建造者模式
什么是建造者模式?
建造者模式屬于創(chuàng)建型模式的一員,可以控制對(duì)象的實(shí)例化過程。
建造者模式簡化了復(fù)雜對(duì)象的實(shí)例化過程。
建造者模式的經(jīng)典定義如下:
將復(fù)雜對(duì)象的構(gòu)造和其表示分開,如此一來,相同的構(gòu)造處理過程可以創(chuàng)建不同的表現(xiàn)。
建造者模式的特點(diǎn)
在Java中通過構(gòu)造器創(chuàng)建對(duì)象實(shí)例時(shí),我們一般會(huì)傳遞屬性參數(shù)。會(huì)存在不同的參數(shù)組合去創(chuàng)建對(duì)象,并且其中一些是必須的還有一些是可選的。我們可以通過重載類的構(gòu)造器來實(shí)現(xiàn)不同的參數(shù)組合。
建造者模式不適用大量的構(gòu)造器,而是使用另一個(gè)對(duì)象,一個(gè)建造者builder,它會(huì)一步一步的接收每個(gè)初始化參數(shù),并返回生成的構(gòu)造對(duì)象。
建造者模式示例
讓我們舉一個(gè)咖啡館準(zhǔn)備晚餐的例子。為了準(zhǔn)備一份晚餐,有很多步驟需要執(zhí)行,比如,選擇三明治、添加雜碎、飲料等等。
在這個(gè)過程中,可能會(huì)有不同的食物組合,這樣看來,準(zhǔn)備一頓晚餐比期望的要困難得多。
讓我們用建造者模式來解決這個(gè)問題吧。
建造者模式類圖
了創(chuàng)建晚餐中的一部分食物的的接口。
-
SandwichMealBuilder
是一個(gè)具體的建造者,可以通過實(shí)現(xiàn)MealBuilder
接口來構(gòu)建和收集晚餐的部分食物。 -
MealDirector
使用MealBuilder
接口構(gòu)造一個(gè)對(duì)象實(shí)例。 -
Meal
是我們?cè)谶@個(gè)過程中想創(chuàng)建的對(duì)象實(shí)例。
Meal.java
package org.byron4j.cookbook.designpattern.builder;
/**
* 晚餐實(shí)體類
*/
public class Meal {
private String sandwich;
private String sideOrder;
private String drink;
private String offer;
private double price;
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Meal{" +
"sandwich='" + sandwich + '\'' +
", sideOrder='" + sideOrder + '\'' +
", drink='" + drink + '\'' +
", offer='" + offer + '\'' +
", price='" + price + '\'' +
'}';
}
public void setSandwich(String sandwich) {
this.sandwich = sandwich;
}
public void setSideOrder(String sideOrder) {
this.sideOrder = sideOrder;
}
public void setDrink(String drink) {
this.drink = drink;
}
public void setOffer(String offer) {
this.offer = offer;
}
public void setPrice(double price) {
this.price = price;
}
}
MealBuilder.java
package org.byron4j.cookbook.designpattern.builder;
/**
* 建造者接口類
*/
public interface MealBuilder {
void addSandwich(String sandwich);
void addSides(String sides);
void addDrink(String drink);
void addOffer(String offer);
void setPrice(double price);
Meal getMeal();
}
SandwichBuilder.java
package org.byron4j.cookbook.designpattern.builder;
/**
* 建造者實(shí)現(xiàn)類
*/
public class SandwichBuilder implements MealBuilder{
/**
* 依賴組合模式, 該Builder的操作實(shí)際是對(duì)meal進(jìn)行的操作
*/
private Meal meal = new Meal();
@Override
public void addSandwich(String sandwich) {
meal.setSandwich(sandwich);
}
@Override
public void addSides(String sides) {
meal.setSideOrder(sides);
}
@Override
public void addDrink(String drink) {
meal.setDrink(drink);
}
@Override
public void addOffer(String offer) {
meal.setOffer(offer);
}
@Override
public void setPrice(double price) {
meal.setPrice(price);
}
@Override
public Meal getMeal() {
return meal;
}
}
MealDirector.java
package org.byron4j.cookbook.designpattern.builder;
/**
* 角色扮演: 咖啡餐館
*/
public class MealDirector {
public static void makeMeal(MealBuilder mealBuilder){
mealBuilder.addSandwich("Hamburger");
mealBuilder.addSides("Fries");
mealBuilder.addDrink("Coke");
mealBuilder.addOffer("Weekend Bonanza");
mealBuilder.setPrice(5.99);
}
}
BuilderTest.java
package org.byron4j.cookbook.designpattern.builder;
/**
* 角色扮演: 咖啡餐館
*/
public class MealDirector {
