線性表（linear list）是數據結構的一種，一個線性表是n個具有相同特性的數據元素的有限序列。
- 線性表的相鄰元素之間存在著序偶關系。
a1是a2的前驅，ai+1是ai的后繼，a1沒有前驅，an沒有后繼
-
n為線性表的長度 ，若n==0時，線性表為空表 - 存儲結構：
1. 數序存儲結構
2. 鏈式存儲結構
(圖片均來源于網絡)
順序存儲結構
特點: 存儲位置連續，可以很方便計算各個元素的地址如每個元素占
C個存儲單元，那么Loc(An) = Loc(An-1) + C -> Loc(An) = Loc(A1）+（i-1）*C
順序存儲結構.png
優點：查詢很快
缺點：插入和刪除效率慢
在JAVA里面基本的順序存儲結構線性表是數組，ArrayList是基于它來完成對象的存儲，來分析一下ArrayList(Android里面的)的源碼
初始化過程：
/**
* Default initial capacity.
*/
private static final int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 10;
/**
* Shared empty array instance used for empty instances.
*/
private static final Object[] EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA = {};
/**
* The array buffer into which the elements of the ArrayList are stored.
* The capacity of the ArrayList is the length of this array buffer. Any
* empty ArrayList with elementData == EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA will be expanded to
* DEFAULT_CAPACITY when the first element is added.
*
* Package private to allow access from java.util.Collections.
*/
transient Object[] elementData;
/**
* The size of the ArrayList (the number of elements it contains).
*
* @serial
*/
private int size;
/**
* Constructs an empty list with the specified initial capacity.
*
* @param initialCapacity the initial capacity of the list
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the specified initial capacity
* is negative
*/
public ArrayList(int initialCapacity) {
super();
if (initialCapacity < 0)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Capacity: "+
initialCapacity);
this.elementData = new Object[initialCapacity];
}
/**
* Constructs an empty list with an initial capacity of ten.
*/
public ArrayList() {
super();
this.elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
}
/**
* Constructs a list containing the elements of the specified
* collection, in the order they are returned by the collection's
* iterator.
*
* @param c the collection whose elements are to be placed into this list
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
*/
public ArrayList(Collection<? extends E> c) {
elementData = c.toArray();
size = elementData.length;
// c.toArray might (incorrectly) not return Object[] (see 6260652)
if (elementData.getClass() != Object[].class)
elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size, Object[].class);
}
從初始化的過程可以很明顯的看出來，就是對內部的一個數組對象elementData進行初始化。
add過程：
/**
* Appends the specified element to the end of this list.
*
* @param e element to be appended to this list
* @return <tt>true</tt> (as specified by {@link Collection#add})
*/
public boolean add(E e) {
ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1); // Increments modCount!!
elementData[size++] = e;
return true;
}
private void ensureCapacityInternal(int minCapacity) {
if (elementData == EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA) {
minCapacity = Math.max(DEFAULT_CAPACITY, minCapacity);
}
ensureExplicitCapacity(minCapacity);
}
private void ensureExplicitCapacity(int minCapacity) {
modCount++;
// overflow-conscious code
if (minCapacity - elementData.length > 0)
grow(minCapacity);
}
/**
* The maximum size of array to allocate.
* Some VMs reserve some header words in an array.
* Attempts to allocate larger arrays may result in
* OutOfMemoryError: Requested array size exceeds VM limit
*/
private static final int MAX_ARRAY_SIZE = Integer.MAX_VALUE - 8;
/**
* Increases the capacity to ensure that it can hold at least the
* number of elements specified by the minimum capacity argument.
*
* @param minCapacity the desired minimum capacity
*/
private void grow(int minCapacity) {
// overflow-conscious code
int oldCapacity = elementData.length;
int newCapacity = oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1);
if (newCapacity - minCapacity < 0)
newCapacity = minCapacity;
if (newCapacity - MAX_ARRAY_SIZE > 0)
newCapacity = hugeCapacity(minCapacity);
// minCapacity is usually close to size, so this is a win:
elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, newCapacity);
}
add()的時候先判斷當前數據容量是否足夠，如果不足夠那么擴容，擴容的值等于當前數組長度右移一位，也就是x2，然后添加到指定位置即可。
addAll()也是同樣的方式，在這就不貼代碼，可以自行查看一下源碼。
remove過程:
/**
* Removes the element at the specified position in this list.
* Shifts any subsequent elements to the left (subtracts one from their
* indices).
