1,MySQL權限體系
mysql 的權限體系大致分為5個層級:
全局層級:
全局權限適用于一個給定服務器中的所有數據庫。這些權限存儲在mysql.user表中。GRANT ALL ON .和REVOKE ALL ON .只授予和撤銷全局權限。
數據庫層級:
數據庫權限適用于一個給定數據庫中的所有目標。這些權限存儲在mysql.db表中。GRANT ALL ON db_name.和REVOKE ALL ON db_name.只授予和撤銷數據庫權限。
表層級:
表權限適用于一個給定表中的所有列。這些權限存儲在mysql.talbes_priv表中。GRANT ALL ON db_name.tbl_name和REVOKE ALL ON db_name.tbl_name只授予和撤銷表權限。
列層級:
列權限適用于一個給定表中的單一列。這些權限存儲在mysql.columns_priv表中。當使用REVOKE時,您必須指定與被授權列相同的列。
子程序層級:
CREATE ROUTINE, ALTER ROUTINE, EXECUTE和GRANT權限適用于已存儲的子程序。這些權限可以被授予為全局層級和數據庫層級。而且,除了CREATE ROUTINE外,這些權限可以被授予為子程序層級,并存儲在mysql.procs_priv表中。
這些權限信息存儲在下面的系統表中:
mysql.user
mysql.db
mysql.host
mysql.table_priv
mysql.column_priv
mysql. procs_priv
當用戶連接進來,mysqld會通過上面的這些表對用戶權限進行驗證!
2, 千里追蹤之5表
相對于oracle來說,mysql的特性是可以限制ip,用戶user、ip地址host、密碼passwd這3個是用戶管理的基礎,權限的細節基本在mysql.user、mysql.db、mysql.host、mysql.table_priv、mysql.column_priv這幾張表就可以看到很多細節,接下來仔細分析這些表就可以知道權限的奧秘。
<版權所有,文章允許轉載,但必須以鏈接方式注明源地址,否則追究法律責任!>
原博客地址: http://blog.csdn.net/mchdba/article/details/45921045
原作者:黃杉 (mchdba)
演示過程中需要建立用戶來演示,先簡單介紹下如何創建用戶:
GRANT priv_type ON database.table
TO user[IDENTIFIED BY [PASSWORD] ‘password’]
[,user [IDENTIFIED BY [PASSWORD] ‘password’]…]
示例:
GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ON d3307.* TO zengxiaoteng@’%’ IDENTIFIED BY ‘0523’;
2.1db表
2.1.1 表結構如下:
mysql> desc mysql.db; +-----------------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-----------------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Host | char(60) | NO | PRI | | | | Db | char(64) | NO | PRI | | | | User | char(16) | NO | PRI | | | | Select_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Insert_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Update_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Delete_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Create_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Drop_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Grant_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | References_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Index_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Alter_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Create_tmp_table_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Lock_tables_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Create_view_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Show_view_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Create_routine_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Alter_routine_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Execute_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Event_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Trigger_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | +-----------------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 22 rows in set (0.02 sec) mysql>
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2.1.2分析如下:
db表存儲了所有對一個數據庫的所有操作權限。創建用戶的時候,都會往Host字段,User字段,Password字段錄入用戶信息;
而當執行 GRANT SELECT,INSERT ON d3307.* TO u4@’%’ IDENTIFIED BY ‘u40523’;類似的授權語句的話,Select_priv和Insert_priv字段的值會變成Y其它字段仍然是N;
當你執行了GRANT ALL ON d3307.* TO u4@’%’ IDENTIFIED BY ‘u40523’;類似的復制語句的話,后面的字段都會變成Y的值;
2.1.3 創建單個select、insert授予權限
創建用戶:
GRANT SELECT,INSERT ON d3307.* TO user4@'192.168.52' IDENTIFIED BY 'user0523';
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應該除了Host、db、user字段有值,除了Select_priv、Insert_priv值為Y外,其它的都是N。
查看mysql.db表的記錄正是如此,如下所示:
mysql> SELECT * FROM mysql.db
where user='user4'\G; *************************** 1. row *************************** Host: 192.168.52 Db: d3307 User: user4 Select_priv: Y Insert_priv: Y Update_priv: N Delete_priv: N Create_priv: N Drop_priv: N Grant_priv: N References_priv: N Index_priv: N Alter_priv: N Create_tmp_table_priv: N Lock_tables_priv: N Create_view_priv: N Show_view_priv: N Create_routine_priv: N Alter_routine_priv: N Execute_priv: N Event_priv: N Trigger_priv: N 1 row in set (0.01 sec) ERROR: No query specified mysql>
