6.1 人體常用詞匯:
6.1.1 頭部(head):
forehead額頭,temple太陽穴,hair頭發,skull顱骨,頭蓋骨,bald head禿頭,neck脖子,face臉,cheek臉頰,ear耳,ear drum耳膜,auditory canal耳道,eye眼,lid眼瞼,eyebrow眉毛,eyelid睫毛,pupil瞳孔,iris虹膜,nose鼻子,nostril鼻孔,nasal cavity鼻腔,philtrum人中,mouth嘴,lip嘴唇,throat咽喉,tonsil扁桃腺,tooth牙齒,denture假齒,gum牙齦,crown齒冠,root/fang齒根,tongue舌頭,`uvula小舌,tonsil扁桃體,vocal cord聲帶,chin下巴,jaw顎,mustache小胡子,beard山羊胡,whisker絡腮胡,sidebums鬢角,wrinkle皺紋,mole痣,freckle 雀斑,dimple酒渦,pimple粉刺;
6.1.2 軀干(body):
nipple乳頭,chest胸部,navel肚臍,abdomen腹部,shoulder肩,back背,waist腰,hip臀部,buttock屁股,collarbone 鎖骨,rib肋骨,backbone脊骨,脊柱,breastbone胸骨,joint關節,pelvis 骨盆,sinew肌腱,muscle肌肉,bone骨,skeleton骨骼,blood vessel血管,vein靜脈,artery動脈,capillary毛細血管,nerve神經,spinal marrow脊髓;
6.1.3 四肢(limb):
armpit腋下,arm手臂,elbow手肘,wrist手腕,hand手,handback手背,hand palm手掌,finger手指,thumb大拇指,forefinger/index finger食指,middle finger中指,ring finger無名指,little finger小指,nail指甲,fist拳頭,leg腿,thigh大腿,shank小腿,knee膝,knee joint膝關節,kneecap膝蓋,calf腿肚,ankle腳踝,foot足,instep腳背,sole腳掌,heel后跟,toe腳趾;
6.1.4. 內臟(viscera):
respiratory tract呼吸道,GI tract/alimentary canal消化道,trachea/windpipe氣管,thyroid gland甲狀腺,lymph node淋巴結,esophagus/gullet食管,lung肺,heart心臟,diaphragm隔膜,stomach胃,liver肝臟,gallbladder膽囊,duodenum十二指腸,appendix闌尾,small intestine小腸,large intestine大腸,colon結腸,rectum直腸,anus肛門,bladder膀胱,pancreas胰腺,spleen脾,kidney腎,urine尿道,ovary卵巢,womb子宮;
6.1.5 神經系統(Nervous system):
CNS(central nervous system)中樞神經系統,PNS(peripheral nervous system) 外周神經系統,brain腦,cerebrum大腦,cerebellum小腦,brainstem腦干,motor nerve運動神經,sensory nerve感覺神經;
6.1.6 分泌系統(endocrine system):
gland腺體,endocrine gland內分泌腺,pituitary gland腦垂體,hypothalamus下丘腦,adrenal gland腎上腺,sex gland性腺。
6.2 生物學常用詞匯:
6.2.1 專用名詞(Terminology):
tissue組織,organ器官,evolution進化, homeostasis穩態, kingdom界,phylum門,class綱,order目,family科,genus屬,species種,prokaryotes原核細胞,eukaryotes真核細胞,structure結構,function功能,ecological system生態系統,environment環境,anatomy解剖學,bioengineering生物工程,bioinformatics生物信息學,biomedical research生物醫藥研究,biophysics生物物理,biotechnology生物技術,botany植物學,developmental biology發育生物學,genetics遺傳學,microbiology微生物學,neuroscience神經科學,pathology病理學,physiology生理學,psychology心理學,zoology動物學;
6.2.2 細胞學(Cell biology):
