Date: 2018.1.13
獨立寫作
1. 一邊倒
題型分類：利弊類、事實類
2. 一邊倒+讓步
(1) 什么叫讓步？concede
(2) 為什么要寫讓步？
a. 有些話題分論點不太好想
例：School and teachers should be responsible for low test scores.
多要素討論：學習時間長短、學生智商、學習習慣的養成→學校不應該擔責以上三個要素
可以按以上方法寫，但比較困難
b. 讓論證顯得盡量公正客觀
c. 但是托福評分標準中沒有強制讓步
(3) 怎么讓步？
Step 1 提出讓步觀點
短語：Admittedly,...; Granted,...;
句型：
There is no denying / doubt that...
Some people might argue that...
It is true / undoubted that...
I must confess that...
Step 2 適度展開原因
, for + 句子
Step 3 削弱讓步內容
A-我也有不足，但是我能解決A-
B+你也有優點，但是B+存在問題
B+你也有優點，但是B+我通過...也能獲得
攻擊缺點模板句型 (B+)
However, we should view it differently.
Nonetheless, we should look at it from a different angle.
Nevertheless, we should examine it from another perspective.
替代方案模板句型 (B+)
However, we are presented with a better choice.
Nonetheless, there is a good alternative to xxx...
Nevertheless, we can also xxx by doing xxx...
Step 4 回歸中心論點
Therefore, I still hold the opinion that...
Hence,...
(4) 幾類建議寫讓步段的寫作題目
a. 絕對話題類 (best / only / must)
b. 附加條件話題
c. 特殊對比類話題
d. 三選一類話題
3. 中立
不偏不倚，都很好；分情況討論
模板：
This cannot be treated as a yes-or-no question. I shall look at / examine it under different circumstances.
I cannot simply give my assent or dismissal to this question. My choice may vary in different situations.
Regarding this question, any voice that supports or opposes this view would be overgeneralized / oversimplified.
With regard to this question, any opinion that supports or opposes this view reveals a lack of discretion. In fact, either option has some merits that cannot be obtained from the other under certain given premises.?
開頭結尾
Thesis: broad enough to cover; short enough to impress
Body: structured; reason & examples
Conclusion: conclude
開頭
背景（引言 / 現象 / 數據） +中心論點
注意事項：
a. 不要用yes, I agree等簡短評論開頭
b. 確保和下段首句銜接自然
開頭段基礎寫法
1. 背景句
1.1 It is 句型 表現象或觀點廣泛存在
It is...(said / argued / reported / widely believed / commonly accepted / universally acknowledged / often pointed out) that...
1.2 There be 句型 表現象或趨勢
(1) There is a general (widespread / public / lively) debate about sth / whether...
(2) Now there is a widespread concern over...
(3) There is a growing tendency to do / towards...
? ?? There has been a trend towards...
(4) There is no denying (the fact) that... /?
? ?? There is no doubt that...
1.3 with / as 句型 表隨著...的發展
(1) With the growth of population,...
(2) With the rapid development of modern transportation and communication, science and technology highly developed,...
(3) As the society becomes increasingly advanced and complicated,...
1.4 表示毋庸置疑的句型總結
(1) No one can deny / ignore the fact that...
? ?? Nobody could have failed to notice the fact that...
(2) It is beyond doubt that...
? ?? It is undeniable / indisputable that...
? ?? It goes without saying that...
2. 主題句
2.1 表認為
(1) I suppose / insist / maintain / contend that...
(2) From my perspective,...
(3) From my personal angle alone,...
(4) I hold the belief that...
(5) I harbor the idea that...
(6) I take the attitude that...
(7) It is evident / obvious to me that...
2.2 表贊同/偏向
(1) I am in favor of the idea of V-ing / the idea that...
(2) I go along with the idea / opinion that...
(3) Between A and B, my preference is that...
(4) As for me, I prefer A to B...
(5) I prefer to do... rather than do...
2.3 表反對
(1) I am no in favor of the idea that...
(2) I object to the notification that...