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2.1.4 授予ALL權限
執行sql語句建立用戶:
GRANT ALL ON d3307.* TO dba5@'192.168.52.1' IDENTIFIED BY 'dba0523';
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建立用戶的時候,如下所示,除了Host、db、user字段外,所有的_priv字段記錄都會變成Y值,(Grant_priv仍然是N值除非加了WITH GRANT OPTION執行GRANT ALL ON d3307.* TO dba5@’192.168.52.1’ IDENTIFIED BY ‘dba0523’ WITH GRANT OPTION ;)
如下所示:
mysql> SELECT * FROM mysql.db
where user='dba5'\G; *************************** 1. row *************************** Host: 192.168.52.1 Db: d3307 User: dba5 Select_priv: Y Insert_priv: Y Update_priv: Y Delete_priv: Y Create_priv: Y Drop_priv: Y Grant_priv: N References_priv: Y Index_priv: Y Alter_priv: Y Create_tmp_table_priv: Y Lock_tables_priv: Y Create_view_priv: Y Show_view_priv: Y Create_routine_priv: Y Alter_routine_priv: Y Execute_priv: Y Event_priv: Y Trigger_priv: Y 1 row in set (0.00 sec) ERROR: No query specified mysql>
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2.2 user表
2.2.1 表結構:
mysql> desc mysql.user; +------------------------+-----------------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +------------------------+-----------------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Host | char(60) | NO | PRI | | | | User | char(16) | NO | PRI | | | | Password | char(41) | NO | | | | | Select_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Insert_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Update_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Delete_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Create_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Drop_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Reload_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Shutdown_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Process_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | File_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Grant_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | References_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Index_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Alter_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Show_db_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Super_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Create_tmp_table_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Lock_tables_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Execute_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Repl_slave_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Repl_client_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Create_view_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Show_view_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Create_routine_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Alter_routine_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Create_user_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Event_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Trigger_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Create_tablespace_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | ssl_type | enum('','ANY','X509','SPECIFIED') | NO | | | | | ssl_cipher | blob | NO | | NULL | | | x509_issuer | blob | NO | | NULL | | | x509_subject | blob | NO | | NULL | | | max_questions | int(11) unsigned | NO | | 0 | | | max_updates | int(11) unsigned | NO | | 0 | | | max_connections | int(11) unsigned | NO | | 0 | | | max_user_connections | int(11) unsigned | NO | | 0 | | | plugin | char(64) | YES | | | | | authentication_string | text | YES | | NULL | | | password_expired | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | +------------------------+-----------------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 43 rows in set (0.10 sec) mysql>