organelle細胞器,centrosome中心體,membrane膜,plasma membrane細胞膜,cell wall細胞壁,chloroplast葉綠體,cilium纖毛,cytoplasm細胞質,cytoskeleton細胞骨架,rough/smooth endoplasmic reticulum粗面/光面內質網,endosomes內體,golgi apparatus高爾基體,lipid bilayer脂質雙分子層,lysosome溶酶體,microvilli微絨毛,mitochondrion線粒體,nucleus細胞核,peroxisome過氧化物酶體,ribosome核糖體,vacuole液泡,vesicle囊泡,growth生長,development發育,divide分化,proliferation增殖,replication復制,regeneration復生,specialization分化,migration遷移,cell death死亡,necrosis壞死,apoptosis凋亡,mitosis有絲分裂,meiosis減數分裂,cell cycle細胞周期,active/passive transport主動/被動運輸,autophagy自噬,adhesion附著,cell signaling pathway細胞信號通路,transcription轉錄,translation翻譯;cell culture細胞培養,immunostaining免疫染色,DNA microarray DNA陣列芯片,mutation突變,inheritance遺傳,knockdown敲低,knockout敲除,PCR,transfection轉染,cell fractionation細胞器分離,flow cytometry流式細胞儀,immunoprecipitation免疫沉淀,protein extraction蛋白質分離,intracellular胞內,endocytosis吞噬作用,photosynthesis光合作用,respiration呼吸作用;
6.2.3 生物化學(biochemistry):
metabolism代謝,macromolecule生物大分子,nucleic acid核酸,protein蛋白,carbohydrate碳水化合物,lipid脂質,fatty acid脂肪酸,amino acid氨基酸,nutrition營養,chromatography色譜分析法,X-ray diffraction X射線衍射,Dual polarisation interferometry雙偏振干涉法,NMR spectroscopy核磁共振,radioisotopic labeling同位素標記,electron microscopy電子顯微鏡,molecular dynamics simulations分子動態模擬,enzyme酶,enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)酶聯免疫吸附測定, monosaccharide單糖,oligosaccharide寡糖,polysaccharide多糖,glucose葡萄糖,saccharose/sucrose蔗糖,fructose果糖,lactose乳糖,deoxyribose脫氧核糖,cellulose纖維素,glycogen糖原,sodium pyruvate丙酮酸鈉,tricarboxylic acid cycle/Krebs cycle三羧酸循環,Adenosine TriPhosphate三磷酸腺苷,phospholipids磷脂,glycolipids糖脂,sphingolipids鞘磷脂,glycerol甘油,triglyceride甘油三脂,hydrophilic親水的,hydrophobic疏水的,amphiphilic兩親的,cholesterol膽固醇,sterols固醇類,essential amino acid(isoleucine,leucine,lysine,methionine,phenylalanine,threonine,tryptophan,valine,arginine,histidine),nonessential amino acids(alanine,asparagine,aspartate,cysteine,glutamate,glutamine,glycine,proline,serine,tyrosine),primary structure一級結構,secondary structure二級結構,α-helix,β-sheet,tertiary structure三級結構,quaternary structure四級結構,deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA),reverse反向,complementary互補,purine嘌呤,pyrimidine嘧啶,adenine腺嘌呤,guanine鳥嘌呤,cytosine胞嘧啶,thymine胸腺嘧啶,uracil尿嘧啶,second messenger第二信使,glycolysis糖酵解,acetyl-CoA乙酰輔酶A,gluconeogenesis糖異生,phosphorylation磷酸化作用,kinase激酶,hormone激素;
6.2.4 分子生物學(molecular biology):
