Colonizing the Americas via the Northwest Coast
Reflection in Teaching
【單詞】
interaction：n. 互動，一起活動，合作，相互影響
reflective：adj. 反射的，反映的，反省性的，深思熟慮的
paucity：n. 少量，缺乏，不足
justify：v. 證明…有理，為…辯護
practising：adj. 在從事職業的，在從事活動的
void：adj. 無效的，空的，職位空缺的；n. 太空，空位，空隙，空虛感；v. 使無效，宣布作廢，取消
drawn to：被吸引到，沉浸在
program：n. 程序，節目，計劃，安排
sound：adj. 明智的，合理的；透徹的，全面的；完好的，未受傷的；睡眠酣暢的
objective：adj. 目標的，客觀的
utilitarian：adj. 功利的，實用的，功利主義的
reveal：v. 揭露，泄露，顯露
contributory：adj. 促成的，促進的，起作用的
considered：adj. 經過仔細考慮的，經過深思熟慮的，被尊重的
evaluate：v. 評價，估價，估計數值
in effect：有效，實際上，事實上
revise：v. 修訂，修正，改變
facilitate：v. 幫助，促進，助長，使容易
collaborative：adj. 協作的，合作的
institute：v. 建立，制定，開始，著手
technician：n. 技師，技術人員
inconsistency：n. 不一致，不協調
defined：adj. 有定義的，明確的，清晰的
perceivable：adj. 可知覺的，可感知的
vulnerability：n. 脆弱性，易傷性，致命性
as oppose to：與……相對
externally：adv. 從/在外部
practical：adj. 實踐的，實際的，可實現的
【長難句】
- This was justified by the view that reflective practice could help teachers to feel more intellectually involved in their role and work in teaching and enable them to cope with the paucity of scientific fact and the uncertainty of knowledge in the discipline of teaching.
這是合理的，因為人們認為反思的實踐可以幫助老師們更加理性地對待他們的角色和從事的事業，并可以讓他們能在教學準則中處理科學事實的缺乏和知識的不確定。
Wildman and Niles were particularly interested in investigating the conditions under which reflection might flourish –a subject on which there is little guidance in the literature.
They were concerned that many would be “drawn to these new, refreshing” conceptions of teaching only to find that the void between the abstractions and the realities of teacher reflection is too great to bridge.
The teachers were taken through a program of talking about teaching events, moving on to reflecting about specific issues in a supported, and later an independent, manner.
Wildman and Niles observed that systematic reflection on teaching required a sound ability to understand classroom events in an objective manner.
They describe the initial understanding in the teachers with whom they were working as being “utilitarian … and not rich or detailed enough to drive systematic reflection.”
他們起初認為參與研究的教師們太功利，并不是足夠豐富和詳細以促使系統反思的產生。
Further observation revealed the tendency of teachers to evaluate events rather than review the contributory factors in a considered manner by, in effect, standing outside the situation.
The teachers in the program described how they found it difficult to put aside the immediate demands of others in order to give themselves the time they needed to develop their reflective skills.
Support and encouragement were also required to help teachers in the program cope with aspects of their professional life with which they were not comfortable.
Wildman and Niles make a summary comment: “Perhaps the most important thing we learned is the idea of the teacher-as-reflective-practitioner will not happen simply because it is a good or even compelling idea.”
Zeichner and Liston (1987) point out the inconsistency between the role of the teacher as a (reflective) professional decision maker and the more usual role of the teacher as a technician, putting into practice the ideas of theirs.
More basic than the cultural issues is the matter of motivation.
Becoming a reflective practitioner requires extra work (Jaworski, 1993) and has only vaguely defined goals with, perhaps, little initially perceivable reward and the threat of vulnerability.
There appear to be many unexplored matters about the motivation to reflect – for example, the value of externally motivated reflection as opposed to that of teachers who might reflect by habit.
