對于考研來說,得閱讀者得天下。
可是摸摸自己的良心,問問想要拿高分的自己,你真得了解這個敵人嗎?
你知道考研英語閱讀理解主要考察題型有哪些嗎?
吶,知米妞告訴你,題型主要有6種:主旨題、例證題、推理題、細節題、詞匯題,還有態度題。
當然,每種題型都有各自的征服方法,接下來我們就從不同的題型入手,看看如何拿下考研閱讀理解。
1、例證題
根據歷年真題的歸納,我們不難發現,題干中出現example, case, demonstrate, illustrate,mention to show、intend to show、to refute、to explain、to criticize、to discuss、to exemplify、to describe等詞的時候,基本可以定性為即例證題。
根據考綱的要求, 例證題的意義并不在于例子本身內容的理解,而在于考查同學們把握篇章結構加區分論點論據的能力,因此,抓住觀點句才是解題的關鍵。
但是,客觀來說,對于多數考生而言(尤其是基礎薄弱的同學)把握篇章結構,明確定位觀點句的難度較大,那么問題來了:如果讀不出篇章結構,找不到觀點句,還能解決例證題嗎?
Of course, we can!雖然觀點難以定位,篇章結構不易理解,但例子本身的信息在文中卻不難發覺。因此,我們需要做的工作就是把例子看懂,然后在選項辨識的過程中堅持所讀非所選(將重現例子內容的選項排除),我們來做一道題:
Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the “great game” of espionage -- spying as a “profession.” These days the Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan’s vocation as well.
42. ? Donovan’s story is mentioned in the text to ________.(2003 text1)
[A] introduce the topic of online spying
[B] show how he fought for the U.S.
[C] give an episode of the information war
[D] honor his unique services to the CIA
解析:由題干中的Donovan’s story以及 mentioned可將題目定性為例證題,正確答案為A項,B項中的U.S.,C項中的information war以及D項中的CIA都明顯是例子本身的視覺干擾。
2、細節題
細節題是考研閱讀的重頭戲,也是占比最大的題型。
這類試題主要考查考生是否掌握作者用來闡述主題的有關事實和細節。題目的標志包括fact,truth;時間,數字,地點,大寫字母,錢,專有名詞等。
一般來說,這類題的答案均可在文章中找到,但素,當然不可能是原話啦,往往會進行同意替換。所以在做題的時候,注意仔細審題。
注意也要善于運用原文中的特殊語言現象,如因果,類比,時間,空間等關系啊,將零碎的細節組成一個邏輯分明的有機體。
同時也要注意到干擾選項:比如正反混淆選項,偷換概念選項,無中生有選項,因果倒置選項,以及擴大范圍選項等。我們來看一個題目:
The researchers studied the behavior of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, cooperative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of goods and services than males. (2005)
2. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are ________.
[A] more inclined to weigh what they get
[B] attentive to researchers' instructions
[C] nice in both appearance and temperament
[D] more generous than their male companions
解析:題中的限定詞是most probably,這兩個詞語的出現本身就有一個暗示,說明選項中應該有不止一個原因,但是題目要求回答出其中最重要的一個因素。原文定位第一道題,可以發現定位句"I would single out the country's excellent elementary schools;a labor force that welcomed the new technology;the practice of giving premiums to inventors;and above all the American genius for nonverbal,spatial thinking about things technological"中含有四個并列成分,分別是"excellent elementary schools" , "a labor force", "the practice of giving premiums to inventors"和"the American genius for nonverbal,spatial thinking about things technological"。上述四個內容在選項中都有出現,很多同學會因為先入為主的思維習慣選擇A。但是當我們注意到題干中的限定信息是要求找其中影響最大的一個因素,我們就要比照四個因素哪個影響最大。原文中的第四點前出現了above all,這個短語表示"最重要的是",所以此題應該選擇D。
3、態度題
態度題主要考查的是考生對作者的意圖、觀點或態度的理解和把握。這種題型要求考生把握作者寫作某篇文章的目的,明白作者對文章所論述的觀點和中心所持的態度。
考研英語試卷對這一部分的考查主要表現為情感態度題。
該題型常問作者對某事是什么態度:主觀(subjective)還是客觀(objective);肯定(positive)還是否定(negative);贊成(approval)還是反對(opposition)等等。
該題型常見的提問形式有:
(1)The tone of the passage can best be described as ____
(2)The tone of the passage would be _____
(3)Which of the following best describes the tone of the passage____
(4)What is the attitude of the author towards____
(5)How does the writer feel about______
(6) The writer is of the opinion that_____
(7)The author seems to be _____
我們以2003年的閱讀Text 4為例具體說明這一點:
Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. As a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people’s lives.