*
* @param index the index of the element to be removed
* @return the element that was removed from the list
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public E remove(int index) {
if (index >= size)
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index));
modCount++;
E oldValue = (E) elementData[index];
int numMoved = size - index - 1;
if (numMoved > 0)
System.arraycopy(elementData, index+1, elementData, index,
numMoved);
elementData[--size] = null; // clear to let GC do its work
return oldValue;
}
/**
* Removes the first occurrence of the specified element from this list,
* if it is present. If the list does not contain the element, it is
* unchanged. More formally, removes the element with the lowest index
* <tt>i</tt> such that
* <tt>(o==null ? get(i)==null : o.equals(get(i)))</tt>
* (if such an element exists). Returns <tt>true</tt> if this list
* contained the specified element (or equivalently, if this list
* changed as a result of the call).
*
* @param o element to be removed from this list, if present
* @return <tt>true</tt> if this list contained the specified element
*/
public boolean remove(Object o) {
if (o == null) {
for (int index = 0; index < size; index++)
if (elementData[index] == null) {
fastRemove(index);
return true;
}
} else {
for (int index = 0; index < size; index++)
if (o.equals(elementData[index])) {
fastRemove(index);
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
/*
* Private remove method that skips bounds checking and does not
* return the value removed.
*/
private void fastRemove(int index) {
modCount++;
int numMoved = size - index - 1;
if (numMoved > 0)
System.arraycopy(elementData, index+1, elementData, index,
numMoved);
elementData[--size] = null; // clear to let GC do its work
}
remove過程就是得到對應的值的下標，然后將該下標之后的數據都向前移動一個坐標，最后一個賦值為null
set過程
/**
* Replaces the element at the specified position in this list with
* the specified element.
*
* @param index index of the element to replace
* @param element element to be stored at the specified position
* @return the element previously at the specified position
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public E set(int index, E element) {
if (index >= size)
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index));
E oldValue = (E) elementData[index];
elementData[index] = element;
return oldValue;
}
set()直接將其賦值即可
get過程:
/**
* Returns the element at the specified position in this list.
*
* @param index index of the element to return
* @return the element at the specified position in this list
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public E get(int index) {
if (index >= size)
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index));
return (E) elementData[index];
}
get()就直接將數組里面值取出來即可。
從源碼的角度我們更加的熟悉了順序線性表的優缺點：查詢很快，插入和刪除效率慢。
鏈式存儲結構
特點:用一組任意的存儲單元存儲線性表的數據元素，這組存儲單元可以是連續的，也可以是不連續的。
鏈式存儲結構.jpg
優點：插入和刪除效率高
缺點：查詢效率低
插入
刪除
插入和刪除只需改變next指向的地址即可，所以增刪效率比較高。
查詢
如上圖那樣，如果需要查找第9個元素，那么將要從第一個一直指向第九個，所以查找效率低。
鏈式存儲結構又包含循環鏈表、雙向循環鏈表、單向循環鏈表等。
單向循環鏈表就是上圖那樣的,一個指針對應下一個指針，直到結束，就如上面的那張圖所示。
循環鏈表 : 將單鏈表中終端結點的指針端由空指針改為指向頭結點，就使整個單鏈表形成一個環，這種頭尾相連的單鏈表稱為單循環鏈表，簡稱循環鏈表
循環鏈表
雙向循環鏈表: 雙向循環鏈表是單向循環鏈表的每個結點中，再設置一個指向其前驅結點的指針域
雙向循環鏈表
空的雙向循環鏈表
LinkedList是一個雙向循環鏈表，來看看LinkedList的源碼
在LinkedList里面有一個Node類，這個類就是用來確定上一個指針prev和下一個指針next
private static class Node<E> {
E item;
Node<E> next;
Node<E> prev;
Node(Node<E> prev, E element, Node<E> next) {
this.item = element;
this.next = next;
this.prev = prev;
}
}
add
/**
* Appends the specified element to the end of this list.
*
* <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #addLast}.
*
* @param e element to be appended to this list
* @return {@code true} (as specified by {@link Collection#add})
*/
public boolean add(E e) {
linkLast(e);
return true;
}
/**
* Inserts the specified element at the specified position in this list.
* Shifts the element currently at that position (if any) and any
* subsequent elements to the right (adds one to their indices).
*
* @param index index at which the specified element is to be inserted
* @param element element to be inserted
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public void add(int index, E element) {
checkPositionIndex(index);
if (index == size)
linkLast(element);
else
linkBefore(element, node(index));
}
/**
* Links e as last element.