molecular cloning分子克隆,polymerase聚合酶,plasmid質粒,antibiotic resistance抗生素抗性,promotor region啟動子區域,transformation轉化,electropho`resis電泳,Western blotting蛋白印跡,Southern blotting DNA印記,Northern blotting RNA印記,transgenic mice轉基因小鼠,allele等位基因,agarose瓊脂糖,polyacrylamide聚丙烯酰胺,buffer緩沖液,electrostatic force靜電力,salt bridge鹽鍵,Van der Waals force范德華力,subunit亞基,allosteric effect變構效應,covalent interaction共價作用,polar極性的,antigen抗原,antibody抗體,ligand配體,receptor受體,reversible可逆的,competitive競爭性的,regulation調節,asymmetry不對稱;
6.3 藥學常用詞匯:
6.3.1 Terminology:
pharmacy/pharmaceutical sciences藥學,pharmaceutical chemistry 藥物化學,pharmacology藥理學,pharmacodynamics藥效學,pharmaceutics制劑學,pharmacognosy生藥學,toxicology毒理學,drug action藥物作用,etiological treatment對因治療,symptomatic treatment對癥治療,adverse reaction不良反應,side effect副作用,toxic reaction毒性反應,allergy reaction變態反應,agonist激動劑,antagonist拮抗劑,inhibitor抑制劑,efficacy效能,placebo安慰劑,potency效價,first pass effect首過效應,bioavailability生物利用度,half-life time半衰期,steady state plasma concentration穩態血藥濃度,physical dependence軀體依賴性,psychic dependence精神依賴性,tolerance耐受性,resistance耐藥性,additive附加劑,desiccant干燥劑,drug excretion藥物排泄,drug absorption藥物吸收,drug interaction藥物相互作用,drug elimination藥物消除,drug accumulation藥物蓄積,carcinogenic test致癌實驗,teratogenic test致畸實驗,sensitization test致敏實驗;
6.3.2 Dosage劑量:
average dose平均劑量,minimal/maximum dose最小/大有效量,daily dose日劑量,multiple dose多計量,divided dose分次劑量,overdose過量,fatal/lethal dose致死量,single dose單次劑量,indicated dose有效劑量,standard dose合適劑量,initial/beginning/starting dose首次劑量,suggested/recommended dose推薦劑量,maintenance dose維持量,therapeutic dose治療劑量,usual/normal dose常用劑量,every…hours,intervals of…,once/twice a day,every other day,divided into…doses;
6.3.3 Object/target給藥對象:
adolescents,infant,adult,male/female,newborns,children,debilitated patients(體弱患者),pregnant women,senile patient(老年患者);
6.3.4 Administration給藥途徑:
intra-arterially,oral/by mouth,intragluteally臀部注射,intramuscularly,intraperitoneally腹腔給藥,intravenously靜脈,intrapleurally胸腔,intraarticatar關節,intranasal鼻內,locally局部,subcutaneously皮下,sublingually舌下,submucously粘膜下,aerosol噴霧,per rectum直腸,by lumbar腰椎給藥;
6.3.5 Preparation/formulation劑型:
aerosol/spray/inhaler氣霧劑,ampoule針劑/安瓿,capsules膠囊,oral solution口服液,coated tablets包衣片,pill丸劑,cream乳膏,powder粉劑,retard capsules緩釋膠囊,dragee糖衣丸,drops滴劑,emulsion乳劑,suppository栓劑,granule顆粒,suspension混懸液,injection針劑,liniment搽劑,syrup糖漿,liquid液劑,ointment藥膏,mixture合劑,adjuvant佐劑;