59. In contras to the U.S., Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care.
[A] more flexibly
[B] more extravagantly
[C] more cautiously
[D] more reasonably
解析:作者用limits, ineffective, painful這些消極的詞語暗示了美國醫療衛生系統的缺憾,通過把握這些詞語,我們就能得出D為正確選項。所以我們對語言的理解是有一定差異的,又如尼克松簽訂1972年公報時,對“一個中國”原則,他手下的修辭專家用了acknowledge 而不用recognize。因為后者是正式的,外交的,打心底里的承認,而前者是一種模糊,對某種既成事實的有限度接受,但在中文里出現的就是我們理解的“承認”。
4、詞匯題
閱讀理解的詞匯題并不僅僅是有詞匯量就可以做對的,在做題的時候一定要根據文章的上下文來考慮。
“詞無本義,義由境生”,如果說就著單詞本義的話,是十有八九要碰壁的,況且很多時候我們往往對單詞本義不了解,那么根據上下文和段落大意來推斷也是完全有可能拿下詞匯題的。
People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young. In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too。
37. The word “bummer” most probably means something ______。
[A] religious
[B]unpleasant
[C] entertaining
[D] commercial
解析:這篇文章讓我們猜測bummer的含義,可以發現其后有一個信號詞too,說明前文出現過和bummer類似的詞。追溯前文可以看出前文主要是在講People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery。核心概念為misery,所以bummer的含義即等于misery,所以選擇[B] unpleasant。
很多時候,讓我們猜測的詞義會在前文或后文出現一個同類含義的詞,所以大家一定要注意句間關系。
5、推理題
當我們在題干中看到infer,?learn,?imply,?conclude,?suggest,?indicate等詞時就可以判定其為推理題了。
此外,根據題干中對定位信息表述地詳細與否,分為細節推理題,段落推理題和全文推理題。
細節推理題的題干中會包含有具體定位信息,段落推理題的題干中會包含具體定位的自然段的序號,全文推理題只是包含主題詞,沒有明確的定位信息,常常需要我們通過全文主旨的理解進行做題。
然后,我們來看一下推理題的常考出題點:1.段落首末句、主題句、觀點句;2.與主題密切相關的細節;3、轉折的地方;4.強調或者遞進關系的地方。
在考研英語閱讀中推理題通常為正反推理和歸納總結。那么針對此類題,我們該如何解答呢?
除了需要關注上面所提到的容易設置考點的位置,在做題時要牢牢記住以下幾點:1、主題大于細節,觀點大于論據;2、推理必須以原文為依據;3、特別關注轉折,弄清轉折前后內容的邏輯關系。
下面我們通過2000年考研閱讀真題的第一篇文章來講解一下這類題型的解題技巧。這篇文章主要講了美國經濟在不同時期的狀況以及人們對經濟發展不同的態度。以53題為例進行講解。
53.What?can?be?inferred?from?the?passage?
[A]?It?is?human?nature?to?shift?between?self-doubt?and?blind?pride
[B]?Intense?competition?may?contribute?to?economic?progress.
[C]?The?revival?of?the?economy?depends?on?international?cooperation.
[D]?A?long?history?of?success?may?pave?the?way?for?further?development.
