【設(shè)計(jì)模式】之建造者Builder模式

建造者模式

什么是建造者模式?

建造者模式屬于創(chuàng)建型模式的一員,可以控制對(duì)象的實(shí)例化過程。
建造者模式簡化了復(fù)雜對(duì)象的實(shí)例化過程。
建造者模式的經(jīng)典定義如下:

將復(fù)雜對(duì)象的構(gòu)造和其表示分開,如此一來,相同的構(gòu)造處理過程可以創(chuàng)建不同的表現(xiàn)。

建造者模式的特點(diǎn)

在Java中通過構(gòu)造器創(chuàng)建對(duì)象實(shí)例時(shí),我們一般會(huì)傳遞屬性參數(shù)。會(huì)存在不同的參數(shù)組合去創(chuàng)建對(duì)象,并且其中一些是必須的還有一些是可選的。我們可以通過重載類的構(gòu)造器來實(shí)現(xiàn)不同的參數(shù)組合。
建造者模式不適用大量的構(gòu)造器,而是使用另一個(gè)對(duì)象,一個(gè)建造者builder,它會(huì)一步一步的接收每個(gè)初始化參數(shù),并返回生成的構(gòu)造對(duì)象。

建造者模式示例

讓我們舉一個(gè)咖啡館準(zhǔn)備晚餐的例子。為了準(zhǔn)備一份晚餐,有很多步驟需要執(zhí)行,比如,選擇三明治、添加雜碎、飲料等等。
在這個(gè)過程中,可能會(huì)有不同的食物組合,這樣看來,準(zhǔn)備一頓晚餐比期望的要困難得多。
讓我們用建造者模式來解決這個(gè)問題吧。

建造者模式類圖

建造者模式類圖

了創(chuàng)建晚餐中的一部分食物的的接口。

  • SandwichMealBuilder 是一個(gè)具體的建造者,可以通過實(shí)現(xiàn) MealBuilder 接口來構(gòu)建和收集晚餐的部分食物。
  • MealDirector 使用 MealBuilder 接口構(gòu)造一個(gè)對(duì)象實(shí)例。
  • Meal 是我們?cè)谶@個(gè)過程中想創(chuàng)建的對(duì)象實(shí)例。

Meal.java

package org.byron4j.cookbook.designpattern.builder;

/**
 * 晚餐實(shí)體類
 */
public class Meal {

    private String sandwich;
    private String sideOrder;
    private String drink;
    private String offer;
    private double price;

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Meal{" +
                "sandwich='" + sandwich + '\'' +
                ", sideOrder='" + sideOrder + '\'' +
                ", drink='" + drink + '\'' +
                ", offer='" + offer + '\'' +
                ", price='" + price + '\'' +
                '}';
    }

    public void setSandwich(String sandwich) {
        this.sandwich = sandwich;
    }

    public void setSideOrder(String sideOrder) {
        this.sideOrder = sideOrder;
    }

    public void setDrink(String drink) {
        this.drink = drink;
    }

    public void setOffer(String offer) {
        this.offer = offer;
    }

    public void setPrice(double price) {
        this.price = price;
    }
}



MealBuilder.java

package org.byron4j.cookbook.designpattern.builder;

/**
 * 建造者接口類
 */
public interface MealBuilder {

    void addSandwich(String sandwich);
    void addSides(String sides);
    void addDrink(String drink);
    void addOffer(String offer);
    void setPrice(double price);
    Meal getMeal();
}


SandwichBuilder.java

package org.byron4j.cookbook.designpattern.builder;

/**
 * 建造者實(shí)現(xiàn)類
 */
public class SandwichBuilder implements MealBuilder{

    /**
     * 依賴組合模式, 該Builder的操作實(shí)際是對(duì)meal進(jìn)行的操作
     */
    private Meal meal = new Meal();

    @Override
    public void addSandwich(String sandwich) {
        meal.setSandwich(sandwich);
    }

    @Override
    public void addSides(String sides) {
        meal.setSideOrder(sides);
    }

    @Override
    public void addDrink(String drink) {
        meal.setDrink(drink);
    }

    @Override
    public void addOffer(String offer) {
        meal.setOffer(offer);
    }

    @Override
    public void setPrice(double price) {
        meal.setPrice(price);
    }

    @Override
    public Meal getMeal() {
        return meal;
    }
}


MealDirector.java

package org.byron4j.cookbook.designpattern.builder;