*/
void linkLast(E e) {
final Node<E> l = last;
final Node<E> newNode = new Node<>(l, e, null);
last = newNode;
if (l == null)
first = newNode;
else
l.next = newNode;
size++;
modCount++;
}
/**
* Links e as last element.
*/
void linkLast(E e) {
final Node<E> l = last;
final Node<E> newNode = new Node<>(l, e, null);
last = newNode;
if (l == null)
first = newNode;
else
l.next = newNode;
size++;
modCount++;
}
/**
* Inserts element e before non-null Node succ.
*/
void linkBefore(E e, Node<E> succ) {
// assert succ != null;
final Node<E> pred = succ.prev;
final Node<E> newNode = new Node<>(pred, e, succ);
succ.prev = newNode;
if (pred == null)
first = newNode;
else
pred.next = newNode;
size++;
modCount++;
}
/**
* Returns the (non-null) Node at the specified element index.
*/
Node<E> node(int index) {
// assert isElementIndex(index);
if (index < (size >> 1)) {
Node<E> x = first;
for (int i = 0; i < index; i++)
x = x.next;
return x;
} else {
Node<E> x = last;
for (int i = size - 1; i > index; i--)
x = x.prev;
return x;
}
}
可以很直觀的看出，add的時候，將new出一個新的Node對象newNode，然后把上一個Node對象last的next指向它，然后又將last重新賦值。當指定位置add的時候，就需要先找個這個位置的Node對象，然后更改next和prev即可。在指定下標插入的話那么將先判斷這個下標是在前半段還是后半段，如果是前半段的話就從頭開始next遍歷查找，如果是后半部的就從尾prev遍歷。add操作如下圖所示
雙向循環鏈表插入
remove:
/**
* Removes the first occurrence of the specified element from this list,
* if it is present. If this list does not contain the element, it is
* unchanged. More formally, removes the element with the lowest index
* {@code i} such that
* <tt>(o==null ? get(i)==null : o.equals(get(i)))</tt>
* (if such an element exists). Returns {@code true} if this list
* contained the specified element (or equivalently, if this list
* changed as a result of the call).
*
* @param o element to be removed from this list, if present
* @return {@code true} if this list contained the specified element
*/
public boolean remove(Object o) {
if (o == null) {
for (Node<E> x = first; x != null; x = x.next) {
if (x.item == null) {
unlink(x);
return true;
}
}
} else {
for (Node<E> x = first; x != null; x = x.next) {
if (o.equals(x.item)) {
unlink(x);
return true;
}
}
}
return false;
}
/**
* Unlinks non-null node x.
*/
E unlink(Node<E> x) {
// assert x != null;
final E element = x.item;
final Node<E> next = x.next;
final Node<E> prev = x.prev;
if (prev == null) {
first = next;
} else {
prev.next = next;
x.prev = null;
}
if (next == null) {
last = prev;
} else {
next.prev = prev;
x.next = null;
}
x.item = null;
size--;
modCount++;
return element;
}
/**
* Removes the element at the specified position in this list. Shifts any
* subsequent elements to the left (subtracts one from their indices).
* Returns the element that was removed from the list.
*
* @param index the index of the element to be removed
* @return the element previously at the specified position
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public E remove(int index) {
checkElementIndex(index);
return unlink(node(index));
}
和add差不多，找出相應的Node對象，然后重新對前后的Node重新進行指向即可。
remove主要操作所下圖所示
雙向循環鏈表的刪除
get:
/**
* Returns the element at the specified position in this list.
*
* @param index index of the element to return
* @return the element at the specified position in this list
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public E get(int index) {
checkElementIndex(index);
return node(index).item;
}
/**
* Returns the (non-null) Node at the specified element index.
*/
Node<E> node(int index) {
// assert isElementIndex(index);
if (index < (size >> 1)) {
Node<E> x = first;
for (int i = 0; i < index; i++)
x = x.next;
return x;
} else {
Node<E> x = last;
for (int i = size - 1; i > index; i--)
x = x.prev;
return x;
}
}
判斷這個下標是在前半段還是后半段，如果是前半段的話就從頭開始next遍歷查找，如果是后半部的就從尾prev遍歷。
set:
/**
* Replaces the element at the specified position in this list with the
* specified element.
*
* @param index index of the element to replace
* @param element element to be stored at the specified position
* @return the element previously at the specified position
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public E set(int index, E element) {
checkElementIndex(index);
Node<E> x = node(index);
E oldVal = x.item;
x.item = element;
return oldVal;
}
先查找Node,然后重新賦值即可。
水平有限，文中有什么不對或者有什么建議希望大家能夠指出，謝謝！