public static void makeMeal(MealBuilder mealBuilder){
mealBuilder.addSandwich("Hamburger");
mealBuilder.addSides("Fries");
mealBuilder.addDrink("Coke");
mealBuilder.addOffer("Weekend Bonanza");
mealBuilder.setPrice(5.99);
}
}
單元測試演示結(jié)果:
建造者模式得到的對(duì)象實(shí)例:Meal{sandwich='Hamburger', sideOrder='Fries', drink='Coke', offer='Weekend Bonanza', price='5.99'}
經(jīng)典建造者模式的缺點(diǎn)
通過上述示例,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)
- 經(jīng)典建造者模式太過繁雜,需要編寫的類太多了。
- 經(jīng)典建造者模式將對(duì)象的構(gòu)造、表示分離開來,具體的建造者實(shí)現(xiàn)類需要依賴于具體的目標(biāo)對(duì)象(SandwichBuilder被迫依賴于Meal類)
實(shí)際中常用的建造者模式--反編譯查看lombok框架生成的類
這里我們借助在原型模式中使用的一個(gè)芝士蛋糕類:
package org.byron4j.cookbook.designpattern.prototype;
import lombok.AllArgsConstructor;
import lombok.Builder;
import lombok.Data;
@AllArgsConstructor
@Data
@Builder
public class CheeseCake implements Cake{
/**
* 糖果
*/
private String sugar;
/**
* 黃油
*/
private String butter;
/**
* 芝士
*/
private String cheese;
/**
* 用戶姓名
*/
private String name;
@Override
public Cake prepareCake() {
Cake cake = null;
/**
* 克隆存在的實(shí)例
*/
try {
cake = (Cake)super.clone();
} catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
return cake;
}
}
CheeseCake
類使用了lombok框架的注解 @Builder。
使用JD-GUi反編譯打開CheeseCake.class如下:
package org.byron4j.cookbook.designpattern.prototype;
public class CheeseCake
implements Cake
{
private String sugar;
private String butter;
private String cheese;
private String name;
public CheeseCake(String sugar, String butter, String cheese, String name)
{
this.sugar = sugar;this.butter = butter;this.cheese = cheese;this.name = name;
}
public void setSugar(String sugar)
{
this.sugar = sugar;
}
public void setButter(String butter)
{
this.butter = butter;
}
public void setCheese(String cheese)
{
this.cheese = cheese;
}
public void setName(String name)
{
this.name = name;
}
public boolean equals(Object o)
{
if (o == this) {
return true;
}
if (!(o instanceof CheeseCake)) {
return false;
}
CheeseCake other = (CheeseCake)o;
if (!other.canEqual(this)) {
return false;
}
Object this$sugar = getSugar();Object other$sugar = other.getSugar();
if (this$sugar == null ? other$sugar != null : !this$sugar.equals(other$sugar)) {
return false;
}
Object this$butter = getButter();Object other$butter = other.getButter();
if (this$butter == null ? other$butter != null : !this$butter.equals(other$butter)) {
return false;
}
Object this$cheese = getCheese();Object other$cheese = other.getCheese();
if (this$cheese == null ? other$cheese != null : !this$cheese.equals(other$cheese)) {
return false;
}
Object this$name = getName();Object other$name = other.getName();return this$name == null ? other$name == null : this$name.equals(other$name);
}
protected boolean canEqual(Object other)
{
return other instanceof CheeseCake;
}
public int hashCode()
{
int PRIME = 59;int result = 1;Object $sugar = getSugar();result = result * 59 + ($sugar == null ? 43 : $sugar.hashCode());Object $butter = getButter();result = result * 59 + ($butter == null ? 43 : $butter.hashCode());Object $cheese = getCheese();result = result * 59 + ($cheese == null ? 43 : $cheese.hashCode());Object $name = getName();result = result * 59 + ($name == null ? 43 : $name.hashCode());return result;
