THE ART OF PAINTING 國(guó)畫(huà) | Chapter 20
2017年12月28日, 星期四

<1> In their spare time, Li Kunglin painted horses to amuse himself, Huang wrote lugubrious or macabre verse on ghosts, and they told one another tall tales of Taoists and fairies.

lugubrious

lugubrious 表示陰郁的；悲哀的；dismal; mournful; 尤其是達(dá)到一種夸張或荒謬可笑的程度。

vocabulary.com 對(duì) lugubrious 的用途有如下說(shuō)明：“Funerals are lugubrious. So are rainy days and Mondays. Anything that makes you sad, gloomy, or mournful can be called lugubrious.”

字典中 lugubrious 的例句有：

lugubrious

macabre

macabre 表示恐怖的；陰森森的；令人毛骨悚然的；令人聯(lián)想起死亡和衰敗的恐怖景象的 Suggesting the horror of death and decay尤指與死亡等相聯(lián)系。

macabre

美國(guó)傳統(tǒng)雙解詞典中給macabre語(yǔ)源給出了詳盡的注釋：

• 死神之舞 Danse Macabre
  Macabre 最早見(jiàn)于短語(yǔ) Macabrees daunce，是在1430年前后約翰·利德蓋特寫(xiě)的一本書(shū)中。 實(shí)際上他指的是一個(gè)古老的法語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)Danse Macabre，一個(gè)藝術(shù)與文學(xué)的主題—— “死神之舞” 。在這個(gè)舞蹈中，死神把各種各樣的人帶到了同一個(gè)終點(diǎn)。

• 馬加比人 The Maccabees
  也有認(rèn)為macabre 是 Macabe 的變體——“馬加比人”。 馬加比們就是那些猶太殉道者，在天主教會(huì)中通過(guò)節(jié)日表達(dá)對(duì)他們的敬意，對(duì)他們的尊敬和對(duì)死的敬畏是聯(lián)系在一起的。

• 今天，macabre 與馬加比人毫無(wú)聯(lián)系， 與死神之舞相關(guān)甚少，但它仍與死亡有關(guān)。

macabre 注釋

tall

tall 有一個(gè)非正式的用法，表示 幻想性的或夸張的；吹牛的 fanciful or exaggerated; boastful;
a tall order 表示 困難的任務(wù)；無(wú)理的要求 difficult task or unreasonable request

tall tale

另有 stand / walk tall，表示 昂首挺胸；理直氣壯：If you say that someone walks tall, you mean that they behave in a way that shows that they have pride in themselves and in what they are doing.

stand tall 理直氣壯

<2> I have been trying ceaselessly day and night to collect your writings. Recently I have obtained two pieces of paper by exchanging three pieces of silk for them. If you have recent manuscripts, you should give them to me and not let me keep on wasting my silks.
王詵：吾日夕購(gòu)子書(shū)不厭，近又以三縑博得兩紙字。有近畫(huà)當(dāng)稍以遺我，勿多費(fèi)我絹也。

ceaseless

這段以絹換畫(huà)的故事，讓我想起第十四章蘇軾雜記中回憶好友畫(huà)竹名家文與可，關(guān)于愛(ài)畫(huà)惜竹，以絹為襪，不以世俗而論的情懷和談笑：

• 文與可：“擬將一段鵝幫絹，掃取寒梢萬(wàn)尺長(zhǎng)。”
  He added two lines in postscript saying that he wished to paint a bamboo grove ten thousand feet high on a piece of Goose Valley silk.
• 蘇東坡：“世間亦有千尋月，竹落庭空影許長(zhǎng)。”
  "There are bamboos ten thousand feet high, when you look at their shadows cast by the moonlight."
  鏈接：ARREST AND TRIA 逮捕與審判 | Chapter 14

“世間亦有千尋月，竹落庭空影許長(zhǎng)。”掃取，是揮寫(xiě)而成的意思。寒梢，指經(jīng)冬不凋的長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的竹枝。這兩句詩(shī)體現(xiàn)了文同的墨竹畫(huà)法：一揮而就，即“掃取”，畫(huà)在短短的一段絹綢上，卻具有直節(jié)云霄之勢(shì)，所謂“萬(wàn)尺長(zhǎng)”。畫(huà)家在自己的作品里對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)客觀事物所進(jìn)行了提煉、集中、夸張和渲染。

結(jié)合本章中我最喜歡的這一段：

Some copy the inimitable grace of a dried vine ending in a gentle, restful curl, with a few delicate leaves for balance. It should not be forgotten that the balance of a withered hanging vine is naturally perfect because the shape and angle of inclination of the tip depends upon the total weight of the vine, the support of the stalk, and the weight of the remaining leaves on one side or the other.

