necessary…
What can conclude…
How…/In what way…
所以總結(jié)起來無非問的就是：
什么原因，做了什么行為，目的是，結(jié)果是，建議是，怎樣的方式，什么樣的影響等
2.?再說推理題。一般涉及到what + learn, say, think, imply, infer, suggest等基本上就是帶有推理色彩的。常見的提問方式一般都是：
What can/do we learn from…
What do…find/say about…
What do…imply…
總結(jié)起來問的就是了解、認(rèn)為、考慮了什么或者干脆暗示了什么。而答案很可能并沒有在原文直接體現(xiàn)，而是采取了其他的委婉方式。
看一下19年6月真題：
46. What can we learn about marriage vows from the passage?
47. What did Karraker and co-author Kenzie Latham find about elderly husbands?
48. What does Karraker say about women who fall ill?
49. Why is it more difficult for men to take care of their sick spouses according to Karraker?
50. What does Karraker think is also important?
這里面有三個推理類型和兩個細(xì)節(jié)，兩個細(xì)節(jié)（47和49）分別問的是結(jié)果和原因。
四、答題程序
四級細(xì)節(jié)閱讀題的設(shè)題是有著嚴(yán)格的順序的，除了極少出現(xiàn)的總結(jié)題可能會涉及到一些前文的內(nèi)容，其他絕大部分題型都是嚴(yán)格遵守著行文順序出的（這一規(guī)律聽力題同樣適用）。基于這樣的命題規(guī)律，其實大大降低了解題的難度；但是一旦偶有遺忘，忽視了這樣的規(guī)則，也真的會造成誤解，導(dǎo)致不必要的失分。
舉個例子，看一下17年12月的一套真題。
Nobody really knows how big Lagos is. What's indisputable is that it's growing very quickly. Between now and 2050, the urban population of Africa could triple. Yet cities in sub-Saharan Africa are not getting richer the way cities in the rest of the world have. Most urban Africans live in slums （貧民窟）; migrants are often not much better off than they were in the countryside. Why?
The immediate problem is poverty. Most of Africa is urbanizing at a lower level of income than?other regions of the world?did.?That means there's little money around for investment that would make cities livable and more productive. Without upgrades and new capacity, bridges, roads and power systems are unable to cope with expanding populations. With the exception of South Africa, the only light rail metro system in sub-Saharan Africa is in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.?Traffic jam leads to expense and unpredictability, things that keep investors away.
In other parts of the world, increasing agricultural productivity and industrialization went together.?More productive farmers meant there was a surplus that could feed cities; in turn, that created a pool of labor for factories. But African cities are different. They are too often built around consuming natural resources. Government is concentrated in capitals, so is the money. Most urban Africans work for a small minority of the rich, who tend to be involved in either cronyish （有裙帶關(guān)系的） businesses or politics. Since African agriculture is still broadly unproductive, food is imported, consuming a portion of revenue.
46. What do we learn from the passage about cities in sub-Saharan Africa?
A. They have more slums than other cities in the world.
B. They are growing fast without becoming richer.
C. They are as modernized as many cities elsewhere.
D. They attract migrants who want to be better off.
47. What does the author imply about urbanization in other parts of the world?
A. It benefited from the contribution of immigrants.
B. It started when people's income was relatively high.
C. It benefited from the accelerated rise in productivity.
D. It started with the improvement of peopled livelihood.
48. Why is sub-Saharan Africa unappealing to investors?
A. It lacks adequate transport facilities.
B. The living expenses there are too high.
C. It is on the whole too densely populated.
D. The local governments are corrupted.
大家看47題，題干頗具誤導(dǎo)性，問的是世界其他地方的城市化問題。46題的答案在第一段，原文一共4段，按照平均分配來看，第二段應(yīng)該會有47題的答案，但是如果審題時盯住了“in other parts of the world”很容易會被帶到第三段首句中，進(jìn)一步錯誤地選擇C選項。這就是忽視了出題順序問題，更何況處理48題時會發(fā)現(xiàn)，48題的答案居然在第二段結(jié)尾劃線部分，更應(yīng)該警醒47題不可能跑到48題之后去尋找答案。
就47題來看，除了“in other parts of the world”之外還應(yīng)該注意“urbanization”的問題，第三段談的是農(nóng)業(yè)和工業(yè)化的問題，跟這個題干實屬不相干。正確答案位置在于第二段開頭部分Most of Africa is urbanizing at a lower level of income than?other regions of the worlddid.