/**
 * 角色扮演: 咖啡餐館
 */
public class MealDirector {

    public static void makeMeal(MealBuilder mealBuilder){
        mealBuilder.addSandwich("Hamburger");
        mealBuilder.addSides("Fries");
        mealBuilder.addDrink("Coke");
        mealBuilder.addOffer("Weekend Bonanza");
        mealBuilder.setPrice(5.99);
    }
}


BuilderTest.java

package org.byron4j.cookbook.designpattern.builder;

/**
 * 角色扮演: 咖啡餐館
 */
public class MealDirector {

    public static void makeMeal(MealBuilder mealBuilder){
        mealBuilder.addSandwich("Hamburger");
        mealBuilder.addSides("Fries");
        mealBuilder.addDrink("Coke");
        mealBuilder.addOffer("Weekend Bonanza");
        mealBuilder.setPrice(5.99);
    }
}


單元測試演示結(jié)果:

建造者模式得到的對(duì)象實(shí)例:Meal{sandwich='Hamburger', sideOrder='Fries', drink='Coke', offer='Weekend Bonanza', price='5.99'}

經(jīng)典建造者模式的缺點(diǎn)

通過上述示例,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)

  • 經(jīng)典建造者模式太過繁雜,需要編寫的類太多了。
  • 經(jīng)典建造者模式將對(duì)象的構(gòu)造、表示分離開來,具體的建造者實(shí)現(xiàn)類需要依賴于具體的目標(biāo)對(duì)象(SandwichBuilder被迫依賴于Meal類)

實(shí)際中常用的建造者模式--反編譯查看lombok框架生成的類

這里我們借助在原型模式中使用的一個(gè)芝士蛋糕類:

package org.byron4j.cookbook.designpattern.prototype;

import lombok.AllArgsConstructor;
import lombok.Builder;
import lombok.Data;

@AllArgsConstructor
@Data
@Builder
public class CheeseCake implements  Cake{

    /**
     * 糖果
     */
    private String sugar;

    /**
     * 黃油
     */
    private String butter;

    /**
     * 芝士
     */
    private String cheese;

    /**
     * 用戶姓名
     */
    private String name;

    @Override
    public Cake prepareCake() {
        Cake cake = null;

        /**
         * 克隆存在的實(shí)例
         */
        try {
            cake = (Cake)super.clone();
        } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return cake;
    }
}


CheeseCake 類使用了lombok框架的注解 @Builder

使用JD-GUi反編譯打開CheeseCake.class如下:


package org.byron4j.cookbook.designpattern.prototype;

public class CheeseCake
  implements Cake
{
  private String sugar;
  private String butter;
  private String cheese;
  private String name;
  
  public CheeseCake(String sugar, String butter, String cheese, String name)
  {
    this.sugar = sugar;this.butter = butter;this.cheese = cheese;this.name = name;
  }
  
  public void setSugar(String sugar)
  {
    this.sugar = sugar;
  }
  
  public void setButter(String butter)
  {
    this.butter = butter;
  }
  
  public void setCheese(String cheese)
  {
    this.cheese = cheese;
  }
  
  public void setName(String name)
  {
    this.name = name;
  }
  
  public boolean equals(Object o)
  {
    if (o == this) {
      return true;
    }
    if (!(o instanceof CheeseCake)) {
      return false;
    }
    CheeseCake other = (CheeseCake)o;
    if (!other.canEqual(this)) {
      return false;
    }
    Object this$sugar = getSugar();Object other$sugar = other.getSugar();
    if (this$sugar == null ? other$sugar != null : !this$sugar.equals(other$sugar)) {
      return false;
    }
    Object this$butter = getButter();Object other$butter = other.getButter();
    if (this$butter == null ? other$butter != null : !this$butter.equals(other$butter)) {
      return false;
    }
    Object this$cheese = getCheese();Object other$cheese = other.getCheese();
    if (this$cheese == null ? other$cheese != null : !this$cheese.equals(other$cheese)) {
      return false;
    }
    Object this$name = getName();Object other$name = other.getName();return this$name == null ? other$name == null : this$name.equals(other$name);
  }
  
  protected boolean canEqual(Object other)
  {
    return other instanceof CheeseCake;
  }
  