6.4 常見疾病名:
6.4.1 Internal medicine內科:
acidosis酸中毒,alkalosis堿中毒,alcoholism /alcoholic intoxication酒精中毒,anaphylaxis過敏反應,anemia貧血,arteriosclerosis動脈硬化,apoplexy中風,auricular fibrillation心房纖顫,asthma哮喘,bronchitis支氣管炎,pneumonia肺炎,carcinoma癌,cardiac arrhythmia心率紊亂,cardiac failure心衰,cardiomyopathy心肌癥,cirrhosis肝硬化,diabetes糖尿病,dysentery痢疾,enteritis腸炎,gastric ulcer胃潰瘍,gastritis胃炎,gout痛風,hepatitis肝炎,hyperipemia高脂血癥,hypertension高血壓,hyperthyroidism甲亢,hypoglycemia低血糖,influenza流感,leukemia白血病,lymphoma淋巴瘤,malaria瘧疾,malnutrition營養不良,measles麻疹,nephritis腎炎,pancreatitis胰腺炎,renal failure腎衰,rheumatic fever風濕病,rheumatoid arthritis類風濕性關節炎,scarlet fever猩紅熱,septicemia敗血癥,syphilis梅毒,tumor腫瘤,ulcerative colitis潰瘍性結腸炎,upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage上消化道出血;
6.4.2 Neurology神經科and psychiatry精神病學:
brain `abscess腦膿腫,cerebral embolism腦栓塞,cerebral infarction腦梗死,cerebral hemorrhage腦出血,concussion腦震蕩,epilepsy癲癇,intracranial tumor顱內腫瘤,meningitis腦膜炎,migraine偏頭疼,neurasthenia神經衰弱,neurosis神經官能癥,Parkinson’s disease帕金森綜合癥,Alzheimer’s disease老年癡呆,psychosis精神病,schizophrenia精神分裂癥,bipolar disorder躁郁癥,attention deficit hyperactivity disorder注意力不集中ADHD,delusion/hallucination幻覺;
6.4.3 Surgery外科:
acute pancreatitis急性胰腺炎,acute diffuse peritonitis急性彌漫性腹膜炎,anal fissure/fistula肛裂/簍,anesthesia麻醉,angioma血管瘤,appendicitis闌尾炎,burn燒傷,colon carcinoma,esophagus carcimnoma,hepatocellular carcinoma,cholecystitis膽囊炎,cholelithiasis膽結石,joint dislocation關節脫臼,fracture骨折,haemorrhoid痔,prostate hypertrophy前列腺腫大,intestinal obstruction腸梗阻,lipoma脂肪瘤,lithangiuria尿路結石,liver abscess肝膿腫,osseous tuberculosis骨結核,osteroporosis骨質疏松癥,osteosarcoma骨肉瘤,prostatitis前列腺炎,rectal polyp直腸息肉,spleen rapture脾破裂,tetanus破傷風,trauma創傷,urinary infection泌尿感染;
6.4.4 Pediatrics兒科:
acute necrotic enteritis急性壞死性結腸炎,ancylostomiasis鉤蟲病,ascariasis蛔蟲病,newborn asphyxia新生兒窒息,atrial septal defect房間隔缺損,cephalhematoma頭顱血腫,cerebral palsy腦癱,convulsion驚厥,Down’s syndrome唐氏綜合癥,hemophilia血友病,infantile diarrhea嬰兒腹瀉,intussusception腸套疊,neonatal jaundice新生兒黃疸,poliomyelitis脊髓灰質炎,premature infant早產,progressive muscular dystrophy進行性肌肉營養不良,rickets佝僂病,newborn sepsis新生兒敗血癥,thrush真菌性口炎,varicella水痘;
6.4.5 Gynaecology and Obstetrics婦產科:
aborion流產,dystocia難產,eclampsia子癇,infertility不育癥,irregular menstruation月經失調,pelvic inflammatory disease盆腔炎,pregnancy-hypertension syndrome妊娠高血壓,postpartum hemorrhage產后出血;