Other regions 和other parts是同義替換，原句理解起來就是說大多數(shù)非洲國家的城市化的收入起點要比世界其他國家低，言下之意，就是世界其他國家城市化開始時，人民收入水平相對較高，四個選項只有B非常符合。那么這層意思并非原文直接表述，屬于推理性質(zhì)的言外之意，題干中的字眼也是imply，暗示的意思。
總結(jié)起來，就是除非總結(jié)全文主旨的題型（很少見），大部分要嚴(yán)格遵守出題順序，做到精準(zhǔn)定位，才能萬無一失。
下面正式看一下推薦的答題流程。
1.審清題干，精準(zhǔn)定位。
一般情況下完全沒必要略讀全文后再答題，由于出題順序的限制，可以直接審題干，然后回到文章中的具體位置閱讀。定位的關(guān)鍵在于務(wù)必審好題干，抓好關(guān)鍵詞。
比如19年6月的一套真題的兩個題干：
47. What do we learn from?previous survey findings?about women seeking leadership roles?
48. What is the primary factor keeping women from taking top leadership positions according to?the recent survey?
兩句話的劃線部分決定了這兩個題一個定位的是previous survey之前的調(diào)查；另一個是the recent survey最近的調(diào)查。如果忽視了這個細(xì)節(jié)，審題不嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，就肯定造成失誤。
2.正式閱讀，反復(fù)比對。
找對位置之后，唯一要做的就是認(rèn)真比對文中表述和選項內(nèi)容。至于具體的答案篩選排除，在下一節(jié)具體探討，這里特別要提示的是在確定答案的時候，一定不要想當(dāng)然，所有的決定都是要在文中找到依據(jù)才行，一旦你開始自己展開想象的時候，就是要邁入“敵人”陷阱的時候。看一個17年6月的真題：
The report says America's urbanization will continue to be the most significant issue affecting the industry,?as cities across the country imitate thewalkability and transit-oriented?development making cities like New York and San Francisco so successful.
As smaller cities copy the model of these "24-hour cities," more affordable versions of these places will be created.?The report refers to this as the coming of the "18-hour city," and uses the term to refer to cities like Houston, Austin, Charlotte, and Nashville, which are "positioning themselves as highly competitive, in terms of livability, employment offerings, and recreational and cultural facilities."
47. What characterizes "24-hour cities" like New York?
A. People can live without private cars.
B. People are generally more competitive.
C. People can enjoy services?around the clock.
D. People are in harmony with the environment.
各位看47題，問的是像紐約這種24小時城市的特點是什么，定位很簡單，很多人會一眼看到如上第二段的開頭劃線句，但是貌似沒有怎么描述其特征，于是可能展開想象，“24小時城市當(dāng)然就是提供24小時服務(wù)的城市”C選項剛好包括around the clock也就是夜以繼日的意思，立馬鎖定了答案，也就立馬失掉了兩分。問題出在哪兒呢？題干的核心在于紐約的特點，并沒有完全針對24小時展開探討。紐約城的特點恰恰在于第一段提到的walkability and transit-oriented，意思是步行友好和公共交通導(dǎo)向。所以正確答案應(yīng)該是A，人們沒有私家車也能生活。
由此可見，做題關(guān)鍵在于一定不能“一廂情愿，自作多情”，所有判斷必然有理有據(jù)，必然得根據(jù)原文才是，要不然，它也不能稱其為閱讀理解，干脆改名為自由發(fā)揮，常識判斷得了。
五、答案特點
筆者看了四年的真題，對于正確答案的確定和錯誤答案的排除總結(jié)如下。
1.正確答案
1）近在眼前
四級考試同所有考試一樣，相當(dāng)部分的題目是基礎(chǔ)性的，有少量是拔高性的。閱讀題同樣適用，每一篇閱讀題里，只有兩三個是有些難度的，還有兩三個是非常簡單的，只要找對位置，答案就在眼前。
19年6月
"We found that women are doubly vulnerable to marital break-up in the face of illness," Karraker said. "They're more likely to be widowed,?and if they're the ones who become ill, they're more likely to get divorced."
48. What does Karraker say about women who fall ill?
A) They are more likely to be widowed.
B) They are more likely to get divorced.
C) They are less likely to receive good care.
D) They are less likely to bother their spouses.
19年6月
A little extra height brings a number of advantages, says Elio Riboli of Imperial College. "Being taller is associated with longer life expectancy," he said. "This is largely due to a lower risk of dying of cardiovascular (心血管的）disease among taller people."
53. What does Elio Riboli say about taller people?
A) They tend to live longer.
B) They enjoy an easier life.
C) They generally risk fewer fatal diseases.
D) They have greater expectations in life.