【錯題】
1.The word “justified” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. supported
B. shaped
C. stimulated
D. suggested
你的答案：C正確答案：A
【原文參考】
Educators T. Wildman and J. Niles (1987) describe a scheme for developing reflective practice in experienced teachers. This was justified by the view that reflective practice could help teachers to feel more intellectually involved in their role and work in teaching and enable them to cope with the paucity of scientific fact and the uncertainty of knowledge in the discipline of teaching.
【解析】
justify: 以…為證明。A是支持；B是發展，成形；C是刺激；D是暗示，建議。 想到just有正義之意，所以A的support正確。原句說觀點justify前面的東西。看下兩者的內容，之前說老師們benefit from reflection，后面說reflective practice幫助了老師，所以兩者的意思應該相同，也就是justify是正向詞，BCD都是中性，所以都不對。
3.The word “flourish” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. continue
B. occur
C. succeed
D. apply
你的答案：B正確答案：C
【原文參考】
Wildman and Niles were particularly interested in investigating the conditions under which reflection might flourish –a subject on which there is little guidance in the literature.
【解析】
flourish: 繁盛，繁榮。A是繼續；B是出現；C是成功；D是運用。所以C的succeed正確。原文說這兩個人對調查有興趣，調查是關于reflection在某些情況下怎么樣的。這個單憑本句甚至是所在段落都不是很好猜，但全文都在說reflection很好，所以也應該是個好詞，A繼續B發生D應用申請都不靠譜。
9.The word “compelling” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. commonly held
B. persuasive
C. original
D. practical
你的答案：D正確答案：B
【原文參考】
Wildman and Niles make a summary comment: “Perhaps the most important thing we learned is the idea of the teacher-as-reflective-practitioner will not happen simply because it is a good or even compelling idea.”
【解析】
compelling: 引人注目的，令人信服的。A是通常持有的；B是有說服力的；C是原始的；D是實際的。所以persuasive有說服力的正確。原文說我們學到的最重要的東西是，不會僅僅因為這是一個好的注意，甚至是compelling的注意而發生。句中compelling和good之間是遞進關系，所以應該是比好更好，ACD都無法表達這個意思。
13.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Wildman and Niles have conducted research on reflection in teaching
A.Through their work with Virginia teachers, Wildman and Niles proved conclusively that reflection, though difficult, benefits both teachers and students.
B.Wildman and Niles found that considerable training and practice are required to understand classroom events and develop the skills involved in reflection.
C.Wildman and Niles identified three principles that teachers can use to help themselves cope with problems that may arise as a result of reflection.
D.Wildman and Niles concluded that teachers need sufficient resources as well as the cooperation and encouragement of others to practice reflection.
E.There are numerous obstacles to implementing reflection in schools and insufficient understanding of why teachers might want to reflect.
F.Whether teachers can overcome the difficulties involved in reflection may depend on the nature and intensity of their motivation to reflect.
你的答案：BCE正確答案：BDE
【解析】
該文結構在托福閱讀中比較特殊，算是研究綜述，主要介紹兩個人對教育反思實踐的研究。 首段說教育反思的重要性。 二段說W和N對于實施反思教育的條件的研究。 三段仍是對于實施反思教育的條件的研究，強調sound ability to understand classroom events in an objective manner。 四段繼續三段，強調通過訓練才能實現教育反思。 五段介紹W和N發現的實施教育反思的三原則：領導支持，時間空間，團隊氛圍。 末段說W和N強調困難，其他人的研究強調動機的重要。 引導句是對正篇文章的概括。
A（through）選項錯，原文只是說reflection對老師有好處，跟學生無關，不選。 B（Wildman and Niles found）選項對應原文第四段，正確。 C（Wildman and Niles identify）選項似乎對應五段，具有一定迷惑性，原文強調團隊，強調領導支持，沒說個人可以搞定，所以這個選項錯，不選。 D（Wildman and Niles conclude）選項對應原文第五段的三個principal，正確。 E（There are）選項對應原文第六段兩個部分內容，正確。 F（Whether）選項似乎對應原文六段后半段，但原文只說到motivation, 沒說到nature 和intensity,不選。