枯枝小葉的平衡，蜷曲上翹的姿態(tài)，細(xì)節(jié)處盡皆是自然的精妙完美。“詩(shī)畫(huà)本一律,天工與清新”。“天工”,意謂出于自然,無(wú)須雕琢。凡出自“天工”者，必有創(chuàng)作者個(gè)性，給人以“清新”之感。畫(huà)作深植于自然本真，更源于創(chuàng)作者心性投射。

<3> Receiving the moisture of wine,
My intestines sprout and fork out,
空腸得酒芒角出
And from out my liver and lungs
Shoot rocks and bamboos,
肝肺槎牙生竹石
Surging through my breast, irresistible,
森然欲作不可回
They find expression on your snow-white wall.
吐向君家雪色壁

sprout

A sprout is a small growth on a plant — a little new bud. Other things can sprout too: kids are constantly sprouting (growing).

The key thing to think of when you're trying to remember the meaning of sprout is growth — as a noun, a sprout is a new growth of a plant, and as a verb, to sprout means to grow. Sprouting mainly applies to height and to the young, whether you're talking about plants, people, or things. An older person who gains fifty pounds is growing but not sprouting.

fork

fork 作為動(dòng)詞，有樹(shù)枝分岔或河流分支等的意思，to separate into branches or branchlike parts ，這個(gè)意思下fork 的同義詞有：
bifurcate, branch (out), diverge, divide, ramify, subdivide

sprout and fork out 在蘇軾詩(shī)句原句中對(duì)應(yīng)“”的是“芒角出”。

“芒角”在古文當(dāng)中通常有四個(gè)意思：

1. 指植物的尖葉。
   “空腸得酒芒角出”即取此意。
2. 指星辰的光芒。
   蘇軾在其《夜泛西湖》詩(shī)之三中也使用了“芒角”：“蒼龍已沒(méi)牛斗橫，東方芒角昇長(zhǎng)庚。”
3. 指筆鋒。
4. 指棱角。

surge

surge 的意思是 (感情、感覺(jué))突襲，涌動(dòng)，突發(fā)；使強(qiáng)烈地感到 to fill sb with a strong feeling，如：

• Relief surged through her. 她頓覺(jué)寬慰。

surge 也可以作為名詞，意思是 (情感的)涌起，翻涌 a sudden increase of an emotion，如：

• adrenalin surge 腎上腺素刺激
• She was overwhelmed by a surge of remorse. 悔恨一下子涌上她的心頭。

surge through 和 surge up 的意思相近：

surge through

A surge is a sudden strong swelling, like a tsunami wave that engulfs the land. Although a surge offers a fluid image, anything can experience a sudden surge, including emotions, political support, or an angry mob. If an emotion or sensation surges in you or through you, you feel it suddenly and powerfully.

本章最后的半首詩(shī)，出自蘇軾《郭祥正家，醉畫(huà)竹石壁上，郭作詩(shī)為謝，且遺二古銅劍》，詩(shī)寫(xiě)他喝下一點(diǎn)酒后，情緒興奮起來(lái)，萌發(fā)作畫(huà)興致，好像臟腑里生長(zhǎng)了竹子、石頭，橫七豎八地往外冒，非表現(xiàn)出來(lái)不可。

米芾《畫(huà)史》說(shuō)：“子瞻作枯木，枝干虬屈無(wú)端，石皴硬。亦怪怪奇奇無(wú)端，如其胸中盤郁也。”可見(jiàn)蘇軾繪畫(huà)的得心應(yīng)手、揮灑如意是上升到了得道的高度，而不停留在繪畫(huà)技巧本身，他更講求形象的氣韻生動(dòng)，而不追求外在體貌的形似。畫(huà)是才氣與志趣的寄托，而他實(shí)際是了解、掌握了事物規(guī)律的人。

以上。