只要看清題干，答案是很明確的。
2）同義替換
同義替換是閱讀題里面使用的最為廣泛的伎倆，正確答案很少會以本來的面目出現(xiàn)在選項中，大多時候都會采取同義替換的方式。簡單一點兒的會采取如上真題的做法，只是簡單換個單詞而已，longer life expectancy等同于live longer，相同的意思從原文中的名詞形式換成了選項中的動詞詞組。
當(dāng)然還有更高明一點，更隱晦一些的替換方式，無形中增加了難度。
18年12月的真題：
Post wants to make clear that she's not talking about legal rights, but rather personal preferences.?She also wants to explain that there are no right or wrong answers regarding manners on this front yet, because the technology is just now becoming mainstream. Besides, the Emily Post Institute doesn't dictate manners.
48. What is Lizzie Post mainly discussing with regard to the use of home security cameras?
A) Legal rights.
B) Moral issues.
C) Likes and dislikes of individuals.
D) The possible impact on manners.
Personal preferences對應(yīng)的是C選項里的likes and dislikes of individuals，這種同義替換就會對學(xué)生的詞匯量有著較高的要求了。
18年6月：
When you forget entire experiences,?he says, that's "a red flag that something more serious may be involved."?Forgetting how to operate a familiar object like a microwave oven, or forgetting how to drive to the house of a friend you've visited many times before can also be signs of something going wrong.
48. Which memory-related symptom should people take seriously?
A. Totally forgetting how to do one's daily routines.
B. Inability to recall details of one's life experiences.
C. Failure to remember the names of movies or actors.
D. Occasionally confusing the addresses of one's friends.
原文中的“整體經(jīng)歷”是第一個提示點，后面的內(nèi)容，比如忘記怎么開車前往去過很多次的朋友家，都等同于A選項中的daily routine，日常生活。
3）言外之意
言外之意的情況會更經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在推理題里。其實本質(zhì)上也是同義替換，不過要比換詞這種手法高級的多，讀者要通過理解去體會弦外之音，也就是間接表達(dá)的另外一層意思。
19年：
"It's an important, cautionary note that?we shouldn't get too carried away with the idea that a computer system can replace doctors and therapists," says Christopher Dowrick, a professor of primary medical care at the University of Liverpool. "We do still need the human touch or the human interaction, particularly when people are depressed."
54. What is Professor Dowrick's advice concerning online CBT programs?
A) They should not be neglected in primary care.
B) Their effectiveness should not be overestimated.
C) They should be used by strictly following instructions.
D) Their use should be encouraged by doctors and therapists.
原文劃線部分意思是我們不應(yīng)該過分沉浸于電腦系統(tǒng)可以取代醫(yī)生和治療師這種想法，也就是說答案B: 我們不該高估電腦系統(tǒng)治療的有效性
4）急轉(zhuǎn)直下
相當(dāng)一部分題目的答案設(shè)置都在轉(zhuǎn)折詞語后面，最常見的轉(zhuǎn)折詞語就是but了。除此之外還有while，however，instead，nonetheless等。
18年12月：
Indra Nooyi, PepsiCo chairman, said the plan to make its products healthier was important for the company's growth.?But?on the subject of obesity, she pointed out that consumers' lifestyles have changed significantly,?with many people being more sedentary（久坐不動的）not least because more time is spent in front of computers. She said PepsiCo's contribution was to produce healthier snacks that still tasted good.
54. What does Indra Nooyi say about the obesity epidemic?
A) It is mainly caused by overconsumption of snacks.
B) It results from high sugar and salt consumption.
C) It is attributable to people's changed lifestyles.
D) It has a lot to do with longer working hours.
Does the study mean that cats will soon grasp the ins and outs of cause and effect? Maybe, Okay, so cats may not be the next physics faculty members at America's most important research universities.?But?by demonstrating their common sense, they've shown that the divide between cats and humans may not be that great after all.
50. What can we conclude about cats from the passage?
A) They have higher intelligence than many other animals.
B) They interact with the physical world much like humans.
C) They display extraordinarily high intelligence in hunting.
D) They can aid physics professors in their research work.
這種是有明確轉(zhuǎn)折詞語的，還算是比較動機(jī)明確；還有轉(zhuǎn)折得十分巧妙，不著痕跡的，一不小心就會出錯。
17年12月：
Leonard Hayflick, a professor at the University of California, San Francisco, said the idea that aging can be cured implies the human lifespan can be increased, which some researchers suggest is possible.?Hayflick is not among them.