6.4.6 Ophthalmology and otorhinolaryngology眼及耳鼻喉科:
amblyopia弱視,astigmatism散光,cataract白內障,color blindness色盲,glaucoma青光眼,hyperopia遠視,myopia近視,heterotropia斜視,iritis虹膜炎,keratitis角膜炎,chalazion麥粒腫,tonsillitis扁桃體炎,tinnitus耳鳴,deafness耳聾,labyrinthitis內耳炎,otitis media中耳炎,pharyngitis咽炎,rhinitis鼻炎;
6.5 常見藥品名:
6.5.1 Anti-infective drugs抗菌藥:
Bensylpenicillin / Penicillin G青霉素/青霉素G,Amoxicillin阿莫西林,Cefalexin/Cephalexin/Keflex先鋒IV,Amikacin阿米卡星,Gentamycin慶大霉素,Streptomycin鏈霉素,Erythromycin紅霉素,Roxithromycin羅紅霉素,Acetylspiramycin乙酰螺旋霉素,Tetracycline四環素,Oxytetracycline土霉素,Chloramphenicol氯霉素,Sulfadiazine磺胺嘧啶,Trimethoprim加氧芐啶,Furazolidone呋喃唑酮,Norfloxacin諾氟沙星,Ofloxacin氧氟沙星,Ciprofloxacin環丙沙星,Metronidazole甲硝唑,Aciclovir阿昔洛韋,Moroxydine嗎啉胍;
6.5.2 Anti-malarial drugs抗瘧藥:
Chloroquine氯喹,Nitroquine硝喹,Quinine奎寧/金雞納霜,Artemisinin青蒿素,Pyrimethamine乙胺嘧啶;
6.5.3 Anthelmintic drugs祛腸蟲藥:
iperazine哌嗪/祛蛔靈,Pyrantel噻嘧啶/抗蟲靈,Albendazole阿苯達唑;
6.5.4 Antipyretic/anagesics解熱鎮痛藥:
Aspirin/Acetylsalicyclic Acid阿司匹林/乙酰水楊酸,Paracetamol/Acetaminophen撲熱息痛/對乙酰氨基酚,Ibuprofen布洛芬,Ketoprofen酮洛芬,Pethidine/Dolantin哌替啶/杜冷丁,Morphine嗎啡;
6.5.5 Cardiovascular system drugs心血管系統藥:
Losartan氯沙坦,Valsartan纈沙坦,Nifedipine硝苯地平,verapamil維拉帕米,Nicardipine尼卡地平,Propranolol普萘洛爾,Nitroglycerin硝酸甘油,Lovastatin洛伐他丁,Colestipol降膽寧,Nicotinic acid煙酸,Eicosapentaenoic acid二十碳五烯酸EPA,docosahexaenoic acid二十二碳六烯酸DHA,Linoleic acid亞油酸,
6.5.6 Respiratory system drugs呼吸系統藥:
Codeine/Methylmorphine可待因/甲基嗎啡,Pentoxyverine/Carbetapentane噴托維林/咳必清,Dioxopromethazine二氧丙嗪;Ephedrine麻黃堿,dextromethorphan右美沙芬,Bromhexine溴己新,Ambroxol氨溴索,
6.5.7 Digestive system drugs消化系統藥:
Domperidone/Motiliun嗎丁啉,Compound bismuth aluminate胃必治,Cimetidine西咪替丁,Weisen-U胃仙U,Belladonna顛茄,Methylatropine Bromide溴甲阿托品/胃瘍平,Metoclopramide甲氧氯普胺;
6.5.8 Surgical medicine外科用藥:
Alcohol乙醇,Sodium benzoate苯甲酸鈉,Iodine碘,Hydrogen peroxide雙氧水,Potassium Permanganate高錳酸鉀;Procaine普魯卡因,Lidocaine利多卡因,Isoflurane異氟烷,Nitrous oxide氧化亞氮,Ketamine氯胺酮,Sodium oxybate羥丁酸鈉,Thiopental sodium硫噴妥鈉,Propofol丙泊酚;
6.5.9 Dermatologic drugs皮膚科用藥:
Fluocinolone acetonide膚輕松,Clotrimazole克霉唑,Miconazole達克寧;
6.5.10. Biologicals抗體藥:
Diphtheria antitoxin白喉抗毒素,Tetanus antitoxin破傷風抗毒素,Rabies antiserum抗狂犬病血清;
6.6 化學常用詞匯
6.6.1 元素名(Chemical elements):