(3) I am against the idea / notion / opinion that...
(4) I am opposed to the notion / idea that...
2.4 表觀點的詞
idea / opinion / belief / concept / notion / view / viewpoint / point of view
開頭段進階寫法
首段內容建議：
a. 讓讀者了解話題 （e.g. 對題目進行改述）
b. 提供有用且有趣的背景信息
c. 清晰的陳述或者“暗示” 自己的觀點
1. 改述
同義詞替換 ；同根詞替換；同義短語替換；全新表達方法替換；
2. 趣味
打造有趣句子：
a. 開門見山陳述觀點（中心句）
b. 為一個術語或問題下定義
c. 陳述一件驚奇的事
d. 強調一個需要解決的問題
e. 講述一個解說性的軼事
f. 描述一個相關的趨勢
g. 提出一個核心問題
2.1 引用名人名言/詩詞歌賦/書籍電影
(1) Many people believe in an old saying: "Content is happiness".
(2) There is an old saying / a widespread proverb...
(3) As the old saying puts it / goes...
? ?? As the proverb goes / says...?
? ?? As sb. once said / put it...
? ?? As a great man once suggested / indicated / remarked...
引言+銜接+主題句
銜接部分：同意則省略或對名言細化；不同意則在名言和觀點間找不同；
2.2 故事開頭（原創、名人軼事和寓言童話）
2.3 情景描述開頭
2.4 設問
2.5 下定義
結尾段
1. 總結觀點
常用句式：
(1) Taking sth. into account ( Taking into consideration / Judging from what is discussed above)
(2) We can come to / arrive at / reach the conclusion / draw the conclusion that...
替換詞：
To recap （扼要重述）/ In summary / To sum up / In conclusion
2. 提出建議（適合問題類題目）
(1) Not only should..., but also...
(2) The problem will finally be solved if...
(3) The problem will never be solved if... do not...
(4) I suggest that...
(5) It is high time that...
3. 展望未來
Only in this way can + 正常語序的句子
Date: 2017.12.31
綜合寫作
1. 類型：
反駁型/加強型
2. 做題步驟
(1) 讀短文：熟悉背景，明確觀點，找到分論點
(2) 聽講座：明確觀點，記錄分論點和支撐細節
(3) 看筆記：整理講座筆記的要點
(4) 寫作文：概括教授立場，列出分論點，細節，點明和閱讀的關系
3. 評分標準
4分：語言有少數的明顯錯誤，不影響理解
3分：聽力中遺漏了一點，語言含混不清
記筆記時盡量豎著記，將紙對折，左邊閱讀內容，右邊聽力內容，聽力內容要多記。
4. 閱讀
(1) 找到討論對象，明確立場
A. 討論對象的特征
a. 多次提到
b. 位置上比較靠前
c. 后文往往會有解釋（同義詞、上義詞、定義）
B. 立場的分類
a. 現象解釋
b. 問題解決
c. 觀點證明
C. 提取重點
a. 理解而非翻譯
b. 注意詳略
D. 劃成分的步驟
a. 找主語（即獨立出現第一個核心名詞）
b. 找謂語（修飾成分括起來）
c. 梳理主干余下成分（賓語、補語）
d. 遇到連詞，讀連詞后的內容分析其并列成分
e. 遇到狀語，插入語影響直觀理解的，一并括起來
(2) 找到三個分論點
A. 分論點的特點
a. 往往出現在各段段首
b. 包括因果邏輯的地方尤其重視
c. 盡可能找到論證的邏輯重點C
B. 提前預測
a. 論據本身正確與否？
b. 論證關系是否成立？
c. 是否存在其他因素？
5. 聽力
(1) 整理要點
A. 明確支持還是反對
B. 找到三個分論點
C. 盡可能的記錄更多細節
(2) 注意事項
A. 注意結構和表述順序
B. 特別關注分論點里展開的例子
C. 善用縮寫和符號，及時完善
(3) 筆記技巧
A. 列順序：1、2、3、
B. 作比較：
"=" the same, equal
"≠" does not equal, not the same
"&" and
">" be more than
"<" be less than
"→" leading to
C. 邏輯關系：
"∵" because
"∴" so, therefore, hence
"∧" but. however
"∨" although, even if
"↑" to increase
"↓" to decrease
"/" per
D. 時間：
年 y
月 m
周 w
天 d
小時 h
分鐘 m
秒 s
E. 其他：
"%" percent
"e.g." for example
"+" positive, good
"-" negative, bad
"￥" price
"$" expensive
"√" right, true
"×" wrong, false
"A→B" 時間由A到B，位移上由A到B，原因到結果
(4) 九大要點詞
A. 結構信號詞
分論點：firstly, secondly, thirdly, to take another point
B. 邏輯詞
a. 因果：because, since, as, due to, therefore, to sum up, as a result
b. 轉折：but, however, on the contrary, rather than, instead
C. 重復詞
a. 同義詞
b. 同根詞
c. 反義詞
D. 解釋詞
a. 下定義：that is to say...; is defined as...; ...that/which means/explains/indicates;
b. 解釋：let me explain...