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2.2.2 分析
存儲用戶記錄的表,存儲了用戶的信息,每一次創建用戶的時候,都會往這個表里錄入記錄,當你執行了,都會往Host字段,User字段,Password字段錄入數據,但是后面的Select_priv、Insert_priv、Update_priv等字段的值,只有賦予GRANT ALL ON . TO timdba@’192.%’ IDENTIFIED BY ‘timdba0523’;類似的對所有庫的操作權限的時候才會被記錄成Y,否則都記錄成N。
2.2.3 創建對庫所有表有操作權限的普通用戶
創建用戶:
GRANT SELECT,UPDATE ON d3307.* TO user6@'192.168.52.1' IDENTIFIED BY 'user0523';
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分析結果:存儲在mysql.user表里面的記錄當中,Host、User、Password是有值的,但是其它的Select_priv等*_priv字段值都是N。
驗證結果,去查看表里的存儲記錄,如下所示:
mysql> SELECT * FROM mysql.user where user='user6'\G; *************************** 1. row *************************** Host: 192.168.52.1 User: user6 Password: *A4D1F6ACEBC5D3EB0F6D33C7DCC629E8BE55B75A Select_priv: N Insert_priv: N Update_priv: N Delete_priv: N Create_priv: N Drop_priv: N Reload_priv: N Shutdown_priv: N Process_priv: N File_priv: N Grant_priv: N References_priv: N Index_priv: N Alter_priv: N Show_db_priv: N Super_priv: N Create_tmp_table_priv: N Lock_tables_priv: N Execute_priv: N Repl_slave_priv: N Repl_client_priv: N Create_view_priv: N Show_view_priv: N Create_routine_priv: N Alter_routine_priv: N Create_user_priv: N Event_priv: N Trigger_priv: N Create_tablespace_priv: N ssl_type: ssl_cipher: x509_issuer: x509_subject: max_questions: 0 max_updates: 0 max_connections: 0 max_user_connections: 0 plugin: mysql_native_password authentication_string: password_expired: N 1 row in set (0.00 sec) ERROR: No query specified mysql>
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2.2.4 創建對于所有表有操作權限的用戶
創建用戶:
mysql> GRANT SELECT,UPDATE ON . TO user7@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'user0523'; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql>
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分析:
基本的Host、User、Password字段有記錄值,然后grant了select和update所以關于_priv字段中select和update字段有值為Y,其它_priv字段值應該是N。
查看記錄結果,分享正確,如下所示:
mysql> SELECT * FROM mysql.user where user='user7'\G; *************************** 1. row *************************** Host: % User: user7 Password: *A4D1F6ACEBC5D3EB0F6D33C7DCC629E8BE55B75A Select_priv: Y Insert_priv: N Update_priv: Y Delete_priv: N Create_priv: N Drop_priv: N Reload_priv: N Shutdown_priv: N Process_priv: N File_priv: N Grant_priv: N References_priv: N Index_priv: N Alter_priv: N Show_db_priv: N Super_priv: N Create_tmp_table_priv: N Lock_tables_priv: N Execute_priv: N Repl_slave_priv: N Repl_client_priv: N Create_view_priv: N Show_view_priv: N Create_routine_priv: N Alter_routine_priv: N Create_user_priv: N Event_priv: N Trigger_priv: N Create_tablespace_priv: N ssl_type: ssl_cipher: x509_issuer: x509_subject: max_questions: 0 max_updates: 0 max_connections: 0 max_user_connections: 0 plugin: mysql_native_password authentication_string: password_expired: N 1 row in set (0.00 sec) ERROR: No query specified mysql>
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2.3 tables_priv表
2.3.1 查看表結構
mysql> desc mysql.tables_priv; +-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+ | Host | char(60) | NO | PRI | | | | Db | char(64) | NO | PRI | | | | User | char(16) | NO | PRI | | | | Table_name | char(64) | NO | PRI | | | | Grantor | char(77) | NO | MUL | | | | Timestamp | timestamp | NO | | CURRENT_TIMESTAMP | on update CURRENT_TIMESTAMP | | Table_priv | set('Select','Insert','Update','Delete','Create','Drop','Grant','References','Index','Alter','Create View','Show view','Trigger') | NO | | | | | Column_priv | set('Select','Insert','Update','References') | NO | | | | +-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+ 8 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql>
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2.3.2 分析:
記錄了對一個表的單獨授權記錄,只有執行grant insert on dbname.tablename to user1@’%’identified by ‘pwd’;類似的授權記錄才會在這個表里錄入授權信息;其中各個字段涵義如下:
<colgroup><col style="width: 375px;"><col style="width: 375px;"></colgroup>
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字段
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存儲的數據
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Host字段
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用戶的登錄ip范圍
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User字段
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表所在的數據庫名稱
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Table_name字段
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授權的表的名稱
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Grantor字段
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執行grant建立用戶的授權者
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Timestamp字段
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0000-00-00 00:00:00
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Table_priv字段
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所授予的操作表的權限,比如select、udate、delete等
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Column_priv字段
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對這個表的某個字段單獨授予的權限
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另外當賦予all在某張表上的時候,Table_priv列會多處所有關于表的授權記錄,描述如下:
Select,Insert,Update,Delete,Create,Drop,References,Index,Alter,Create View,Show view,Trigger。
2.3.3 創建單獨操作這個表的用戶
創建用戶:
mysql> GRANT INSERT,SELECT,UPDATE ON d3307.t TO user8@'192.168.52.1' IDENTIFIED BY 'dba0523'; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql>
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分析結果:
應該是Host、Db、User、Table_name、Grantor、Timestamp、Table_priv是有值的,但是Column_priv沒有值,因為沒有單獨對某一個列做了授權限制的。
查看權限,如下所示:
mysql> SELECT * FROM mysql.tables_priv where user='user8'\G; *************************** 1. row *************************** Host: 192.168.52.1 Db: d3307 User: user8 Table_name: t Grantor: root@localhost Timestamp: 0000-00-00 00:00:00 Table_priv: Select,Insert,Update Column_priv: 1 row in set (0.00 sec) ERROR: No query specified mysql>
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2.3.4 單獨為某個列授權
授權語句操作:
mysql> GRANT UPDATE(created_time) ON d3307.t TO user8@'192.168.52.1'; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> GRANT SELECT(uname) ON d3307.t TO user8@'192.168.52.1'; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql>
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分析:
單獨為某個列授權,會記錄在這個表的Column_priv字段里面,會記錄下對單個列的授權操作記錄
查看記錄:
mysql> SELECT * FROM mysql.tables_priv where user='user8'\G; *************************** 1. row *************************** Host: 192.168.52.1 Db: d3307 User: user8 Table_name: t Grantor: root@localhost Timestamp: 0000-00-00 00:00:00 Table_priv: Select,Insert,Update Column_priv: Select,Update 1 row in set (0.00 sec) ERROR: No query specified mysql>
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而且還會在另外一個權限表mysql.columns_priv留下記錄單獨的授權記錄,如下所示:
mysql> SELECT * FROM mysql.columns_priv WHERE USER='user8'; +--------------+-------+-------+------------+--------------+---------------------+-------------+ | Host | Db | User | Table_name | Column_name | Timestamp | Column_priv | +--------------+-------+-------+------------+--------------+---------------------+-------------+ | 192.168.52.1 | d3307 | user8 | t | created_time | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | Update | | 192.168.52.1 | d3307 | user8 | t | uname | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | Select | +--------------+-------+-------+------------+--------------+---------------------+-------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql>
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2.4 columns_priv表
2.4.1 表結構如下:
