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As aspecies/'spi?iz/, humans are incredibly smart. We tell stories, create magnificent/m?g’n?f?snt/art and astounding technology, build cities, and explore space.We haven’t been around nearly as long as many other species,but in many respects/r?'sp?kt/we’ve accomplished more than any have before us.
During their investigation, Kidd and Piantadosi realized something important that strengthened/'str??θn/their theory. It turns out that another variable/'v?r??bl/has an even higher correlation/?k?r?'le??n/with intelligence than brain size—time tomaturity, or weaning time. In other words, the time it takes to shepherd newborns through absolute helplessness to a point of relative self-sufficiency predicts primate intelligence more strongly than the best measure that has?previously been proposed, namely, head circumference. Orangutans have smarter babies than baboons and they wean them longer. Baboon babies, in turn, are weaned longer, and are smarter, than lemur babies.
[sentences]
Researchers have long known about this trade-off, and about the?connection?between brain size and?neural density/'d?ns?ti/and intelligence.
Putting these facts together helped Kidd and Piantadosi develop their hypothesis/ha?'pɑθ?s?s/.
[words]
species/‘spi?iz/n. [生物] 物種；種類
magnificent/m?g’n?f?snt/adj.壯麗的, 偉大的, 華麗的, 高貴的
astounding/?’sta?nd??/adj.使人震驚的
extinct/?k’st??kt/adj. 滅絕的，絕種的；熄滅的
curious/‘kj?r??s/adj.好奇的, 好求知的
caveat/‘k?v?’?t/警告；中止訴訟手續的申請；貨物出門概不退換；停止支付的廣告
giraff/d??’r?f/長頸鹿
potentially/p?’t?n??li/adv.潛在地;可能地
flee/fli/vi.逃走, 逃掉vt.逃離, 逃避
predator/‘pr?d?t?/n. 食肉動物；掠奪者；捕食者
grasp/ɡr?sp/vt. 抓住；領會
nourishment/‘n???m?nt/n.食物, 滋養品
infant/‘?nf?nt/n.嬰兒, 幼兒
dumb/d?m/adj. 啞的，無說話能力的；不說話的，無聲音的
sophistication/s?,f?st?’ke??n/復雜；詭辯；老于世故；有教養
evolution/?iv?’lu??n/演變；進化論；進展
ponder/‘pɑnd?/vi. 沉思；考慮
cognitive/‘kɑɡn?t?v/adj.認知的, 認識能力的
baffling/‘b?fl??/adj. 令人困惑的；阻礙的；令人喪氣的；變幻的
helplessness/?h ?lpl?sn?s/n.無可奈何狀態;無能為力
incompetent/?n’kɑmp?t?nt/adj.無能力的, 不稱職的, 不勝任的
thereafter/?e?r’?ft?/adv.此后; 在那之后
pose/poz/提出 (問題)[正式]
justify/‘d??st?’fai/vt.證明…有理; 為…辯護
primate/‘pra?met/adj. 靈長目動物的
chimp/t??mp/n. （非洲的）黑猩猩
evolutionary/?iv?’lu??n?ri/adj.進化的
cling/kl??/vi. 堅持，墨守；緊貼；附著
cling onto緊緊抓住
contradiction/?kɑntr?’d?k??n/n.矛盾
causal/‘k?zl/adj. 有原因的；因果關系的
exhibit/?ɡ’z?b?t/展覽；顯示；提出（證據等）
fairly early on相當早
argument /‘ɑrɡjum?nt/ 論證；論據；爭吵；內容提要 n
incredibly /?n’kr?d?bli/
necessitates /n?’s?s?tet/ vt. 使成為必需，需要；迫使
startling /‘stɑrtl??/ adj. 令人吃驚的
peculiarities /p?’kj?l?'?r?ti/特性；特質；怪癖；奇特
viviparous /p?’kj?l?’?r?ti/ adj. [脊椎] 胎生的；在母體上發芽的
significance /s?ɡ’n?f?k?ns/ n. 意義；重要性；意思
mature??/m?’t??r/ adj. 成熟的；充分考慮的；到期的；成年人的
density /‘d?ns?ti/ n. 密度
neocortical ?ni?o?’k??rteks [解]新(大腦) 皮質
in a number of ways: 在許多方面
bat /b?ts/ 蝙蝠；球棒；球拍；批處理文件的擴展名
cetacean /s?’te??n/??adj. 鯨類的；鯨魚的 | n. 鯨魚；鯨類動物
primates /prai'meiti:z/ 靈長類
demonstrate??/‘d?m?n’stret/??vt. 證明；展示；論證
mandate??/‘m?ndet/ n. 授權；命令，指令；委托管理；受命進行的工作 vt. 授權；托管
runaway??/‘r?n?we/??adj. 逃亡的；逃走的 | n. 逃跑；逃走的人
developmental stage 發育階段
incentive /?n’s?nt?v/ n. 動機；刺激 | adj. 激勵的；刺激的
dynamic??/da?’n?m?k/ adj. 動態的；動力的；動力學的；有活力的
Natural/'n?t?r?l/ selection 自然選擇
Over time 隨著時間的過去；超時
strengthen /‘str??θn/ vt. 加強；鞏固
correlation??/?k?r?’le??n/ n. [數] 相關，關聯；相互關系
maturity /m?’t??r?ti/ n. 成熟；到期；完備
weaning /'wi:ni?/ adj. 斷奶的
shepherd??/???p?d/ vt 牧羊；帶領；指導；看管??| 牧羊人；牧師；指導者
self-sufficiency /‘selfs?’fi??nsi/ n. 自給自足；自負
proposed /pr?u’p?uzd/ adj. 被提議的；所推薦的
circumference /s?’k?mf?r?ns/ 圓周；周長；胸圍
orangutan /??r??’?t?n/[脊椎] 猩猩（等于orangoutang）
baboon /b?'bu:n/??[脊椎] 狒狒
lemur /?lim?/??[脊椎] 狐猴
hypothesis??/ha?’pɑθ?s?s/??假設
driving vt. 推動，發動（機器等）；駕駛（馬車，汽車等）；驅趕
the cycle/‘sa?kl/ 周期
unavailable /‘?n?’vel?bl/ 難以獲得的；不能利用的；不近便的
brainpower /?bren?pa??/ 智能；智囊團
maternal /m?'t?nl/母親的；母性的；母系的；母體遺傳的
mortality /m?r’t?l?ti/ 死亡數，死亡率；必死性，必死的命運
link to 把…和…聯系起來
suggest /s?’d??st/ vt 提議，建議；啟發；使人想起；顯示；暗示
epidemiological??https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology???[?ep??di?mi?’l?d??kl] 流行病的
epidemiology??[?ep??di?mi’ɑ?l?d?i] 傳染病學；流行病學
Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations.
decisive /d?’sa?s?v/ . 決定性的；果斷的，堅定的
suggestive???/s?’d??st?v/ 提示的，示意的；暗示的；引起聯想的
likely as not
as likely as not: 很可能；多半；說不定
genetic /d??’n?t?k/??遺傳的；基因的；起源的
self-reinforcing /?ri?n’f?rs/??vt. 加強，加固；強化；補充
typically /‘t?p?kli/ adv. 代表性地；作為特色地
term /t?m/ 術語；學期；期限；條款；(代數式等的)項
predictable /pr?’d?kt?bl/可預言的
heritability /?herit?’bil?ti/ 遺傳可能性
podcast??/p?d’k?st/ 播客
columnist??/‘kɑl?mn?st/ 專欄作家