E. 被強調的語意
a. 比較級：more, much more, as...as.
b. 最高級：the most, the best
c. 語氣詞：well, um, you know...
F. 并列詞
and, as well as, together with, not only... but also..., plus
G. 表傾向性、否定和變化的詞
a. 傾向性：agree, disagree, support
b. 否定詞：no, not, never, neither, nor, fall to, seldom, hardly, scarcely, rarely, barely, little, few
c. 變化：前進、后退、上升、下降、離開、到來...
H. 問題和答案
I. 重要例子
And some interesting things were found... like about eating habits
for example / as an example / for instance 舉例
to give a specific example 舉具體的例子
A is an example of B? A是B的一個例子
the first reason for this is that 首要原因是
6. 寫作文
(1) 注意事項
A. 4段論：開頭（1-2句）+3個中間段（3-4段）
B. 聽力為主，閱讀為輔（2:1）（聽力內容漲分比較快）
C. 語法正確的前提之下盡可能的多寫
D. 多做同義寫作，閱讀材料必須改寫
E. 不要發表自己的觀點
F. 基本時態為一般現在時
(2) 做同義改寫
A. 主動變被動
B. 同根詞 （e.g. applicant v. apply for）
C. 非謂語&復合詞
(3) 功能詞
A. 指代人（材料）
L: the speaker / lecturer / professor / listening material / lecture
R: the writer / author / reading material / writing / passage
B. 轉述觀點信息
The professor makes the point that / points out / says / tells
C. 轉述解釋信息
The professor explains / exemplifies / illustrates / illustrates the idea that...
D. 表示反駁關系
The lecture contradicts / disapproves / refutes / opposes the idea that...
...is exactly the opposite of, make...seem incorrect / dubious / doubtful, prove that... is specious, put... in doubt
E. 表示話題處理
deal with.., analyze, examine, explore, is concerned with, is about, focus on, concentrate on, investigate
(4) 綜合寫作模板（先寫閱讀）
第一段：The article lists three reasons to explain why... while the lecturer refutes each of these suggestions
第二段：First, the reading claims that...
? ? ? ? ? ? ? However, the professor points out...
第三段：Second, the article suggests that...
? ? ? ? ? ? ? Again, he / she disagrees by stating that...?
第四段：Third, the article proposes that...
? ? ? ? ? ? ?? On the contrary, he / she argues that...
(5) 綜合寫作模板（先寫聽力）
第一段：The speaker discusses why + 聽力中心論點
第二段：First, 聽力TS1 + 聽力細節
? ? ? ? ? ? ? This completely challenges the saying in the reading that + 文章TS1
第三段：Second,?聽力TS2 + 聽力細節
? ? ? ? ? ? ?? Again, this directly rebuts the point in the reading that +?文章TS2
第四段：Third,?聽力TS3 + 聽力細節
? ? ? ? ? ? ?? On the contrary, the article suggests that +?文章TS3