解析:從題干的infer一詞我們可以判定這是一道推理題,另外,題干中沒有提到具體定位信息,所以需要我們根據選項中的內容返回原文進行一一查找。A選項來源于第四自然段中Self-doubt?has?yielded?to?blind?pride一句。?譯為自我懷疑被盲目自大所代替,通過這一句并不能推斷出在自我懷疑和盲目自大之間轉換是人的本性這一說法。而且本文的論述與人性沒有關系。B選項,第三段中提到美國人不再把經濟繁榮看做理所當然,而是去inquiry?into?the?cause?of?decline,并發現了growing?competition?from?overseas。在這種發現的指導下,things?changed(第四自然段),美國有了五年的solid?growth。所以通過以上內容的歸納總結推斷出intense?competition?may?contribute?to?economic?progress。C選項中的國際合作沒有提到,排除。D選項出自于原文第一句。選項中描述欠準確,應該為a?long?success,?if?properly?handled,?may?pave?the?way?for?further?development。
6、主旨題
閱讀理解中心主旨題,該類題型考查了考生綜合、概括、歸納和分析問題的能力,要求考生通過對文章的閱讀,迅速把握文章或段落的中心主旨。該類題型在歷年題型中每年會出現4-6分。
命題方式中含有“main idea,subject,purpose,summarize”等詞。題干中出現下列詞之一:best title,main idea,main problem,mainly about,mainly discuss,mainly deal with或問本文的寫作目的的詞(purpose,the author intends to…)。破題方法為尋找主題句或者主題詞。
主題句通常出現在文章首段首句、開頭轉折處處或者文章開頭現象結束處。而主題詞往往在主題句中、全文中或者題干中多次出現。
I?was?addressing a?small?gathering?in?a?suburban?Virginia?living?room?—?a?women’s?group?that?had?invited?men?to?join?them.?Throughout?the?evening,?one?man?had?been?particularly talkative,?frequently?offering?ideas?and?anecdotes,?while?his?wife?sat?silently beside?him?on?the?couch.?Toward?the?end?of?the?evening,?I?commented?that?women frequently?complain?that?their?husbands?don’t?talk?to?them.?This?man?quickly nodded?in?agreement.?He?gestured?toward?his?wife?and?said,?“She’s?the?talker?in our?family.”?The?room?burst?into?laughter;?the?man?looked?puzzled?and?hurt.“It’s?true,”?he?explained.?“When?I?come?home?from?work?I?have?nothing?to?say. If?she?didn’t?keep?the?conversation?going,?we’d?spend?the?whole?evening?in silence.”
This?episode crystallizes?the?irony?that?although?American?men?tend?to?talk?more?than?women in?public?situations,?they?often?talk?less?at?home.?And?this?pattern?is?wreaking havoc?with?marriage.?
29.Which?of?the?following?can?best?summarize?the?main?idea?of?this?text?
A. The?moral?decaying?deserves?more?research?by?sociologists
B. Marriage?break-up?stems?from?sex?inequalities
C.Husband?and?wife?have?different?expectations?from?their?marriage
D. Conversational?patterns?between?man?and?wife?are?different
解析:根據題干特征可知這是一道主旨題,主旨題可利用主題復現法來解,通過抓前兩段的主題詞可確定全文中心。本文我們利用主題詞復現的形式:同詞復現、同義復現以及同根復現可以找出前兩段的復現有“talkative”,“talk”,“talker”以及“conversation”,因此我們可以確定該篇文章的主題詞是“交談,交流”,D項中的“Conversational patterns”是主題詞的同根復現,故正確。A項和B項的錯誤屬于無中生有,C項的干擾性較大,很多考生會錯選該選項,但只要把握好全文主題詞是“talk”,這個選項也是很好排除的。
閱讀理解當然不能只靠技巧,萬萬離不開詞匯量的支撐,希望大家可以堅持每天用知米背單詞打卡噢~
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