}
public String toString()
{
return "CheeseCake(sugar=" + getSugar() + ", butter=" + getButter() + ", cheese=" + getCheese() + ", name=" + getName() + ")";
}
public static class CheeseCakeBuilder
{
private String sugar;
private String butter;
private String cheese;
private String name;
public String toString()
{
return "CheeseCake.CheeseCakeBuilder(sugar=" + this.sugar + ", butter=" + this.butter + ", cheese=" + this.cheese + ", name=" + this.name + ")";
}
public CheeseCake build()
{
return new CheeseCake(this.sugar, this.butter, this.cheese, this.name);
}
public CheeseCakeBuilder name(String name)
{
this.name = name;return this;
}
public CheeseCakeBuilder cheese(String cheese)
{
this.cheese = cheese;return this;
}
public CheeseCakeBuilder butter(String butter)
{
this.butter = butter;return this;
}
public CheeseCakeBuilder sugar(String sugar)
{
this.sugar = sugar;return this;
}
}
public static CheeseCakeBuilder builder()
{
return new CheeseCakeBuilder();
}
public String getSugar()
{
return this.sugar;
}
public String getButter()
{
return this.butter;
}
public String getCheese()
{
return this.cheese;
}
public String getName()
{
return this.name;
}
public Cake prepareCake()
{
Cake cake = null;
try
{
cake = (Cake)super.clone();
}
catch (CloneNotSupportedException e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
}
return cake;
}
private CheeseCake() {}
}
分析反編譯后的使用@Builder注解的類
CheeseCake的全參構(gòu)造器
我們發(fā)現(xiàn)存在一個(gè)全參構(gòu)造器
public CheeseCake(String sugar, String butter, String cheese, String name)
{
this.sugar = sugar;this.butter = butter;this.cheese = cheese;this.name = name;
}
靜態(tài)內(nèi)部類 CheeseCakeBuilder
我們發(fā)現(xiàn)生成了一個(gè) 靜態(tài)內(nèi)部類 CheeseCakeBuilder:
public static class CheeseCakeBuilder
{
private String sugar;
private String butter;
private String cheese;
private String name;
public String toString()
{
return "CheeseCake.CheeseCakeBuilder(sugar=" + this.sugar + ", butter=" + this.butter + ", cheese=" + this.cheese + ", name=" + this.name + ")";
}
public CheeseCake build()
{
return new CheeseCake(this.sugar, this.butter, this.cheese, this.name);
}
public CheeseCakeBuilder name(String name)
{
this.name = name;return this;
}
public CheeseCakeBuilder cheese(String cheese)
{
this.cheese = cheese;return this;
}
public CheeseCakeBuilder butter(String butter)
{
this.butter = butter;return this;
}
public CheeseCakeBuilder sugar(String sugar)
{
this.sugar = sugar;return this;
}
}
- 目標(biāo)類CheeseCake擁有一個(gè)獲取其builder的方法返回 CheeseCakeBuilder對(duì)象。
- CheeseCakeBuilder 內(nèi)部類擁有和目標(biāo)類 CheeseCake 一樣的屬性。
- build() 方法調(diào)用目標(biāo)類 CheeseCake 的全參構(gòu)造器得到一個(gè) CheeseCake 對(duì)象。
- 每一個(gè)方法設(shè)置屬性值時(shí),同時(shí)返回builder對(duì)象。
這樣我們創(chuàng)建 CheeseCake 對(duì)象時(shí):
CheeseCake cheeseCake = CheeseCake.builder()
.sugar("100g")
.butter("200g")
.cheese("Acapella")
.build();
個(gè)人感覺這是建造者模式一個(gè)很好的改良方案,簡單易用。