50. What does professor Leonard Hayflick believe?
A. The human lifespan cannot be prolonged.
B. Aging is hardly separable from disease.
C. Few people live up to the age of 92.
D. Heart disease is the major cause of aging.
原文的大概意思是：海夫里克說到衰老可被治愈這種理念暗示著人類的壽命可以被延長。一些研究人員都暗示這是可能的。海夫里克不在其中。
問的是海夫里克的觀點是什么。這樣翻譯看來的話沒什么，但是粗看英文的話，很容易忽視最后一句，進(jìn)而誤解海夫里克認(rèn)同人的壽命可以被延長，從而排除了A選項。
2.錯誤答案
1）無中生有
這是很典型的一種設(shè)置干擾項的方式。這些干擾項可能與文中內(nèi)容完全不相干，但是本身又貌似合理，尤其是當(dāng)這一題的正確答案本身存在很高明的同義替換時，更會讓答題者頭暈?zāi)垦！?/p>
16年12月真題:
The secret to eating less and being happy about it may have been cracked years ago—by McDonald's.?According to a new study from Cornell University's Food and Brand Lab, small non-food rewards--like the toys in McDonald's Happy Meals--stimulate the same reward centers in the brain as food does.
51. What do we learn about McDonald's inclusion of toys in its Happy Meals?
A. It may shed light on people's desire to crack a secret.
B. It has proved to be key to McDonald's business success.
C. It appeals to kid's curiosity to find out what is hidden inside.
D. It may be a pleasant way for kids to reduce their food intake.
文中最后一句內(nèi)容確實跟題干相關(guān)了，但是似乎又無法幫助確定答案。能確定的是ABC三個選項都是無中生有，原文根本沒有提及的內(nèi)容，所以可以排除，而D選項正是正確答案，與文中第一句eating less and being happy about it對應(yīng)。
2）違背文意
Also, mothers may call on their children more often than fathers, given traditional gender norms.?There was no evidence that errors occurred more when the misnamer was frustrated, tired or angry.
55. Why do mothers misname their children more often than fathers?
A) They suffer more frustrations.
B) They become worn out more often.
C) They communicate more with their children.
D) They generally take on more work at home.
文中已經(jīng)明確提到，沒有證據(jù)顯示叫錯名字跟疲憊或者憤怒有多大聯(lián)系，所以AB明顯是違背原文意思的錯誤選項。
3）以偏概全
18年12月：
Older drivers and visually-or physically-impaired people would gain?a new level of freedom.?Maintaining safe speeds and being electric, self-driving cars would drastically reduce pollution levels and dependency on non- renewable fuels. Roads would be quieter, people safer.
52. How would the elderly and the disabled benefit from driverless cars?
A) They could enjoy greater mobility.?C) They would have no trouble driving.
B) They would suffer no road accidents. D) They could go anywhere they want.
原文只是說自動駕駛汽車能讓老年人和殘疾人獲得新層次的自由，不意味著D選項中他們可以去任何想去的地方。明顯是以偏概全。
17年6月：
But that wasn't the case. Instead of giving people practice, the gradual reduction likely gave them cravings （癮）and withdrawal symptoms before they even reached quit day,?which could be why fewer people?in that group actually made it to that Point.
55. What happens when people try to quit smoking gradually?
A. They find it even more difficult.
B. They are simply unable to make it.
C. They show fewer withdrawal symptoms.
D. They feel much less pain in the process.
原文中只說是fewer較少的，而干擾項D中卻說他們就是無法完成，把較少等同于沒有，屬于是以偏概全，過于絕對。
4）偷天換日
也是閱讀題干擾項中慣用的手段。一般這個選項會帶有原文關(guān)鍵處的重要信息，但是卻借用偷換主語或賓語的手法增加迷惑性，讓人防不勝防。
18年6月題：
A letter written by Charles Darwin in 1875 has been returned to the Smithsonian Institution Archives (檔案館) by the FBI after being stolen twice.
"We realized in the mid-1970s that it was missing," says Effie Kapsalis, head of the Smithsonian Insitution Archives. "It was noted as missing and likely taken by an intern (實習(xí)生), from what the FBI is telling us. Word got out that it was missing when someone asked to see the letter for research purposes," and the intern put the letter back. "The intern likely took the letter again once nobody was watching it."
51. What happened to Darwin's letter in the 1970s?
A. It was recovered by the FBI.
B. It was stolen more than once.
C. It was put in the archives for research purposes.
D. It was purchased by the Smithsonian Archives.
題干問的是達(dá)爾文的信件在19世紀(jì)70年代經(jīng)歷了什么。最具迷惑性的選項應(yīng)該是A，因為第一段的內(nèi)容，達(dá)爾文的信是在19世紀(jì)70年代寫就的，但FBI的追回事件并沒有說發(fā)生在何時。A選項把達(dá)爾文寫信時間和FBI辦案時間混為一談，偷天換日，對于草草答題的學(xué)生來說，很容易出岔子。正確答案得從第二段看，劃線部分提示，一共被偷了兩次。
原文地址：https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/3vswVQ9B_qXCDdCPMXf3Xw
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