mysql> desc mysql.columns_priv; +-------------+----------------------------------------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------------+----------------------------------------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+ | Host | char(60) | NO | PRI | | | | Db | char(64) | NO | PRI | | | | User | char(16) | NO | PRI | | | | Table_name | char(64) | NO | PRI | | | | Column_name | char(64) | NO | PRI | | | | Timestamp | timestamp | NO | | CURRENT_TIMESTAMP | on update CURRENT_TIMESTAMP | | Column_priv | set('Select','Insert','Update','References') | NO | | | | +-------------+----------------------------------------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+ 7 rows in set (0.04 sec) mysql>
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2.4.2 分析
單獨對某一列有操作權限的時候,會將權限信息記錄在這個表里面,比如新建立一個賬號GRANT UPDATE(uname) ON d3307.t TO user9@’192.168.52.%’ IDENTIFIED BY ‘user0520’; 那么就會在這個表上錄入授權信息記錄,重點看Column_name字段和Column_priv字段的值。
2.4.3 實際操作
創建用戶操作:
mysql> GRANT UPDATE(uname) ON d3307.t TO user9@'192.168.52.%' IDENTIFIED BY 'user0520'; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql>
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查看結果,會在這個columns_priv表留下一條記錄:
mysql> SELECT * FROM mysql.columns_priv WHERE USER='user9'; +--------------+-------+-------+------------+-------------+---------------------+-------------+ | Host | Db | User | Table_name | Column_name | Timestamp | Column_priv | +--------------+-------+-------+------------+-------------+---------------------+-------------+ | 192.168.52.% | d3307 | user9 | t | uname | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | Update | +--------------+-------+-------+------------+-------------+---------------------+-------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql>
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2.5 procs_priv表
2.5.1 表結構
mysql> desc proxies_priv; +--------------+------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +--------------+------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+ | Host | char(60) | NO | PRI | | | | User | char(16) | NO | PRI | | | | Proxied_host | char(60) | NO | PRI | | | | Proxied_user | char(16) | NO | PRI | | | | With_grant | tinyint(1) | NO | | 0 | | | Grantor | char(77) | NO | MUL | | | | Timestamp | timestamp | NO | | CURRENT_TIMESTAMP | on update CURRENT_TIMESTAMP | +--------------+------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+ 7 rows in set (0.04 sec) mysql>
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2.6.2分析:
procs_priv表可以對存儲過程和存儲函數進行權限設置。主要字段:proc_priv。
3,創建用戶
3.1、CREATE USER創建用戶
使用CREATE USER語句創建用戶,必須要擁有CREATE USER權限。其格式如下:
CREATE USER user[IDENTIFIED BY [PASSWORD] 'password'], [user[IDENTIFIED BY [PASSWORD] 'password']]...
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其中,user參數表示新建用戶的賬戶,user由用戶名(User)和主機名(Host)構成;IDENTIFIED BY關鍵字用來設置用戶的密碼;password參數表示用戶的密碼;如果密碼是一個普通的字符串,就不需要使用PASSWORD關鍵字。可以沒有初始密碼。
例如
CREATE USER 'sys'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'sys';
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執行之后user表會增加一行記錄,但權限暫時全部為‘N’。
3.2、用INSERT語句新建普通用戶
可以使用INSERT語句直接將用戶的信息添加到mysql.user表。但必須擁有mysql.user表的INSERT權限。
另外,ssl_cipher、x509_issuer、x509_subject等必須要設置值,否則INSERT語句無法執行。
示例:
INSERT INTO mysql.user(Host,User,Password,ssl_cipher,x509_issuer,x509_subject) VALUES(‘%’,’newuser1’,PASSWORD(‘123456’),”,”,”)
執行INSERT之后,要使用命令:FLUSH PRIVILEGES;命令來使用戶生效。
3.3、用GRANT語句來新建普通用戶
用GRANT來創建新的用戶時,能夠在創建用戶時為用戶授權。但需要擁有GRANT權限。
語法如下:
GRANT priv_type ON database.table TO user[IDENTIFIED BY [PASSWORD] 'password'] [,user [IDENTIFIED BY [PASSWORD] 'password']...]
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priv_type:參數表示新yoghurt的權限;
databse.table:參數表示新用戶的權限范圍;
user:參數新用戶的賬戶,由用戶名和主機構成;
IDENTIFIED BY關鍵字用來設置密碼;
password:新用戶密碼;
PS:GRANT語句可以同時創建多個用戶。.與db.的區別在于。.對所有數據庫生效,所以user表的SELECT會變為Y。而db.user表為’N’,更改的是Db表。
4,刪除用戶
4.1 drop user刪除用戶
DROP USER語句刪除普通用戶,需要擁有DROP USER權限。
語法如下:
DROP USER user[,user]...