Hydrogen氫,Helium氦,Lithium鋰,Beryllium鈹,Boron硼,Carbon碳,Nitrogen氮,Oxygen氧,Fluorine氟,Neon氖,Sodium鈉,Magnesium鎂,Aluminium鋁,Silicon硅,Phosphorus磷,Sulfur硫,Chlorine氯,Argon氬,Potassium鉀,Calcium鈣,Iron鐵,Nickel鎳,Copper銅,Zinc鋅,Bromine溴,Silver銀,Tin錫,Iodine碘,Platinum鉑,Gold金,Mercury汞,Lead鉛,Periodic table元素周期表
6.6.2 化合物(Compounds):
Hydrogen chloride氯化氫,Carbon monoxide/dioxide一/二氧化碳,Acid酸,Alkali堿,Salt鹽,Oxide氧化物,Sodium hydroxide氫氧化鈉,Sulfuric acid硫酸,Nitric acid硝酸,Phosphoric acid磷酸,Carbonic acid碳酸,Sodium chloride氯化鈉,Perchloric acid高氯酸,Chloric acid氯酸,Chlorous acid亞氯酸,hypochlorous acid次氯酸,Sodium carbonate碳酸鈉,Sodium bicarbonate碳酸氫鈉,Potassium sulfate硫酸鉀,Calcium nitrate硝酸鉀,water水,hydrogen peroxide雙氧水,
6.6.3 有機化合物(Organic compounds):
iso-異,neo-新,cis-順,trans-反,pri-伯,sec-仲,tert-叔,ortho-鄰,meta-間,para-對,-ane…烷,-ene…烯,-yne/ine…炔,methane甲烷,ethene乙烯,butene丁烯,butadiene丁二烯,butatriene丁三烯,ethyne乙炔,butyne丁炔,hexadiyne己二炔,cyclohexane環己烷,methyl甲基,ethyl乙基,propyl丙基,3-methyl-1-butene3-甲基-1-丁烯,benzene苯,1,3,5-trimethylbenzene1,3,5-三甲苯,chlorobenzene氯苯,nitrobenzene硝基苯,phenol苯酚,aniline苯胺,methanol甲醇,ethanol乙醇,glycerin/propanetriol甘油/丙三醇,1,4-benzenediol 1,4-苯二酚,diethyl ether乙醚,ethyl methyl ether甲乙醚,1,2-dimethoxyethane 1,2-二甲氧基乙烷,methanal甲醛,ethanal乙醛,propanone/dimethyl ketone丙酮/二甲基酮,cyclohenanone環己酮,acetic acid醋酸,benzoic acid苯甲酸,formic acid甲酸,dodecanoic acid十二酸,octadecanoic acid十八酸,oxalic acid草酸,methyl ethanoate/acetate乙酸甲酯,ethyle propanoate丙酸甲酯,butyl benzoate苯甲酸丁酯,ethylamine乙胺,dimethylamine二甲胺,methylpentanenitrile甲基戊腈
6.6.3 有機烷烴(Alkanes):
methane甲烷,ethane乙烷,propane丙烷,butane丁烷,pentane戊烷,hexane己烷,heptane庚烷,octane辛烷,nonane九烷,decane十烷,undecane十一烷,dodecane十二烷,tridecane十三烷,tetradecane十四烷,pentadecane十五烷,hexadecane十六烷,heptadecane十七烷,octadecane十八烷,nonadecane十九烷,icosane二十烷,heneicosane二十一烷,docosane二十二烷,tricosane二十三烷,tetracosane二十四烷,pentacosane二十五烷,hexacosane二十六烷,heptacosane二十七烷,octacosane二十八烷,nanocosane二十九烷,triacontane三十烷,tetracontane四十烷,pentacontane五十烷,hexacontane六十烷,heptacontane七十烷,octacontane八十烷,nonacontane九十烷
6.6.4 有機取代基(Functional groups):
carboxy羧基,sulfo-磺酸基,R-oxycarbonyl烴氧羰基,halo carbonyl鹵甲酰基,carbamoyl氨甲酰基,cyano-氰基,formyl甲酰基,hydroxy-羥基,amino-氨基,R-oxy羥氧基,halo-鹵代,fluoro-氟代,chloro-氯代,bromo-溴代,iodo-碘帶,nitro-硝基,nitroso-亞硝基,-carboxylic acid/-oic acid酸,-sulfonic acid磺酸,R-oate/R-carboxylate酯,-oyl halide酰鹵,-amide酰胺,-nitrile腈,-al醛,-one酮,-ol醇酚,-amine胺,-ether醚。