  public int hashCode()
  {
    int PRIME = 59;int result = 1;Object $sugar = getSugar();result = result * 59 + ($sugar == null ? 43 : $sugar.hashCode());Object $butter = getButter();result = result * 59 + ($butter == null ? 43 : $butter.hashCode());Object $cheese = getCheese();result = result * 59 + ($cheese == null ? 43 : $cheese.hashCode());Object $name = getName();result = result * 59 + ($name == null ? 43 : $name.hashCode());return result;
  }
  
  public String toString()
  {
    return "CheeseCake(sugar=" + getSugar() + ", butter=" + getButter() + ", cheese=" + getCheese() + ", name=" + getName() + ")";
  }
  
  public static class CheeseCakeBuilder
  {
    private String sugar;
    private String butter;
    private String cheese;
    private String name;
    
    public String toString()
    {
      return "CheeseCake.CheeseCakeBuilder(sugar=" + this.sugar + ", butter=" + this.butter + ", cheese=" + this.cheese + ", name=" + this.name + ")";
    }
    
    public CheeseCake build()
    {
      return new CheeseCake(this.sugar, this.butter, this.cheese, this.name);
    }
    
    public CheeseCakeBuilder name(String name)
    {
      this.name = name;return this;
    }
    
    public CheeseCakeBuilder cheese(String cheese)
    {
      this.cheese = cheese;return this;
    }
    
    public CheeseCakeBuilder butter(String butter)
    {
      this.butter = butter;return this;
    }
    
    public CheeseCakeBuilder sugar(String sugar)
    {
      this.sugar = sugar;return this;
    }
  }
  
  public static CheeseCakeBuilder builder()
  {
    return new CheeseCakeBuilder();
  }
  
  public String getSugar()
  {
    return this.sugar;
  }
  
  public String getButter()
  {
    return this.butter;
  }
  
  public String getCheese()
  {
    return this.cheese;
  }
  
  public String getName()
  {
    return this.name;
  }
  
  public Cake prepareCake()
  {
    Cake cake = null;
    try
    {
      cake = (Cake)super.clone();
    }
    catch (CloneNotSupportedException e)
    {
      e.printStackTrace();
    }
    return cake;
  }
  
  private CheeseCake() {}
}

分析反編譯后的使用@Builder注解的類

CheeseCake的全參構(gòu)造器

我們發(fā)現(xiàn)存在一個(gè)全參構(gòu)造器

public CheeseCake(String sugar, String butter, String cheese, String name)
  {
    this.sugar = sugar;this.butter = butter;this.cheese = cheese;this.name = name;
  }

靜態(tài)內(nèi)部類 CheeseCakeBuilder

我們發(fā)現(xiàn)生成了一個(gè) 靜態(tài)內(nèi)部類 CheeseCakeBuilder:


public static class CheeseCakeBuilder
  {
    private String sugar;
    private String butter;
    private String cheese;
    private String name;
    
    public String toString()
    {
      return "CheeseCake.CheeseCakeBuilder(sugar=" + this.sugar + ", butter=" + this.butter + ", cheese=" + this.cheese + ", name=" + this.name + ")";
    }
    
    public CheeseCake build()
    {
      return new CheeseCake(this.sugar, this.butter, this.cheese, this.name);
    }
    
    public CheeseCakeBuilder name(String name)
    {
      this.name = name;return this;
    }
    
    public CheeseCakeBuilder cheese(String cheese)
    {
      this.cheese = cheese;return this;
    }
    
    public CheeseCakeBuilder butter(String butter)
    {
      this.butter = butter;return this;
    }
    
    public CheeseCakeBuilder sugar(String sugar)
    {
      this.sugar = sugar;return this;
    }
  }
  • 目標(biāo)類CheeseCake擁有一個(gè)獲取其builder的方法返回 CheeseCakeBuilder對(duì)象。
  • CheeseCakeBuilder 內(nèi)部類擁有和目標(biāo)類 CheeseCake 一樣的屬性。
  • build() 方法調(diào)用目標(biāo)類 CheeseCake 的全參構(gòu)造器得到一個(gè) CheeseCake 對(duì)象。
  • 每一個(gè)方法設(shè)置屬性值時(shí),同時(shí)返回builder對(duì)象。

這樣我們創(chuàng)建 CheeseCake 對(duì)象時(shí):

CheeseCake cheeseCake = CheeseCake.builder()
                .sugar("100g")
                .butter("200g")
                .cheese("Acapella")
                .build();

個(gè)人感覺這是建造者模式一個(gè)很好的改良方案,簡單易用。

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