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user是需要刪除的用戶,由用戶名(User)和主機名(Host)構成。
4.2 DELETE語句刪除普通用戶
可以使用DELETE語句直接將用戶的信息從mysql.user表中刪除。但必須擁有對mysql.user表的DELETE權限。DELETE FROM mysql.user WHERE Host = ‘%’ AND User = ‘admin’; 刪除完成后,一樣要FLUSH PRIVILEGES才生效。
5,修改用戶密碼
5.1 使用mysqladmin命令來修改root用戶的密碼
語法:
mysqladmin -u -username -p password "new_password"
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新密碼(new_password)必須用括號括起來,單引號會報錯。
示例,修改中要輸入舊的密碼來驗證:
[root@data02 ~]# mysqladmin -u timman -p password "tim" --socket=/usr/local/mysql3307/mysql.sock Enter password: [root@data02 ~]# [root@data02 ~]# mysql --socket=/usr/local/mysql3307/mysql.sock -utimman -ptim -e "select @@port"; +--------+ | @@port | +--------+ | 3307 | +--------+ [root@data02 ~]#
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5.2 修改user表
UPDATE user表的passwor字段的值,也可以達到修改密碼的目的;
UPDATE user SET Password = PASSWORD('123') WHERE USER = 'myuser'; FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
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刷新后生效。
5.3 使用SET語句來修改密碼
使用root用戶登錄到MySQL服務器后,可以使用SET語句來修改密碼:
修改自己的密碼,不需要用戶名
SET PASSWORD = PASSWORD("123");
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修改其他用戶密碼:
SET PASSWORD FOR 'myuser'@'%'=PASSWORD("123456") FOR 用戶名@主機名
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5.4 GRANT語句來修改普通用戶的密碼
使用GRANT語句修改普通用戶的密碼,必須擁有GRANT權限。
GRANT priv_type ON database.table TO user [IDENTIFIED BY [PASSWORD] 'password']
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示例:
GRANT SELECT ON . TO 'user10'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY '123'
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5.5 忘記用戶密碼的解決辦法
普通用戶,直接用root超級管理員登錄進去修改密碼就可以了,但是如果root密碼丟失了,怎么辦呢?
5.5.1 msyqld_saft方式找回密碼
停止mysql:service mysqld stop;
安全模式啟動:mysqld_safe –skip-grant-tables &
無密碼回車鍵登錄:mysql -uroot –p
重置密碼:use mysql; update user set password=password(“”) where user=’root’ and host=’localhost’; flush privileges;
正常啟動:service mysql restart
再使用mysqladmin: mysqladmin password ‘123456’
5.5.2 使用普通賬號來找回密碼
–>(1):有一個修改test庫的用戶:grant create,delete,update,insert,select on d3307.* to test@’%’ identified by ‘t1’;
–>(2):復制user表文件到test庫下并且賦予mysql用戶訪問權限:
cp /home/data/mysql/data/mysql/user.* /home/data/mysql/data/test/;chown mysql.mysql /home/data/mysql/data/test/user.*
–>(3):mysql -utest -pt1登錄修改root密碼:
–>(4):將test庫的user表文件覆蓋 mysql庫的user表文件
cp /home/data/mysql/data/mysql/user.* /tmp/; mv /home/data/mysql/data/test/user.* /home/data/mysql/data/mysql/ ; chown mysql.mysql /home/data/mysql/data/mysql/user.*;
–>(5):查找mysql進程號,并且發送SIGHUP信號,重新加載權限表。
pgrep -n mysql; kill -SIGHUP 12234;
–>(6):無密碼登錄,再使用mysqladmin重新設置密碼。
PS:請參考第20課的視頻,那里有詳細的記錄整個過修改密碼的過程。
6,收回用戶權限
查看權限:
SHOW GRANTS; SHOW GRANTS FOR user10@'%';
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或者直接執行sql命令去mysql數據庫下的user表中查看存儲著用戶的基本權限:
SELECT * FROM mysql.user WHERE USER='user10' AND HOST='%';
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使用revoke關鍵字來收回權限:
REVOKE priv_type[(column_list)] ON database.table FROM user[,user]
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示例:
REVOKE EXECUTE ON d3307.* FROM user10@'%';
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7,數據庫用戶劃分
7.1 普通數據管理用戶:
賦予對業務表的查詢維護權限即可,授權sql如下:
GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ON d3307.* TO zengxiaoteng@'%' IDENTIFIED BY '0523';
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7.2 開發人員賬戶:
賦予增刪改查的權限,授權sql如下:
GRANT SELECT,INSERT,DELETE,UPDATE ON d3307.* TO huyan@'%' IDENTIFIED BY '0523';
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授予創建、修改、刪除 MySQL 數據表結構權限。
GRANT CREATE ON d3307.* TO huyan@’192.168.52.11’; GRANT ALTER ON d3307.* TO huyan@’192.168.52.11’; GRANT DROP ON d3307.* TO huyan@’192.168.52.11’;
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授予操作 MySQL 外鍵權限:
GRANT REFERENCES ON d3307.* TO huyan@’192.168.52.11’;
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授予操作 MySQL 臨時表權限:
GRANT CREATE TEMPORARY TABLES ON d3307.* TO huyan@’192.168.52.11’;
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授予操作 MySQL 索引權限:
GRANT INDEX ON d3307.* TO huyan@’192.168.52.11’;
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授予操作 MySQL 視圖、查看視圖源代碼 權限:
GRANT CREATE VIEW ON d3307.* TO huyan@’192.168.52.11’; GRANT SHOW VIEW ON d3307.* TO huyan@’192.168.52.11’;
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授予操作 MySQL 存儲過程、函數 權限:
GRANT CREATE ROUTINE ON d3307.* TO huyan@’192.168.52.11’; GRANT ALTER ROUTINE ON d3307.* TO huyan@’192.168.52.11’; GRANT EXECUTE ON d3307.* TO huyan@’192.168.52.11’;
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7.3 DBA人員賬戶
授予普通DBA管理某個MySQL數據庫(test)的權限:
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON test TO sysdba@'192.168.52.%';
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授予高級 DBA 管理 MySQL 中所有數據庫的權限:
GRANT ALL ON . TO sysdba@'192.168.52.%';
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7.4 數據分析人員只讀賬號
只需要分配只讀的權限:
GRANT SELECT ON d3307.* TO dataquery@'192.168.52.129' IDENTIFIED BY '20150523';
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甚至有些用戶,可以只分配讀取某些表列的權限,如下所示:
GRANT SELECT ON test.* TO dataquery@’192.168.52.%’ IDENTIFIED BY ‘20150523’;
GRANT SELECT(id,uname) ON d3307.t TO dataquery@’192.168.52.%’ ;
示列權限登錄操作:
[root@data02 ~]# mysql --socket=/usr/local/mysql3307/mysql.sock -u dataquery -p20150523 -h192.168.52.130 -P3307 Welcome TO the MySQL monitor. Commands END WITH ; OR \g. Your MySQL CONNECTION id IS 18 SERVER VERSION: 5.6.12-LOG Source distribution Copyright (c) 2000, 2013, Oracle AND/OR its affiliates. ALL rights reserved. Oracle IS a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation AND/OR its affiliates. Other NAMES may be trademarks of their respective owners. TYPE 'help;' OR '\h' FOR help. TYPE '\c' TO clear the current input statement. mysql> SELECT * FROM d3307.t; ERROR 1142 (42000): SELECT command denied TO USER 'dataquery'@'data02' FOR TABLE 't' mysql> mysql> SELECT id,uname FROM d3307.t; +----+-------+ | id | uname | +----+-------+ | 1 | a | +----+-------+ 1 ROW IN SET (0.00 sec) mysql>
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8,權限劃分一般原則
數據庫一般劃分為線上庫,測試庫,開發庫。
8.1對于線上庫:
DBA:有所有權限,超級管理員權限
應用程序:分配insert、delete、update、select、execute、events、jobs權限。
測試人員:select某些業務表權限
開發人員:select某些業務表權限
原則:所有對線上表的操作,除了應用程序之外,都必須經由DBA來決定是否執行、已經什么時候執行等。
8.2 測試庫
DBA:所有權限。
測試人員:有insert、delete、update、select、execute、jobs權限。
數據分析人員:只有select查詢權限
開發人員:有select權限。
原則:DBA有所有權限,而且嚴格控制表結構的變更,不允許除了dba之外的人對測試環境的庫環境進行修改,以免影響測試人員測試。所有對測試庫的表結構進行的修改必須由測試人員和DBA一起審核過后才能操作。
8.3 開發庫
DBA:所有權限